翻譯名義集 6.23

6.23

[*Ājīvika*]: translated here as wrong livelihood (mithyā-ājīva), sustaining life through improper means. The *Dazhidulun* states: "As spoken in the sūtra, Śāriputra entered the city to beg for food. Having obtained it, he sat facing a wall to eat. At that time, a brahmacārin woman named Śuddhanetrā saw him and asked: 'Śramaṇa, are you eating?' He answered: 'I am eating.' Śuddhanetrā asked: 'Are you eating facing downward? Are you eating facing upward? Are you eating facing the cardinal directions? Are you eating facing the intermediate directions?' He answered to all: 'No.' Śuddhanetrā said: 'There are four ways of eating. When I asked you, you said no, and I do not understand. You must explain.' Śāriputra said: 'There are renunciants who compound medicines, sow grain, and plant trees, sustaining their lives impurely; this is called eating facing downward. There are renunciants who observe constellations, the sun, moon, wind, rain, thunder, and lightning, sustaining their lives impurely; this is called eating facing upward. There are renunciants who flatter the wealthy and powerful, serve as messengers to the four directions, and make many demands with clever speech, sustaining their lives impurely; this is called eating facing the cardinal directions. There are renunciants who learn various incantations and divine good and ill fortune, sustaining their lives in this way; this is called eating facing the intermediate directions. Sister! I do not fall into these four kinds of impure eating; I sustain my life as a pure mendicant.' At that time Śuddhanetrā, hearing this explanation of pure Dharma food, rejoiced with faith and understanding. Śāriputra then taught her the Dharma, and she attained the fruit of stream-enterer (srotāpanna)." Furthermore, the *Dazhidulun* explains in its discussion of the eightfold noble path: "Renouncing the five kinds of wrong livelihood through outflow-free wisdom is right livelihood. Question: 'What are the five kinds of wrong livelihood?' Answer: 'First, for the sake of material gain, deceitfully displaying marvelous signs; second, for the sake of material gain, praising one's own virtues; third, for the sake of material gain, divining good and bad omens; fourth, for the sake of material gain, speaking in a loud voice to display authority and strike awe and respect into people; fifth, for the sake of material gain, proclaiming the offerings one has received to stir people's hearts. Because one sustains life through wrong causes and conditions, this is wrong livelihood.'"