翻譯名義集 6.23

6.23

【阿耆毘伽】此云邪命，以邪法活命根也。《智論》云：「如經中說，舍利弗入城乞食，得已，向壁坐食。時，梵志女，名曰淨目，見而問曰：『沙門，汝食耶？』答言：『食。』淨目問：『下口食耶？仰口食耶？方口食耶？四維口食耶？』俱答云：『不。』淨目言：『食法四種。我問汝，汝言不，我不解。汝當說。』舍利弗言：『有出家人，合藥種穀植樹，不淨活命，名下口食。有出家人，觀視星宿，日月風雨，雷電霹靂，不淨活命，名仰口食。有出家人，曲媚毫勢，通使四方，巧言多求，不淨活命，名方口食。有出家人，學種種呪術，卜算吉凶，如是活命，名四維口食。姊！我不墮是四不淨食，我用清淨乞士活命。』是時淨目聞說清淨法食，歡喜信解。舍利弗因為說法，得須陀洹。」又《智論》釋八正道云：「五種邪命，以無漏智慧捨離，是為正命。問：『何等是五種邪命？』答：『一為利養故，詐現奇特；二為利養故，自說功德；三為利養故，占相吉凶；四為利養故，高聲現威，令人畏敬；五為利養故，稱說所得供養，以動人心。邪因緣活命故，是為邪命。』」

[*Ājīvika*]: translated here as wrong livelihood (mithyā-ājīva), sustaining life through improper means. The *Dazhidulun* states: "As spoken in the sūtra, Śāriputra entered the city to beg for food. Having obtained it, he sat facing a wall to eat. At that time, a brahmacārin woman named Śuddhanetrā saw him and asked: 'Śramaṇa, are you eating?' He answered: 'I am eating.' Śuddhanetrā asked: 'Are you eating facing downward? Are you eating facing upward? Are you eating facing the cardinal directions? Are you eating facing the intermediate directions?' He answered to all: 'No.' Śuddhanetrā said: 'There are four ways of eating. When I asked you, you said no, and I do not understand. You must explain.' Śāriputra said: 'There are renunciants who compound medicines, sow grain, and plant trees, sustaining their lives impurely; this is called eating facing downward. There are renunciants who observe constellations, the sun, moon, wind, rain, thunder, and lightning, sustaining their lives impurely; this is called eating facing upward. There are renunciants who flatter the wealthy and powerful, serve as messengers to the four directions, and make many demands with clever speech, sustaining their lives impurely; this is called eating facing the cardinal directions. There are renunciants who learn various incantations and divine good and ill fortune, sustaining their lives in this way; this is called eating facing the intermediate directions. Sister! I do not fall into these four kinds of impure eating; I sustain my life as a pure mendicant.' At that time Śuddhanetrā, hearing this explanation of pure Dharma food, rejoiced with faith and understanding. Śāriputra then taught her the Dharma, and she attained the fruit of stream-enterer (srotāpanna)." Furthermore, the *Dazhidulun* explains in its discussion of the eightfold noble path: "Renouncing the five kinds of wrong livelihood through outflow-free wisdom is right livelihood. Question: 'What are the five kinds of wrong livelihood?' Answer: 'First, for the sake of material gain, deceitfully displaying marvelous signs; second, for the sake of material gain, praising one's own virtues; third, for the sake of material gain, divining good and bad omens; fourth, for the sake of material gain, speaking in a loud voice to display authority and strike awe and respect into people; fifth, for the sake of material gain, proclaiming the offerings one has received to stir people's hearts. Because one sustains life through wrong causes and conditions, this is wrong livelihood.'"