翻譯名義集 7.94

7.94

6. 【Duṣkṛta】 The Samantapāsādikā states: "'Duṣ' means evil; 'kṛta' means done." The Śabdavidyā states: "The correct pronunciation is duṣkṛta." The Dharmaguptaka Prātimokṣa states: "'Śikṣākaraṇīya' is translated by meaning as 'that which ought to be trained in'. In the barbarian kingdoms it is corruptly pronounced as śikṣākraiṇī, which barbarian monks translate as guarding the precepts. This offense is subtle and extremely difficult to uphold; hence it is named after learning and guarding at every moment." The Daśabhāṇavāra-vinaya states: "With the divine eye one sees bhikṣus committing offenses fall like torrential rain; is it not only by concentrating and attending intently in the mind that it is called guarding the precepts?" Among the seven groups, this single division is divided into two groups: bodily actions are called evil deeds (duṣkṛta), and vocal actions are called evil speech (durbhāṣita). The Abhidharmamahāvibhāṣā states: "Question: 'Why is this alone called "that which ought to be trained in"?' Answer: 'The other precepts are easy to uphold and their offenses are grave; this precept is difficult to uphold and easy to violate, and one must constantly be mindful of training in it, so the name of the offense is not listed, but it is merely said that one "ought to train in it."' The retribution for committing a duṣkṛta offense of the training precepts is like a lifespan of five hundred years among the Four Heavenly Kings, falling into Naraka; in human reckoning, it is 900,000 years. This is falling into the Sañjīva Hell, taking fifty human years as one day and night in that lower heaven." A verse from the Abhidharmakośa states: "Sañjīva and the six above it / correspond in order to the desire heavens; / with their lifespan as one day and night, / their lifespan is also equal to those. / In the Extreme Heat Hell it is half an intermediate kalpa, / in Avīci it is a full intermediate kalpa. / Animals live at most one intermediate kalpa; / for hungry ghosts, five hundred years of days and months. / The lifespan in Arbuda / is like a vāha of sesame seeds, / exhausting it by taking away one every hundred years; / each subsequent one is twenty times greater."