淨名經集解關中疏 2.333

2.333

"Just as unmanageable and recalcitrant elephants and horses must be subjected to painful beatings, even piercing to the bone, before they are subdued, so too with these unyielding and hard-to-transform sentient beings: only by using all kinds of bitter, piercing words can they be brought to enter the discipline." (Second, the simile. There are four types of horses to be tamed: bodhisattvas need only see the whip, the two vehicles feel it touch the skin, humans and devas feel it touch the flesh, and preaching the three evil realms to tame beings is piercing to the bone. The application in the text is clear. Sengzhao says: "Without a hook and whip, there is no way to tame elephants and horses; without bitter words, there is no way to subdue the hard-to-transform.")