四分戒本疏卷第一．第二．第三 3.22

3.22

若比丘自手堀地若教人堀地者波逸提　此滿足戒本文有三節。一自堀故略制。二教人堀時不行知淨前制非圓更復續結。三滿足戒本文有五句。一犯人。二自作業。三所傷地。四教人業。五結罪。初句可知。第二言自手堀者。律云。若用鋤鑺或推打刀刺指掐扴傷。第三言地者。律云。若已提地。已堀者經四月被雨漬還如本。見於生地。無有砂石瓦礫能土。是名生地。若四分砂一分土非生地。自堀無過。祇云。地有二種。一生。二作。生者大地。作者有二。一基作者露地壁。二上作者重閣上露土。是皆名所傷之地第四言若教堀者。律云。若不教言看是亦是犯緣。第五言波逸提者。是違犯罪。律云。若比丘如上所傷之地。若以用鋤鑺乃至指抓損傷及地上燃火。但使地作地想。一切皆墮　若使堀時不教看是知是亦犯吉羅。祇云。若轉石掃地驅牛欲使地平。意傷如蚊脚。一切犯提。土塊一人不勝破者犯提。畫地作字亦提。若大小便時水手磨地犯墮。若瓶器物木塼瓦等在露地。經雨已不得自取犯提。若純砂無罪。半砂得吉。多論使僧尼堀地作知淨語提。教下三眾淨人堀不作知淨語吉。若三眾不為三寶利益因緣自壞土木者吉羅。五分云。蘭若無淨人聽比丘。以水澆地。搏草布上踐。使成泥取用。祇云。覆處地得自堀。不犯者。律云。若語言知是看是。若曳木材若扶籬正。若反塼石取牛屎。取崩岸地。若鼠壤土。除經行處土及屋內土。若來住掃地。不作故堀意。一切不犯。

"If a bhikṣu digs the earth with his own hand, or instructs a person to dig the earth, it is a prāyaścittika."
This complete text of the precept has three sections: 1. the initial summary prohibition against digging oneself; 2. because instructions to dig were given without using permissible speech, the earlier prohibition was incomplete, so the formulation was expanded; 3. the complete text of the precept has five clauses: 1. the offender; 2. the action done oneself; 3. the damaged earth; 4. the action of instructing another; 5. the assignation of the offense. The first clause is understood. Second, "digs with his own hand": the Vinaya says, whether using a hoe or spade, or pushing, striking, stabbing with a knife, pinching with fingers, scratching, and injuring. Third, "earth": the Vinaya says, if it is earth that has already been turned, having been dug, after four months soaked by rain it returns to its original state and is regarded as living earth. Earth that contains no sand, stones, tiles, or gravel, and is capable of bearing crops, is called living earth. If it is four parts sand and one part earth, it is not living earth, and digging it oneself is not an offense. The Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya says: "There are two kinds of earth: 1. living; 2. constructed. 'Living' is the great earth. 'Constructed' has two kinds: 1. base-constructed, which is open-air walls; 2. upper-constructed, which is exposed soil upon upper stories. These are all called damaged earth." Fourth, "if instructs to dig": the Vinaya says, if one does not instruct by saying 'look at this,' this is also a condition for the offense. Fifth, "prāyaścittika" is the offense of transgression. The Vinaya says: "If a bhikṣu, regarding the earth damaged as above, uses a hoe or spade, or even damages it with fingers and claws, or burns fire upon the earth, provided he perceives earth as earth, all are prāyaścittika offenses."
If, when instructing someone to dig, one does not instruct them to 'look at this' or 'know this,' one also incurs a duṣkṛta. The Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya says: "If one rolls stones, sweeps the ground, or drives oxen wishing to level the ground, with intention to damage it even the size of a mosquito leg, all are prāyaścittika offenses. Breaking a clod of earth that one person cannot carry is a prāyaścittika. Drawing characters on the ground is also a prāyaścittika. If when urinating or defecating one rubs the ground with water and hand, one incurs a prāyaścittika. If bottles, utensils, wood, bricks, tiles, etc., are in the open air, after it rains, one may not retrieve them oneself; [doing so] incurs a prāyaścittika. If pure sand, there is no offense; half sand incurs a duṣkṛta." The Sarvāstivāda-vinaya-vibhāṣā says: "Instructing bhikṣus or bhikṣuṇīs to dig the earth without using permissible speech is a prāyaścittika; instructing the lower three assemblies or kappiya persons to dig without using permissible speech is a duṣkṛta. If the three assemblies, not for the sake of the Three Jewels, damage earth and wood themselves, it is a duṣkṛta." The Mahīśāsaka Vinaya says: "In an araṇya without a kappiya person, a bhikṣu is permitted to pour water on the ground, lay grass on it, and trample it to make mud for use." The Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya says: "Earth in a covered place may be dug oneself." As for non-offenses, the Vinaya says: if one says 'know this' or 'look at this'; dragging timber; propping up or straightening a fence; turning over bricks or stones to take cow dung; taking earth from a collapsed embankment; molehill soil; excluding soil from a walking path or inside a house; or sweeping the ground when arriving to dwell, without intentional thought of digging—none of these is an offense.