Kautilya's Arthashastra 1.1

1.1.1

.pṛthivyā lābhe pālane ca yāvanty arthaśāstrāṇi pūrvācāryaiḥ prasthāpitāni prāyaśas tāni saṃhṛtyaikam idam arthaśāstraṃ kṛtam //

ANVIKSHAKI, the triple Védas (Trayi), Várta (agriculture, cattle-breeding and trade), and Danda-Niti (science of government) are what are called the four sciences.

The school of Manu (Manava) hold that there are only three sciences: the triple Vedas, Varta and the science of government, inasmuch as the science of Anvikshaki is nothing but a special branch of the Vedas.

The school of Brihaspati say that there are only two sciences: Varta and the science of government, inasmuch as the Triple Vedas are merely an abridgment (Samvarana, pretext?) for a man experienced in affairs temporal (Lokayatravidah).

The school of Usanas declare that there is only one science, and that the science of government; for, they say, it is in that science that all other sciences have their origin and end.

But Kautilya holds that four and only four are the sciences; wherefore it is from these sciences that all that concerns righteousness and wealth is learnt, therefore they are so called.

Anvikshaki comprises the Philosophy of Sankhya, Yoga, and Lokayata.

Righteous and unrighteous acts (Dharmadharmau) are learnt from the triple Vedas; wealth and non-wealth from Varta; the expedient and the inexpedient (Nayanayau), as well as potency and impotency (Balabale) from the science of government.

When seen in the light of these sciences, the science of Anvikshaki is most beneficial to the world, keeps the mind steady and firm in weal and woe alike, and bestows excellence of foresight, speech and action.

Light to all kinds of knowledge, easy means to accomplish all kinds of acts and receptacle of all kinds of virtues, is the Science of Anvikshaki ever held to be.

[Thus ends Chapter II, "Determination of the place of Anvikshaki" among Sciences in Book I, "Concerning Discipline" of the Arthasástra of Kautilya.]

1.1.2

tasyāyaṃ prakaraṇādhikaraṇasamuddeśaḥ //

1.1.3

vidyāsamuddeśaḥ, vṛddhasamuddeśaḥ, indriyajayaḥ, amātyotpattiḥ, mantripurohitotpattiḥ, upadhābhiḥ śaucāśaucajñānam amātyānām, - -
gūḍhapuruṣapraṇidhiḥ, svaviṣaye kṛtyākṛtyapakṣarakṣaṇam, paraviṣaye kṛtyākṛtyapakṣopagrahaḥ, -
mantrādhikāraḥ, dūtapraṇidhiḥ, rājaputrarakṣaṇam, aparuddhavṛttam, aparuddhe vṛttiḥ, rājapraṇidhiḥ, niśāntapraṇidhiḥ, ātmarakṣitakam, --, iti vinayādhikārikaṃ prathamam adhikaraṇam //

1.1.4

janapadaniveśaḥ, bhūmicchidrāpidhānam, durgavidhānam, durganiveśaḥ, samnidhātṛnicayakarma, samāhartṛsamudayaprasthāpanam, akṣapaṭale gāṇanikyādhikāraḥ, -
samudayasya yuktāpahṛtasya pratyānayanam, upayuktaparīkṣā, śāsanādhikāraḥ, kośapraveśyaratnaparīkṣā, ākarakarmāntapravartanam, akṣaśālāyāṃ suvarṇādhyakṣaḥ -
viśikhāyāṃ sauvarṇikapracāraḥ, koṣṭhāgārādhyakṣaḥ, paṇyādhyakṣaḥ, kupyādhyakṣaḥ, āyudhādhyakṣaḥ, tulāmānapautavam, -
deśakālamānam, śulkādhyakṣaḥ, sūtrādhyakṣaḥ, sītādhyakṣaḥ, surādhyakṣaḥ, sūnādhyakṣaḥ, gaṇikādhyakṣaḥ, -
nāvadhyakṣaḥ, godhyakṣaḥ, aśvādhyakṣaḥ, hastyadhyakṣaḥ, rathādhyakṣaḥ, pattyadhyakṣaḥ, senāpatipracāraḥ, mudrādhyakṣaḥ, vivītādhyakṣaḥ, samāhartṛpracāraḥ, -
gṛhapatikavaidehakatāpasavyañjanāḥ praṇidhayaḥ, nāgarikapraṇidhiḥ -- ity adhyakṣapracāro dvitīyam adhikaraṇam //

1.1.5

vyavahārasthāpanā, vivādapadanibandhaḥ, vivāhasamyuktam, dāyavibhāgaḥ, vāstukam, samayasya anapākarma, ṛṇādānam, aupanidhikam, dāsakarmakarakalpaḥ, -
sambhūya samutthānam, vikrītakrītānuśayaḥ, dattasya anapākarma, asvāmivikrayaḥ, svasvāmisambandhaḥ, sāhasam, vākpāruṣyam, daṇḍapāruṣyam, dyūtasamāhvayam, prakīrṇakaṃ - iti, dharmasthīyaṃ tṛtīyam adhikaraṇam //

1.1.6

kārukarakṣaṇam, vaidehakarakṣaṇam, upanipātapratīkāraḥ, gūḍhājīvināṃ rakṣā, siddhavyañjanair māṇavaprakāśanam, śaṅkārūpakarmābhigrahaḥ, -
āśumṛtakaparīkṣā, vākyakarmānuyogaḥ, sarvādhikaraṇarakṣaṇaṃ -
ekāṅgavadhaniṣkrayaḥ, śuddhaś citraś ca daṇḍa kalpaḥ, kanyāprakarma, aticāradaṇḍāḥ - iti kaṇṭakaśodhanaṃ caturtham adhikaraṇam //

1.1.7

dāṇḍakarmikam, kośābhisaṃharaṇam, bhṛtyabharaṇīyam, anujīvivṛttam, samayācārikam, rājyapratisaṃdhānam, ekaiśvaryaṃ - iti yogavṛttaṃ pañcamam adhikaraṇam //

1.1.8

prakṛtisampadaḥ, śamavyāyāmikaṃ - iti maṇḍalayoniḥ ṣaṣṭham adhikaraṇam //

1.1.9

ṣāḍguṇyasamuddeśaḥ, kṣayasthānavṛddhiniścayaḥ, saṃśrayavṛttiḥ, samahīnajyāyasāṃ guṇābhiniveśaḥ, hīnasaṃdhayaḥ, vigṛhya āsanam, saṃdhāya āsanam, vigṛhya yānam, saṃdhāya yānam, -
sambhūya prayāṇam, yātavyāmitrayor abhigrahacintā, kṣayalobhavirāgahetavaḥ prakṛtīnām, sāmavāyikaviparimarśaḥ, -
saṃhita prayāṇikam, paripaṇitāparipaṇitāpasṛtāḥ saṃdhayaḥ, dvaidhībhāvikāḥ saṃdhivikramāḥ, yātavyavṛttiḥ, anugrāhyamitraviśeṣāḥ, -
mitrahiraṇyabhūmikarmasaṃdhayaḥ, pārṣṇigrāhacintā, hīnaśaktipūraṇam, balavatā vigṛhya uparodhahetavaḥ, daṇḍopanatavṛttam, -
daṇḍopanāyivṛttam, saṃdhikarma, samādhimokṣaḥ, madhyamacaritam, udāsīnacaritam, maṇḍalacaritaṃ - iti ṣāḍguṇyaṃ saptamam adhikaraṇam //

1.1.10

prakṛtivyasanavargaḥ, rājarājyayor vyasanacintā, puruṣavyasanavargaḥ, pīḍanavargaḥ, stambhavargaḥ, kośasaṅgavargaḥ, mitravyasanavargaḥ - iti vyasanādhikārikam aṣṭamam adhikaraṇam //

1.1.11

śaktideśakālabalābalajñānam, yātrākālāḥ, balopādānakālāḥ, samnāhaguṇāḥ, pratibalakarma, paścāt kopacintā, bāhyābhyantaraprakṛtikopapratīkārāḥ -
kṣayavyayalābhaviparimarśaḥ, bāhyābhyantarāś cāpadaḥ, duṣyaśatrusamyuktāḥ, arthānarthasaṃśayayuktāḥ, tāsām upāyavikalpajāḥ siddhayaḥ - ity abhiyāsyat karma navamam adhikaraṇam //

1.1.12

skandhāvāraniveśaḥ, skandhāvāraprayāṇam, balavyasanāvaskandakālarakṣaṇam, kūṭayuddhavikalpāḥ, svasainyotsāhanam, svabalānyabalavyāyogaḥ, yuddhabhūmayaḥ, pattyaśvarathahastikarmāṇi, pakṣakakṣorasyānāṃ balāgrato vyūhavibhāgaḥ, sāraphalgubalavibhāgaḥ, pattyaśvarathahastiyuddhāni,
daṇḍabhogamaṇḍalāsaṃhatavyūhavyūhanam, tasya prativyūhasthāpanaṃ - iti sāṃgrāmikaṃ daśamam adhikaraṇam //

1.1.13

bhedopādānāni, upāṃśudaṇḍāḥ - iti saṃghavṛttam ekādaśam adhikaraṇam //

1.1.14

dūtakarma, mantrayuddham, senāmukhyavadhaḥ, maṇḍalaprotsāhanam, śastrāgnirasapraṇidhayaḥ, vīvadhāsāraprasāravadhaḥ, yogātisaṃdhānam, daṇḍātisaṃdhānam, ekavijayaḥ - ity ābalīyasaṃ dvādaśam adhikaraṇam //

1.1.15

upajāpaḥ, yogavāmanam, apasarpapraṇidhiḥ, paryupāsanakarma, avamardaḥ, labdhapraśamanaṃ - iti durgalambhopāyas trayodaśam adhikaraṇam //

1.1.16

parabalaghātaprayogaḥ, pralambhanam, svabalopaghātapratīkāraḥ - ity aupaniṣadikaṃ caturdaśam adhikaraṇam //

1.1.17

tantrayuktayaḥ - iti tantrayuktiḥ pañcadaśam adhikaraṇam //

1.1.18

śāstrasamuddeśaḥ pañcadaśādhikaraṇāni sa-aśītiprakaraṇaśataṃ sa-pañcāśadadhyāyaśataṃ ṣaṭślokasahasrāṇīti //

1.1.19

sukhagrahaṇavijñeyaṃ tattvārthapadaniścitam /
kauṭilyena kṛtaṃ śāstraṃ vimuktagranthavistaram //E