A History of Hindu Political Theories from the Earliest Times to the End of the First Quarter of the Seventeenth Century A.D. c6.5

c6.5

† *Religion of the Veda*, pp. 4-5. \* The list of vidyās is sometimes (Kauṭilya I 1, Kāmandaka III 1, Manusaṁhitā VII 43, Śukranīti I 152-154) given as four, sometimes (Vāyupurāṇam III 6 ; 28) as eighteen, and sometimes (Śukranīti IV 3. 27-30 etc.) as thirty-two in number. Each of these lists contains some secular branches of knowledge. Thus the first and the shortest list comprises Politics (daṇḍanīti) and Economics (vārtā) ; in the second list are included medicine (āyurveda), military science (dhanurveda), music (gandharvavidyā) and Politics (arthaśāstra) ; the last list contains Politics (arthaśāstra), Erotics (kāmaśāstra), fine arts (śilpaśāstra) and other subjects. † The number of kalās more than rivalled that of the sciences as it consisted, according to the ordinary enumeration, of sixty-four kinds. Cf. Śukranīti IV 3. 67-100. ‡ The Hindu view of the International States-system (maṇḍala) comprised a group of States varying from two to fifty-four according to different authorities (vide Kāmandaka XII 20 ff.), although the usually accepted number was twelve. The forms of diplomacy and foreign policy, moreover, were arranged by the Hindu writers under four and six heads respectively, which were further subdivided as well as rearranged into composite types.