Kautilya's Arthashastra 3.19: Chapter 19 (Section 73): Physical Injury

3.19.1

daṇḍapāruṣyaṃ sparśanam avagūrṇaṃ prahatam iti //

TOUCHING, striking, or hurting constitutes assault.

3.19.2

nābher adhaḥkāyaṃ hastapaṅkabhasmapāṃsubhir iti spṛśatas tripaṇo daṇḍaḥ, tair evāmedhyaiḥ pādaṣṭhīvikābhyāṃ ca ṣaṭpaṇaḥ, chardimūtrapurīṣādibhir dvādaśapaṇaḥ //

When a person touches with hand, mud, ashes or dust the body of another person below the naval, he shall be punished with a fine of 3 panas; with some but unclean things, with the leg, or spittle, 6 panas; with saliva (Chhardi), urine, faeces, etc. 12 panas. If the same offence is committed above the navel, the fines shall be doubled; and on the head, quadrupled.

3.19.3

nābher upari dviguṇāḥ, śirasi caturguṇāḥ sameṣu //

3.19.4

viśiṣṭeṣu dviguṇāḥ, hīneṣv ardhadaṇḍāḥ, parastrīṣu dviguṇāḥ, pramādamadamohādibhir ardhadaṇḍāḥ //

If the same offence is committed on persons of superior rank, the fines shall be twice as much: and on persons of lower rank, half of the above fines. If the same offence is committed on the women of others, the fines shall be doubled.

If the offence is due to carelessness, intoxication, or loss of sense, the fines shall be halved.

3.19.5

pādavastrahastakeśāvalambaneṣu ṣaṭpaṇottarā daṇḍāḥ //

For catching hold of a man by his legs, clothes, hands or hair, fines ranging above 6 panas shall be imposed. Squeezing, rounding with arms, thrusting, dragging, or sitting over the body of another person shall be punished with the first amercement.

3.19.6

pīḍanāveṣṭanāñcanaprakarṣaṇādhyāsaneṣu pūrvaḥ sāhasadaṇḍaḥ //

3.19.7

pātayitvāpakrāmato 'rdhadaṇḍaḥ //

Running away after making a person fall, shall be punished with half of the above fines.

3.19.8

śūdro yenāṅgena brāhmaṇam abhihanyāt tad asyac chedayet //

That limb of a Súdra with which he strikes a Bráhman shall be cut off.

3.19.9

avagūrṇe niṣkrayaḥ, sparśe 'rdhadaṇḍaḥ //

For striking compensation is to be paid and half of the fines levied for touching. This rule shall also apply to Chandalas and other profane persons (committing the same offence). Striking with the hand. shall be punished with fines below 3 panas, with the leg twice as much as the above fine; and striking with an instrument so as to cause swellings shall be punished with the first amercement; and striking so as to endanger life shall be punished with the middle-most amercement.

3.19.10

tena caṇḍālāśucayo vyākhyātaḥ //

3.19.11

hastenāvagūrṇe tripaṇāvaro dvādaśapaṇaparo daṇḍaḥ, pādena dviguṇaḥ, duḥkhotpādanena dravyeṇa pūrvaḥ sāhasadaṇḍaḥ, prāṇābādhikena madhyamaḥ //

3.19.12

kāṣṭhaloṣṭapāṣāṇalohadaṇḍarajjudravyāṇām anyatamena duḥkham aśoṇitam utpādayataś caturviṃśatipaṇo daṇḍaḥ, śoṇitotpādane dviguṇaḥ, anyatra duṣṭaśoṇitāt //

Causing a bloodless wound with a stick, mud, a stone, an iron bar, or a rope shall be punished with a fine of 24 panas. Causing the blood to gush out excepting bad or diseased blood shall be punished with double the fine.

3.19.13

mṛtakalpam aśoṇitaṃ ghnato hastapādapārañcikaṃ vā kurvataḥ pūrvaḥ sāhasadaṇḍaḥ, pāṇipādadantabhaṅge karṇanāsācchedane vraṇavidāraṇe cca, anyatra duṣṭavraṇebhyaḥ //

Beating a person almost to death, though without causing blood, breaking the hands, legs, or teeth, tearing off the ear or the nose, or breaking open the flesh of a person except in ulcers or boils shall be punished with the first amercement. Causing hurt in the thigh or the neck, wounding the eye, or hurting so as to impede eating, speaking, or any other bodily movements shall not only be punished with the middlemost amercement, but also be made liable to the payment (to the sufferer) of such compensation as is necessary to cure him.

3.19.14

sakthigrīvābhañjane netrabhedane vā vākyaceṣṭābhojanoparodheṣu ca madhyamaḥ sāhasadaṇḍaḥ samutthānavyayaś ca //

3.19.15

vipattau kaṇṭakaśodhanāya nīyeta //

If time or place does not permit the immediate arrest of an offender, he shall be dealt with as described in Book IV, treating of the measures to suppress the wicked.

3.19.16

mahājanasyaikaṃ ghnataḥ pratyekaṃ dviguṇo daṇḍaḥ //

Each one of a confederacy of persons who have inflicted hurt on another person shall be punished with double the usual fine.

3.19.17

"paryuṣitaḥ kalaho 'nupraveśo vā nābhiyojyaḥ" ity ācāryāḥ //

My preceptor holds that quarrels or assaults of a remote date shall not be complained of.

3.19.18

nāsty apakāriṇo mokṣa iti kauṭilyaḥ //

But Kautilya holds that there shall be no acquittal for an offender.

3.19.19

"kalahe pūrvāgato jayati, akṣamamāṇo hi pradhāvati" ity ācāryāḥ //

My preceptor thinks that he who is the first to complain of a quarrel wins inasmuch as it is pain that drives one to law.

3.19.20

neti kauṭilyaḥ //

But Kautilya objects to it; for whether a complaint is lodged first or last, it is the evidence of witnesses that must be depended upon. In the absence of witnesses, the nature of the hurt and other circumstances connected with the quarrel in question shall be evidences. Sentence of punishment shall be passed the very day that a defendant accused of assault fails to answer the charge made against him.

3.19.21

pūrvaṃ paścād vābhigatasya sākṣiṇaḥ pramāṇam, asākṣike ghātaḥ kalahopaliṅganaṃ vā //

3.19.22

ghātābhiyogam apratibruvatas tad ahar eva paścātkāraḥ //

3.19.23

kalahe dravyam apaharato daśapaṇo daṇḍaḥ, kṣudrakadravyahiṃsāyāṃ tac ca tāvac ca daṇḍaḥ, sthūlakadravyahiṃsāyāṃ tac ca dviguṇaś ca daṇḍaḥ, vastrābharaṇahiraṇyasuvarṇabhāṇḍahiṃsāyāṃ tac ca pūrvaś ca sāhasadaṇḍaḥ //

A person stealing anything under the tumult of a quarrel shall be fined 10 panas. Destruction of articles of small value shall be punished with a fine equal to the value of the articles besides the payment (to the sufferer) of an adequate compensation. Destruction of big things with a compensation equal to the value of the articles and a fine equal to twice the value. In the case of destruction of such things as clothes, gold, gold-coins, and vessels or merchandise, the first amercement together with the value of the articles shall be levied.

3.19.24

parakuḍyam abhighātena kṣobhayatas tripaṇo daṇḍaḥ, chedanabhedane ṣaṭpaṇaḥ, pratīkāraś ca //

Causing damage to a wall of another man's house by knocking shall be fined 3 panas; breaking open or demolishing the same shall be fined 6 panas, besides the restoration of the wall.

3.19.25

duḥkhotpādanaṃ dravyam anyaveśmani prakṣipato dvādaśapaṇo daṇḍaḥ, prāṇābādhikaṃ pūrvaḥ sāhasadaṇḍaḥ //

Throwing harmful things inside the house of a man shall be fined 12 panas; and throwing such things as endanger the lives of the inmates shall be punished with the first amercement.

3.19.26

kṣudrapaśūnāṃ kāṣṭhādibhir duḥkhotpādane paṇo dviguṇo vā daṇḍaḥ, śoṇitotpādane dviguṇaḥ //

For causing pain with sticks, etc., to minor quadrupeds one or two panas shall be levied; and for causing blood to the same, the fine shall be doubled. In the case of large quadrupeds, not only double the above fines, but also an adequate compensation necessary to cure the beasts shall be levied.

3.19.27

mahāpaśūnām eteṣv eva sthāneṣv dviguṇo daṇḍaḥ samutthānavyayaś ca //

3.19.28

puropavanavanaspatīnāṃ puṣpaphalacchāyāvatāṃ prarohacchedane ṣaṭpaṇaḥ, kṣudraśākhācchedane dvādaśapaṇaḥ, pīnaśākhāccchedane caturviṃśatipaṇaḥ, skandhavadhe pūrvaḥ sāhasadaṇḍaḥ, samucchittau madhyamaḥ //

For cutting off the tender sprouts of fruit-trees, flower-trees or shady trees in the parks near a city, a fine of 6 panas shall be imposed; for cutting off the minor branches of the same trees, 12 panas; and for cutting off the big branches, 24 panas shall be levied. Cutting off the trunks of the same shall be punished with the first amercement; and felling the same shall be punished with the middle-most amercement.

3.19.29

puṣpaphalacchāyāvadgulmalatāsv ardhadaṇḍāḥ, puṇyasthānatapovanaśmaśānadrumeṣu ca //

In the case of plants which bear flowers, fruits, or provide shade, half of the above fines shall be levied.

The same fines shall be levied in the case of trees that have grown in places of pilgrimage, forests of hermits, or cremation or burial grounds.

3.19.30

sīmavṛkṣeṣu caityeṣu drumeṣv ālakṣiteṣu ca /
ta eva dviguṇā daṇḍāḥ kāryā rājavaneṣu ca //E

For similar offences committed in connection with the trees which mark boundaries, or which are worshipped or observed (chaityeshválakshiteshucha,) or trees which are grown in the king's forests, double the above fines shall be levied.