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Karnatakabhashabhushana 9

English (machine translation) 9

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9.1.1

That which is devoid of number is an indeclinable.

9.1.2

Whatever word form is devoid of number receives the technical term indeclinable. Or, that which is devoid of the singular, dual, and plural is designated an indeclinable. And thus it will be exemplified.

9.2.1

ādam [occurs] in the sense of excess.

9.2.2

The indeclinable ādam occurs in the sense of excess.

9.2.3

ādam oppidaṁ ("he looked extremely handsome");

9.2.4

ādam oppidaḷ ("she looked extremely handsome").

9.3.1

The particle ēgaṁ is used in the sense of ascertainment.

9.3.2

The indeclinable particle ēgam is employed in the sense of ascertainment.

9.3.3

[For example:] antē ēgaṁ ("just so, indeed").

9.4.1

The particle huṁ is used in the sense of an inquiry, deliberation, emphasis, and prevention.

9.4.2

The word huṁ should be designated in [the senses of] an inquiry, deliberation, emphasis, and prevention.

9.4.3

[In the sense of inquiry:] huṁ pēḻ ("well, speak!");

9.4.4

[in deliberation and emphasis:] huṁ adentu? ("well, how is that?"); huṁ ante ("yes, exactly so");

9.4.5

[in prevention:] huṁ nil ("stop, halt!").

9.5.1

The particle ciḥ is used in the sense of contempt.

9.5.2

The word ciḥ occurs in the sense of censuring.

9.5.3

[For example:] ciḥ pollaeydaṁ ("fie, he did evil!");

9.5.4

ciḥ kaṣṭan ivaṁ ("fie, he is vile!").

9.6.1

The particle matte is used for clearing the throat, and also in the sense of repetition.

9.6.2

The word matte occurs in the clearing of the throat, and also in the sense of "again".

9.6.3

[In throat-clearing:] mattadentu ("now then, how is that?");

9.6.4

[in repetition:] matte maguḻdaṁ ("he turned back again").

9.6.5

By the word api ("also"), it is also [used] for metrical filler:

9.6.6

adu mattentene ("if it is asked: how is that again?").

9.7.1

The particle kennaṁ is used in stating the truth.

9.7.2

The indeclinable particle kennam occurs in stating the truth, that is, in stating a matter as it truly is.

9.7.3

[For example:] kennam enage ballidar ārpare ("truly, who can rival me in strength?");

9.7.4

kennam ennaṁ janaṁ nuḍiguṁ ("truly, people speak thus").

9.8.1

The particles bhōṅkal and toṭṭene are used in the sense of suddenly.

9.8.2

The two words bhōṅkal and toṭṭene occur in the sense of "suddenly".

9.8.3

[For example:] bhōṅkal māḍidaṁ ("he did [it] all of a sudden");

9.8.4

toṭṭene koṭṭaṁ ("he gave [it] instantly").

9.9.1

The particle vōl is used in the sense of iva ("like").

9.9.2

This word vōl occurs in the sense of iva ("like").

9.9.3

[For example:] girivōl sthiraṁ ("steady like a mountain");

9.9.4

kēsarivōl kali ("valiant like a lion").

9.10.1

The particle mēṇ is understood in the sense of option.

9.10.2

This word mēṇ should be understood in the sense of option.

9.10.3

[For example:] adu mēṇ idu mēṇ ("either that or this").

9.11.1

The particles veṟaṁ and valaṁ are used in the sense of distinctness.

9.11.2

The two [particles], veṟaṁ and valaṁ, should be used in the sense of distinctness.

9.11.3

[For example:] aduve veṟaṁ ("that very thing is indeed clear");

9.11.4

iduve valaṁ ("this very thing is indeed clear").

9.12.1

The particles gaḍa and gaḷa are used in report and in conversation.

9.12.2

Both words gaḍa and gaḷa are used in report and in conversation.

9.12.3

[In report:] mecce gaḍaṁ ("they say he approves");

9.12.4

muḷiye gaḍaṁ ("they say he gets angry");

9.12.5

[in conversation:] adentu gaḍa ("how is that, then?");

9.12.6

antu gaḷaṁ ("so it is said");

9.12.7

adentu gaḷa ("how is that, I say?").

9.13.1

The particles am and um are used in conjunction.

9.13.2

These two words, aṁ and uṁ, occur in the sense of conjunction.

9.13.3

[For example:] ātaṅgam ākegaṁ ("both to him and to her");

9.13.4

tannoḷam ātanoḷaṁ ("both in oneself and in him");

9.13.5

enagaṁ tanagaṁ ("both to me and to oneself");

9.13.6

anuṁ nīnuṁ ("both I and you");

9.13.7

aneyuṁ kudureyuṁ ("both elephant and horse");

9.13.8

eḻtuṁ kaḻteyuṁ ("both ox and donkey").

9.14.1

The particle akkaṭa is used in despondency.

9.14.2

This word akkaṭa should be used in the sense of despondency.

9.14.3

[For example:] akkaṭa keṭṭeṁ ("alas, I am ruined!").

9.15.1

The particle kaḻkane is used in the sense of suddenly.

9.15.2

The word kaḻkane occurs in the sense of something sudden.

9.15.3

[For example:] kaḻkane bandaṁ ("he arrived unexpectedly").

9.16.1

[The word] *neṭṭane* is in the sense of clarity.

9.16.2

This word *neṭṭane* occurs in the sense of clarity.

9.16.3

*neṭṭane nuḍidaṁ* [he spoke clearly]

9.16.4

*neṭṭane mūḍal* [clearly to the east / rising clearly]

9.17.1

*dal* is used in embellishing a sentence, filling out a verse quarter, and certainty.

9.17.2

The indeclinable *dal* occurs in embellishing a sentence, filling out a verse quarter, and in certainty.

9.17.3

*idu dal manuṣyaviddham appud’ altu* [this indeed is not pierced by a human]

9.17.4

*tāṁ dal pēḻguṁ* [he himself indeed will say]

9.17.5

*adu dal niścayaṁ* [that indeed is certain]

9.17.6

*karaṁ dal cōdyaṁ* [it is extremely wonderful indeed]

9.1_2

Thus ends the ninth chapter, titled 'The Operation of Indeclinables', in the Exposition of Kannada Grammar.

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