Γεωγραφικά 1.4.7

1.4.7

̔εξῆς δὲ περὶ τῶν ἠπείρων εἰπὼν γεγονέναι πολὺν λόγον, καὶ τοὺς μὲν τοῖς ποταμοῖς διαιρεῖν αὐτὰς τῷ τε Νείλῳ καὶ τῷ Τανάιδι νήσους ἀποφαίνοντας, τοὺς δὲ τοῖς ἰσθμοῖς τῷ τε μεταξὺ τῆς Κασπίας καὶ τῆς Ποντικῆς θαλάσσης καὶ τῷ μεταξὺ τῆς Ἐρυθρᾶς καὶ τοῦ Ἐκρήγματος, τούτους δὲ χερρονήσους αὐτὰς λέγειν, οὐχ ὁρᾶν φησι πῶς ἂν εἰς πράγματα καταστρέφοι ἡ ζήτησις αὕτη, ἀλλὰ μόνον ἔριν διαιτώντων κατὰ Δημόκριτον εἶναι. μὴ ὄντων γὰρ ἀκριβῶν ὅρων, καθάπερ Κολυττοῦ καὶ Μελίτης, οἷον στηλῶν ἢ περιβόλων, τοῦτο μὲν ἔχειν φάναι ἡμᾶς ὅτι τουτὶ μέν ἐστι Κολυττὸς τουτὶ δὲ Μελίτη, τοὺς ὅρους δὲ μὴ ἔχειν εἰπεῖν. διὸ καὶ συμβαίνειν κρίσεις πολλάκις περὶ χωρίων τινῶν, καθάπερ Ἀργείοις μὲν καὶ Λακεδαιμονίοις περὶ Θυρέας, Ἀθηναίοις δὲ καὶ Βοιωτοῖς περὶ Ὠρωποῦ. ἄλλως τε τοὺς Ἕλληνας τὰς τρεῖς ἠπείρους ὀνομάσαι οὐκ εἰς τὴν οἰκουμένην ἀποβλέψαντας, ἀλλʼ εἴς τε τὴν σφετέραν καὶ τὴν ἀπαντικρὺ τὴν Καρικήν, ἐφʼ ᾗ νῦν Ἴωνες καὶ οἱ ἑξῆς· χρόνῳ δὲ ἐπὶ πλέον προϊόντας ἀεὶ καὶ πλειόνων γνωριζομένων χωρῶν εἰς τοῦτο καταστρέψαι τὴν διαίρεσιν. πότερον οὖν οἱ πρῶτοι διορίσαντες τὰς τρεῖς, ἵνα ἀπὸ τῶν ἐσχάτων ἄρξωμαι διαιτῶν τὴν ἔριν, μὴ κατὰ Δημόκριτον ἀλλὰ κατʼ αὐτόν, οὗτοι ἦσαν οἱ πρῶτοι τὴν σφετέραν ἀπὸ τῆς ἀντικειμένης τῆς τῶν Καρῶν διορίσαι ζητοῦντες; ἢ οὗτοι μὲν τὴν Ἑλλάδα ἐπενόουν μόνην καὶ τὴν Καρίαν καὶ ὀλίγην τὴν συνεχῆ, οὔτε δʼ Εὐρώπην οὔτε Ἀσίαν ὡσαύτως οὔτε Λιβύην, οἱ δὲ λοιποὶ ἐπιόντες ὅση ἦν ἱκανὴ ὑπογράψαι τὴν τῆς οἰκουμένης ἐπίνοιαν, οὗτοί εἰσιν οἱ εἰς τρία διαιροῦντες; πῶς οὖν οὐ τῆς οἰκουμένης ἐποιοῦντο διαίρεσιν; τίς δὲ τρία μέρη λέγων καὶ καλῶν ἤπειρον ἕκαστον τῶν μερῶν οὐ προσεπινοεῖ τὸ ὅλον, οὗ τὸν μερισμὸν ποιεῖται; εἰ δʼ ἐπινοοῖ μὲν μὴ τὴν οἰκουμένην, μέρους δέ τινος αὐτῆς τὸν μερισμὸν ποιοῖτο, τίνος ἄν τις μέρους τῆς οἰκουμένης μέρος εἶπε τὴν Ἀσίαν ἢ τὴν Εὐρώπην ἢ ὅλως ἤπειρον; ταῦτα γὰρ εἴρηται παχυμερῶς.

There has been much argument respecting the continents. Some, considering them to be divided by the rivers Nile and Tanais, have described them as islands; while others suppose them to be peninsulas connected by the isthmuses between the Caspian and the Euxine Seas, and between the Erythraean Sea and Ecregma. He adds, that this question does not appear to him to be of any practical importance, but rather, as Democritus observed, a bone of contention for angry litigants. Where there are no precise boundary marks, columns, or walls, as at Colyttus and Melitè, it is easy for us to say such a place is Colyttus, and such another Melitè, but not so easy to show the exact limits: thus disputes have frequently arisen concerning certain districts; that, for instance, between the Argives and Lacedaemonians concerning [the possession of] Thyrea, and that between the Athenians and Boeotians relative to Oropus. Further, in giving names to the three continents, the Greeks did not take into consideration the whole habitable earth, but merely their own country and the land exactly opposite, namely, Caria, which is now inhabited by the Ionians and other neighbouring tribes. In course of time, as they advanced further and daily became acquainted with new countries, this their division came to be general.”
I take this last part first, and (to use Eratosthenes’ own words, not those of Democritus) willing to pick my bone of contention, inquire, whether they who first made the division of the three continents were the same persons as those who first desired to distinguish their own land from that of the Carians opposite, or whether they were only acquainted with Greece, Caria, and some few other adjoining countries, and not with Europe, Asia, or Africa; but that others who followed them, and were able to write a description of the habitable earth, were the real authors of the division into three continents. How did he know that these were not the men who made this division of the habitable earth? And he who divided the earth into three parts, giving to each portion the name of continent, could he not form in his mind a just idea of that taken as a whole, which he had so parcelled out. But if indeed he were not acquainted with the whole habitable earth, but merely made a division of some part thereof, pray what portion of that part did he denominate Asia, or Europe, or simply continent? Such talk is altogether nonsense.