Γεωγραφικα 15.1.43

15.1.43

βιβάζονται δὲ καὶ τίκτουσιν ὡς ἵπποι τοῦ ἔαρος μάλιστα· καιρὸς δʼ ἐστὶ τῷ μὲν ἄρρενι, ἐπειδὰν οἴστρῳ κατέχηται καὶ ἀγριαίνῃ· τότε δὴ καὶ λίπους τι διὰ τῆς ἀναπνοῆς ἀνίησιν, ἣν ἴσχει παρὰ τοὺς κροτάφους· ταῖς δὲ θηλείαις, ὅταν ὁ αὐτὸς οὗτος πόρος ἀνεῳγὼς τυγχάνῃ. κύουσι δὲ τοὺς μὲν πλείστους ὀκτωκαίδεκα μῆνας ἐλαχίστους δʼ ἑκκαίδεκα· τρέφει δʼ ἡ μήτηρ ἓξ ἔτη· ζῶσι δʼ ὅσον μακροβιώτατοι ἄνθρωποι οἱ πολλοί, τινὲς δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ διακόσια διατείνουσιν ἔτη· πολύνοσοι δὲ καὶ δυσίατοι. ἄκος δὲ πρὸς ὀφθαλμίαν μὲν βόειον γάλα προσκλυζόμενον, τοῖς πλείστοις δὲ τῶν νοσημάτων ὁ μέλας οἶνος πινόμενος, τραύμασι δὲ ποτὸν μὲν βούτυρον (ἐξάγει γὰρ τὰ σιδήρια), τὰ δʼ ἕλκη σαρξὶν ὑείαις πυριῶσιν. Ὀνησίκριτος δὲ καὶ ἕως τριακοσίων ἐτῶν ζῆν φησι, σπάνιον δὲ καὶ ἕως πεντακοσίων, κρατίστους δʼ εἶναι περὶ τὰ διακόσια ἔτη, κυΐσκεσθαι δὲ δεκαετίαν. μείζους δὲ τῶν Λιβυκῶν καὶ ἐρρωμενεστέρους ἐκεῖνός τε εἴρηκε καὶ ἄλλοι· ταῖς γοῦν προβοσκίσιν ἐπάλξεις καθαιρεῖν καὶ δένδρα ἀνασπᾶν πρόρριζα διανισταμένους εἰς τοὺς ὀπισθίους πόδας. Νέαρχος δὲ καὶ ποδάγρας ἐν ταῖς θήραις τίθεσθαι κατά τινας συνδρόμους φησί, συνελαύνεσθαι δʼ ὑπὸ τῶν τιθασῶν τοὺς ἀγρίους εἰς ταύτας, κρειττόνων ὄντων καὶ ἡνιοχουμένων. οὕτως δʼ εὐτιθασεύτους εἶναι, ὥστε καὶ λιθάζειν ἐπὶ σκοπὸν μανθάνειν καὶ ὅπλοις χρῆσθαι νεῖν τε κάλλιστα· μέγιστόν τε νομίζεσθαι κτῆμα ἐλεφάντων ἅρμα· ἄγεσθαι δʼ ὑπὸ ζυγὸν * καὶ καμήλους· γυναῖκα δʼ εὐδοκιμεῖν εἰ λάβοι παρὰ ἐραστοῦ δῶρον ἐλέφαντα. οὗτος ὁ λόγος οὐχ ὁμολογεῖ τῷ φήσαντι μόνων βασιλέων εἶναι κτῆμα ἵππον καὶ ἐλέφαντα.

They copulate like horses, and produce young chiefly in the spring. It is the season for the male, when he is in heat and is ferocious. At this period he discharges some fatty matter through an opening in the temples. It is the season also for the females, when this same passage is open, Eighteen months is the longest, and sixteen the shortest period that they go with young. The dam suckles her young six years, Many of them live as long as men who attain to the greatest longevity, some even to the protracted age of two hundred years.
They are subject to many diseases, which are difficult to be cured. A remedy for diseases of the eye is to bathe them with cow’s milk. For complaints in general, they drink dark wine. In cases of wounds, they drink butter; for it draws out iron instruments, Their sores are fomented with swine’s flesh.
Onesicritus says, that they live three hundred years, and rarely five hundred; and that they go with young ten years. He and other writers say, that they are larger and stronger than the African elephants. They will pull down with their trunks battlements, and uproot trees, standing erect upon their bind feet.
According to Nearchus, traps are laid in the hunting grounds, at certain places where roads meet; the wild elephants are forced into the ‘ oils by the tame elephants, which are stronger, and guided by a driver. They become so tame and docile, that they learn even to throw a stone at a mark, to use military weapons, and to be excellent swimmers. A chariot drawn by elephants is esteemed a most important possession, and they are driven without bridles.
A woman is greatly honoured who receives from her lover a present of an elephant, but this does not agree with what he said before, that a horse and an elephant are the property of kings alone.