Γεωγραφικά 16.4.24

16.4.24

συνέβαινε δὲ τοῦτο τοῦ μὲν βασιλέως τοῦ Ὀβόδα μὴ πολὺ φροντίζοντος τῶν κοινῶν καὶ μάλιστα τῶν κατὰ πόλεμον (κοινὸν δὲ τοῦτο πᾶσι τοῖς Ἀράβων βασιλεῦσιν), ἅπαντα δὲ ἐπὶ τῇ τοῦ ἐπιτρόπου ποιουμένου τοῦ Συλλαίου· τούτου δʼ ἅπαντα δόλῳ στρατηγοῦντος καὶ ζητοῦντος, ὡς οἶμαι, κατοπτεῦσαι μὲν τὴν χώραν καὶ συνεξελεῖν τινας αὐτῶν πόλεις καὶ ἔθνη μετὰ τῶν Ῥωμαίων, αὐτὸν δὲ καταστῆναι κύριον ἁπάντων, ἀφανισθέντων ἐκείνων ὑπὸ λιμοῦ καὶ κόπου καὶ νόσων καὶ ἄλλων ὅσων δόλῳ παρεσκεύασεν ἐκεῖνος· εἰς γοῦν τὴν Λευκὴν κώμην κατῆρεν, ἤδη στομακάκκῃ τε καὶ σκελοτύρβῃ πειραζομένης τῆς στρατιᾶς, ἐπιχωρίοις πάθεσι, τῶν μὲν περὶ τὸ στόμα τῶν δὲ περὶ τὰ σκέλη παράλυσίν τινα δηλούντων ἔκ τε τῶν ὑδρείων καὶ βοτανῶν. ἠναγκάσθη γοῦν τό τε θέρος καὶ τὸν χειμῶνα διατελέσαι αὐτόθι τοὺς ἀσθενοῦντας ἀνακτώμενος. ἐκ μὲν οὖν τῆς Λευκῆς κώμης εἰς Πέτραν, ἐντεῦθεν δʼ εἰς Ῥινοκόλουρα τῆς πρὸς Αἰγύπτῳ Φοινίκης τὰ φορτία κομίζεται κἀντεῦθεν εἰς τοὺς ἄλλους, νυνὶ δὲ τὸ πλέον εἰς τὴν Ἀλεξάνδρειαν τῷ Νείλῳ· κατάγεται δʼ ἐκ τῆς Ἀραβίας καὶ τῆς Ἰνδικῆς εἰς Μυὸς ὅρμον· εἶθʼ ὑπέρθεσις εἰς Κοπτὸν τῆς Θηβαΐδος καμήλοις ἐν διώρυγι τοῦ Νείλου κειμένην· εἰς Ἀλεξάνδρειαν. πάλιν ἐκ τῆς Λευκῆς κώμης ὁ Γάλλος ἀναζεύξας τὴν στρατιὰν διὰ τοιούτων ᾔει χωρίων ὥστε καὶ ὕδωρ καμήλοις κομίζειν μοχθηρίᾳ τῶν ἡγεμόνων τῆς ὁδοῦ· διόπερ πολλαῖς ἡμέραις ἧκεν εἰς τὴν Ἀρέτα γῆν συγγενοῦς τῷ Ὀβόδᾳ· ἐδέξατο μὲν οὖν αὐτὸν Ἀρέτας φιλικῶς καὶ δῶρα προσήνεγκεν, ἡ δὲ τοῦ Συλλαίου προδοσία κἀκείνην ἐποίησε τὴν χώραν δυσπόρευτον· τριάκοντα γοῦν ἡμέραις διῆλθεν αὐτήν, ζειὰς καὶ φοίνικας ὀλίγους παρέχουσαν καὶ βούτυρον ἀντʼ ἐλαίου, διὰ τὰς ἀνοδίας· ἡ δʼ ἑξῆς ἣν ἐπῄει νομάδων ἦν καὶ ἔρημος τὰ πολλὰ ὡς ἀληθῶς, ἐκαλεῖτο δὲ Ἀραρηνή· βασιλεὺς δʼ ἦν Σάβως· καὶ ταύτην ἀνοδίαις διῆλθε κατατρίψας ἡμέρας πεντήκοντα μέχρι πόλεως Νεγράνων καὶ χώρας εἰρηνικῆς τε καὶ ἀγαθῆς· ὁ μὲν οὖν βασιλεὺς ἔφυγεν, ἡ δὲ πόλις ἐξ ἐφόδου κατελήφθη· ἐκεῖθεν ἡμέραις ἓξ ἧκεν ἐπὶ τὸν ποταμόν συναψάντων δʼ αὐτόθι τῶν βαρβάρων εἰς μάχην, περὶ μυρίους αὐτῶν ἔπεσον τῶν δὲ Ῥωμαίων δύο· ἐχρῶντο γὰρ ἀπείρως τοῖς ὅπλοις ἀπόλεμοι τελέως ὄντες, τόξοις τε καὶ λόγχαις ξίφεσι καὶ σφενδόναις, οἱ πλεῖστοι δʼ αὐτῶν ἀμφιστόμοις πελέκεσιν· εὐθὺς δὲ καὶ τὴν πόλιν εἷλε καλουμένην Ἀσκᾶ * συλληφθεῖσαν ὑπὸ τοῦ βασιλέως. ἐντεῦθεν εἰς Ἄθρουλα πόλιν ἧκε, κρατήσας αὐτῆς ἀκονιτὶ φρουρὰν ἐμβαλὼν καὶ παρασκευάσας σίτου καὶ φοινίκων εἰς πόλιν Μαρίαβα προῆλθεν ἔθνους τοῦ Ῥαμμανιτῶν, οἳ ἦσαν ὑπὸ Ἰλασάρῳ. ἓξ μὲν οὖν ἡμέρας προσβαλὼν ἐπολιόρκει, λειψυδρίας δʼ οὔσης ἀπέστη· δύο μὲν οὖν ἡμερῶν ὁδὸν ἀπέσχε τῆς ἀρωματοφόρου, καθάπερ τῶν αἰχμαλώτων ἀκούειν ἦν. ἓξ δὲ μηνῶν χρόνον ἐν ταῖς ὁδοῖς κατέτριψε φαύλως ἀγόμενος· ἔγνω δʼ ἀναστρέφων, ὀψὲ τὴν ἐπιβουλὴν καταμαθὼν καὶ καθʼ ἑτέρας ὁδοὺς ἐπανελθών· ἐναταῖος μὲν γὰρ εἰς Νέγρανα ἧκεν ὅπου ἡ μάχη συμβεβήκει, ἑνδεκαταῖος δʼ ἐκεῖθεν εἰς Ἑπτὰ φρέατα καλούμενα ἀπὸ τοῦ συμβεβηκότος· ἐντεῦθεν ἤδη διʼ εἰρηνικῆς εἰς Χάαλλα κώμην καὶ πάλιν ἄλλην Μαλόθαν πρὸς ποταμῷ κειμένην ἀφικνεῖται· εἶτα διʼ ἐρήμης ὀλίγα ὑδρεῖα ἐχούσης ὁδὸς μέχρι Ἐγρᾶς κώμης· ἔστι δὲ τῆς Ὀβόδα· κεῖται δʼ ἐπὶ θαλάττης· τὴν δὲ πᾶσαν ὁδὸν ἑξηκοσταῖος ἐξήνυσε κατὰ τὴν ἐπάνοδον, ἀναλώσας ἓξ μῆνας ἐν τῇ ἐξ ἀρχῆς ὁδῷ· ἐντεῦθεν δʼ ἐπεραίωσε τὴν στρατιὰν ἑνδεκαταῖος εἰς Μυὸς ὅρμον, εἶθʼ ὑπερθεὶς εἰς Κοπτὸν μετὰ τῶν σωθῆναι δυναμένων κατῆρεν εἰς Ἀλεξάνδρειαν· τοὺς δʼ ἄλλους ἀπέβαλεν, οὐχ ὑπὸ πολεμίων ἀλλὰ νόσων καὶ κόπων καὶ λιμοῦ καὶ μοχθηρίας τῶν ὁδῶν· ἐπεὶ κατὰ πόλεμον ἑπτά γε μόνους διαφθαρῆναι συνέβη, διʼ ἃς αἰτίας οὐδʼ ἐπὶ πολὺ πρὸς τὴν γνῶσιν τῶν τόπων ὤνησεν ἡ στρατεία αὕτη· μικρὰ δʼ ὅμως συνήργησεν. ὁ δʼ αἴτιος τούτων ὁ Συλλαῖος ἔτισε δίκας ἐν Ῥώμῃ, προσποιούμενος μὲν φιλίαν ἐλεγχθεὶς δὲ πρὸς ταύτῃ τῇ πονηρίᾳ καὶ ἄλλα κακουργῶν καὶ ἀποτμηθεὶς τὴν κεφαλήν.

Another cause of the failure of the expedition was the fact of king Obodas not paying much attention to public affairs, and especially to those relative to war (as is the custom with all Arabian kings), but placed everything in the power of Syllaeus the minister. His whole conduct in command of the army was perfidious, and his object was, as I suppose, to examine as a spy the state of the country, and to destroy, in concert with the Romans, certain cities and tribes; and when the Romans should be consumed by famine, fatigue, and disease, and by all the evils which he had treacherously contrived, to declare himself master of the whole country. Gallus however arrived at Leuce-Come, with the army labouring under stomacacce and scelotyrbe, diseases of the country, the former affecting the mouth, the other the legs, with a kind of paralysis, caused by the water and the plants [which the soldiers had used in their food]. He was therefore compelled to pass the summer and the winter there, for the recovery of the sick.

Merchandise is conveyed from Leuce-Come to Petra, thence to Rhinocolura in Phoenicia, near Egypt, and thence to other nations. But at present the greater part is transported by the Nile to Alexandreia. It is brought down from Arabia and India to Myus Hormus, it is then conveyed on camels to Coptus of the Thebais, situated on a canal of the Nile, and to Alexandreia. Gallus, setting out again from Leuce-Come on his return with his army, and through the treachery of his guide, traversed such tracts of country, that the army was obliged to carry water with them upon camels. After a march of many days, therefore, he came to the territory of Aretas, who was related to Obodas. Aretas received him in a friendly manner, and offered presents. But by the treachery of Syllaeus, Gallus was conducted by a difficult road through the country ; for he occupied thirty days in passing through it. It afforded barley, a few palm trees, and butter instead of oil. The next country to which he came belonged to Nomades, and was in great part a complete desert. It was called Ararene. The king of the country was Sabos. Gallus spent fifty days in passing through this territory, for want of roads, and came to a city of the Negrani, and to a fertile country peacefully disposed. The king had fled, and the city was taken at the first onset. After a march of six days from thence, he came to the river. Here the barbarians attacked the Romans, and lost about ten thousand men; the Romans lost only two men.

For the barbarians were entirely inexperienced in war, and used their weapons unskilfully, which were bows, spears, swords, and slings; but the greater part of them wielded a double-edged axe. Immediately afterwards he took the city called Asca, which had been abandoned by the king. He thence came to a city Athrula, and took it without resistance; having placed a garrison there, and collected provisions for the march, consisting of corn and dates, he proceeded to a city Marsiaba, belonging to the nation of the Rhammanitae, who were subjects of Ilasarus. He assaulted and besieged it for six days, but raised the siege in consequence of a scarcity of water. He was two days’ march from the aromatic region, as he was informed by his prisoners. He occupied in his marches a period of six months, in consequence of the treachery of his guides. This he discovered when he was returning; and although he was late in discovering the design against him, he had time to take another road back; for he arrived in nine days at Negrana, where the battle was fought, and thence in eleven days he came to the Seven Wells, as the place is called from the fact of their existing there. Thence he marched through a desert country, and came to Chaalla a village, and then to another called Malothas, situated on a river. His road then lay through a desert country, which had only a few watering-places, as far as Egra a village. It belongs to the territory of Obodas, and is situated upon the sea.

He accomplished on his return the whole distance in sixty days, in which, on his first journey, he had consumed six months. From Negra he conducted his army in eleven days to Myus Hormus; thence across the country to Coptus, and arrived at Alexandreia with so much of his army as could be saved. The remainder he lost, not by the enemy, but by disease, fatigue, famine, and marches through bad roads ; for seven men only perished in battle. For these reasons this expedition contributed little in extending our knowledge of the country. It was however of some small service. Syllaeus, the author of these disasters, was punished for his treachery at Rome. He affected friendship, but he was convicted of other offences, besides perfidy in this instance, and was beheaded.