Γεωγραφικά 17.1.13

17.1.13

τοιαῦτα δʼ ἦν, εἰ μὴ χείρω, καὶ τὰ τῶν ὕστερον βασιλέων. Ῥωμαῖοι δʼ εἰς δύναμιν, ὡς εἰπεῖν, ἐπηνώρθωσαν τὰ πολλά, τὴν μὲν πόλιν διατάξαντες ὡς εἶπον, κατὰ δὲ τὴν χώραν ἐπιστρατήγους τινὰς καὶ νομάρχας καὶ ἐθνάρχας καλουμένους ἀποδείξαντες, πραγμάτων οὐ μεγάλων ἐπιστατεῖν ἠξιωμένους. τῆς δʼ εὐκαιρίας τῆς κατὰ τὴν πόλιν τὸ μέγιστόν ἐστιν ὅτι τῆς Αἰγύπτου πάσης μόνος ἐστὶν οὗτος ὁ τόπος πρὸς ἄμφω πεφυκὼς εὖ, τά τε ἐκ θαλάττης διὰ τὸ εὐλίμενον, καὶ τὰ ἐκ τῆς χώρας ὅτι πάντα εὐμαρῶς ὁ ποταμὸς πορθμεύει συνάγει τε εἰς τοιοῦτον χωρίον ὅπερ μέγιστον ἐμπόριον τῆς οἰκουμένης ἐστί. τῆς μὲν οὖν πόλεως ταύτας ἄν τις λέγοι τὰς ἀρετάς· τῆς Αἰγύπτου δὲ τὰς προσόδους ἔν τινι λόγῳ Κικέρων φράζει φήσας κατʼ ἐνιαυτὸν τῷ τῆς Κλεοπάτρας πατρὶ τῷ Αὐλητῇ προσφέρεσθαι φόρον ταλάντων μυρίων δισχιλίων πεντακοσίων. ὅπου οὖν ὁ κάκιστα καὶ ῥᾳθυμότατα τὴν βασιλείαν διοικῶν τοσαῦτα προσωδεύετο, τί χρὴ νομίσαι τὰ νῦν διὰ τοσαύτης ἐπιμελείας οἰκονομούμενα καὶ τῶν Ἰνδικῶν ἐμποριῶν καὶ τῶν Τρωγλοδυτικῶν ἐπηυξημένων ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον; πρότερον μέν γε οὐδʼ εἴκοσι πλοῖα ἐθάρρει τὸν Ἀράβιον κόλπον διαπερᾶν ὥστε ἔξω τῶν στενῶν ὑπερκύπτειν, νῦν δὲ καὶ στόλοι μεγάλοι στέλλονται μέχρι τῆς Ἰνδικῆς καὶ τῶν ἄκρων τῶν Αἰθιοπικῶν, ἐξ ὧν ὁ πολυτιμότατος κομίζεται φόρτος εἰς τὴν Αἴγυπτον, κἀντεῦθεν πάλιν εἰς τοὺς ἄλλους ἐκπέμπεται τόπους, ὥστε τὰ τέλη διπλάσια συνάγεται τὰ μὲν εἰσαγωγικὰ τὰ δὲ ἐξαγωγικά· τῶν δὲ βαρυτίμων βαρέα καὶ τὰ τέλη. καὶ γὰρ δὴ καὶ μονοπωλίας ἔχει· μόνη γὰρ ἡ Ἀλεξάνδρεια τῶν τοιούτων ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ καὶ ὑποδοχεῖόν ἐστι καὶ χορηγεῖ τοῖς ἐκτός. ἔτι δὲ μᾶλλον κατιδεῖν ἔστι τὴν εὐφυΐαν ταύτην περιοδεύοντι τὴν χώραν, καὶ πρῶτον τὴν παραλίαν ἀρξαμένην ἀπὸ τοῦ Καταβαθμοῦ· μέχρι δεῦρο γάρ ἐστιν ἡ Αἴγυπτος, ἡ δʼ ἑξῆς ἐστι Κυρηναία καὶ οἱ περιοικοῦντες βάρβαροι Μαρμαρίδαι.

Such then, if not worse, was the condition of the city under the last kings. The Romans, as far as they were able, corrected, as I have said, many abuses, and established an orderly government, by appointing vice-governors, nomarchs, and ethnarchs, whose business it was to superintend affairs of minor importance.
The greatest advantage which the city possesses arises from its being the only place in all Egypt well situated by nature for communication with the sea by its excellent harbour, and with the land by the river, by means of which everything is easily transported and collected together into this city, which is the greatest mart in the habitable world.
These may be said to be the superior excellencies of the city. Cicero, in one of his orations, in speaking of the revenues of Egypt, states that an annual tribute of 12,500 talents was paid to (Ptolemy) Auletes, the father of Cleopatra. If then a king, who administered his government in the worst possible manner, and with the greatest negligence, obtained so large a revenue, what must we suppose it to be at present, when affairs are administered with great care, and when the commerce with India and with Troglodytica has been so greatly increased ? For formerly not even twenty vessels ventured to navigate the Arabian Gulf, or advance to the smallest distance beyond the straits at its mouth; but now large fleets are despatched as far as India and the extremities of Ethiopia, from which places the most valuable freights are brought to Egypt, and are thence exported to other parts, so that a double amount of custom is collected, arising from imports on the one hand, and from exports on the other. The most expensive description of goods is charged with the heaviest impost; for in fact Alexandreia has a monopoly of trade, and is almost the only receptacle for this kind of merchandise and place of supply for foreigners. The natural convenience of the situation is still more apparent to persons travelling through the country, and particularly along the coast which commences at the Catabathmus; for to this place Egypt extends.
Next to it is Cyrenaea, and the neighboring barbarians, the Marmaridae.