Γεωγραφικά 17.1.45

17.1.45

Ἐντεῦθέν ἐστιν ἰσθμὸς εἰς τὴν Ἐρυθρὰν κατὰ πόλιν Βερενίκην, ἀλίμενον μὲν τῇ δʼ εὐκαιρίᾳ τοῦ ἰσθμοῦ καταγωγὰς ἐπιτηδείους ἔχουσαν. λέγεται δʼ ὁ Φιλάδελφος πρῶτος στρατοπέδῳ τεμεῖν τὴν ὁδὸν ταύτην ἄνυδρον οὖσαν, καὶ κατασκευάσαι σταθμούς, τοῦτο δὲ πρᾶξαι διὰ τὸ τὴν Ἐρυθρὰν δύσπλουν εἶναι καὶ μάλιστα τοῖς ἐκ τοῦ μυχοῦ πλοϊζομένοις. ἐφάνη δὴ τῇ πείρᾳ πολὺ τὸ χρήσιμον, καὶ νῦν ὁ Ἰνδικὸς φόρτος ἅπας καὶ ὁ Ἀράβιος καὶ τοῦ Αἰθιοπικοῦ ὁ τῷ Ἀραβίῳ κόλπῳ κατακομιζόμενος εἰς Κοπτὸν φέρεται, καὶ τοῦτʼ ἔστιν ἐμπόριον τῶν τοιούτων φορτίων. οὐκ ἄπωθεν δὲ τῆς Βερενίκης ἐστὶ Μυὸς ὅρμος, πόλις ἔχουσα τὸ ναύσταθμον τῶν πλοϊζομένων, καὶ τῆς Κοπτοῦ οὐ πολὺ ἀφέστηκεν ἡ καλουμένη Ἀπόλλωνος πόλις, ὥστε καὶ αἱ διορίζουσαι τὸν ἰσθμὸν δύο πόλεις ἑκατέρωθέν εἰσιν. ἀλλὰ νῦν ἡ Κοπτὸς καὶ ὁ Μυὸς ὅρμος εὐδοκιμεῖ, καὶ χρῶνται τοῖς τόποις τούτοις. πρότερον μὲν οὖν ἐνυκτοπόρουν πρὸς τὰ ἄστρα βλέποντες οἱ καμηλέμποροι καὶ καθάπερ οἱ πλέοντες ὥδευον κομίζοντες καὶ ὕδωρ, νυνὶ δὲ καὶ ὑδρεῖα κατεσκευάκασιν, ὀρύξαντες πολὺ βάθος, καὶ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανίων καίπερ ὄντων σπανίων ὅμως δεξαμενὰς πεποίηνται· ἡ δʼ ὁδός ἐστιν ἓξ ἢ ἑπτὰ ἡμερῶν. ἐπὶ δὲ τῷ ἰσθμῷ τούτῳ καὶ τὰ τῆς σμαράγδου μέταλλά ἐστι, τῶν Ἀράβων ὀρυττόντων βαθεῖς τινας ὑπονόμους, καὶ ἄλλων λίθων πολυτελῶν.

Then follows the isthmus, extending to the Red Sea near Berenice, which has no harbour, but good landing-places, because the isthmus is conveniently situated. Philadelphus is said to be the first person that opened, by means of his army, this road, which had no supply of water, and to have provided stations. This he did because the navigation of the Red Sea was difficult, particularly to those who set out from the recess of the bay. Experience showed the great utility of this plan, and at present all the Indian, Arabian, and such Ethiopian merchandise as is imported by the Arabian Gulf is carried to Coptos, which is the mart for such commodities. Not far from Berenice is Myos Hormus, a city with a naval station for vessels which navigate this sea; at no great distance from Coptos is the city of Apollo, so that two cities are the boundaries of the isthmus, one on each side. But at present Coptos and Myos Hormus are in repute, and they are frequented.
Formerly, the camel-merchants travelled in the night, directing their course by observing the stars, and, like mariners, carried with them a supply of water. But now watering-places are provided: water is also obtained by digging to a great depth, and rain-water is found, although rain rarely falls, which is also collected in reservoirs. It is a journey of six or seven days.
On this isthmus are mines, in which the emeralds and other precious stones are found by the Arabians, who dig deep subterraneous passages.