Γεωγραφικα 2.1.17

2.1.17

οἱ δέ γε περὶ Δηίμαχον τοῖς τρισμυρίοις ἐὰν προσλάβωσι τὸ ἐπὶ τὴν Ταπροβάνην καὶ τοὺς ὅρους τῆς διακεκαυμένης, οὓς οὐκ ἐλάττους τῶν τετρακισχιλίων θετέον, ἐκτοπιοῦσι τά τε Βάκτρα καὶ τὴν Ἀρίαν εἰς τοὺς ἀπέχοντας τόπους τῆς διακεκαυμένης σταδίους τρισμυρίους καὶ τετρακισχιλίους, ὅσους ἀπὸ τοῦ ἰσημερινοῦ ἐπὶ Βορυσθένη φησὶν εἶναι ὁ Ἵππαρχος. ἐκπεσοῦνται ἄρα εἰς τοὺς βορειοτέρους τοῦ Βορυσθένους καὶ τῆς Κελτικῆς σταδίοις ὀκτακισχιλίοις καὶ ὀκτακοσίοις, ὅσοις νοτιώτερός ἐστιν ὁ ἰσημερινὸς τοῦ ὁρίζοντος κύκλου τὴν διακεκαυμένην καὶ τὴν εὔκρατον, ὅν φαμεν διὰ τῆς Κινναμωμοφόρου μάλιστα γράφεσθαι. ἡμεῖς δέ γε ἐπεδείκνυμεν μέχρι τῆς Ἰέρνης μόλις οἰκήσιμα ὄντα τὰ ὑπὲρ τὴν Κελτικήν, ἅπερ οὐ πλείω τῶν πεντακισχιλίων ἐστίν. οὗτος δʼ ἀποφαίνει ὁ λόγος τῆς Ἰέρνης ἔτι βορειότερον εἶναί τινα κύκλον οἰκήσιμον σταδίοις τρισχιλίοις ὀκτακοσίοις. ἔσται δὲ Βάκτρα καὶ τοῦ στόματος τῆς Κασπίας θαλάττης εἴτε Ὑρκανίας πάμπολύ τι ἀρκτικώτερα, ὅπερ τοῦ μυχοῦ τῆς Κασπίας καὶ τῶν Ἀρμενιακῶν καὶ Μηδικῶν ὀρῶν διέχει περὶ ἑξακισχιλίους σταδίους, καὶ δοκεῖ αὐτῆς τῆς παραλίας μέχρι τῆς Ἰνδικῆς ἀρκτικώτερον εἶναι σημεῖον καὶ περίπλουν ἔχειν ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰνδικῆς δυνατόν, ὥς φησιν ὁ τῶν τόπων ἡγησάμενος τούτων Πατροκλῆς. ἔτι τοίνυν ἡ Βακτριανὴ χίλια στάδια ἐπὶ τὴν ἄρκτον ἐκτείνεται· τὰ δὲ τῶν Σκυθῶν πολὺ μείζω ταύτης ἐπέκεινα χώραν νέμεται, καὶ τελευτᾷ πρὸς τὴν βόρειον θάλατταν, νομαδικῶς μὲν ζῶντα δʼ ὅμως. πῶς οὖν, εἴπερ καὶ αὐτὰ τὰ Βάκτρα ἤδη τῆς οἰκουμένης ἐκπίπτει; εἴη ἂν τὸ διάστημα τοῦτο ἀπὸ τοῦ Καυκάσου μέχρι τῆς βορείας θαλάττης τῇ διὰ Βάκτρων ὀλίγῳ πλειόνων ἢ τετρακισχιλίων. ταῦτα δὴ προστεθέντα τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰέρνης ἐπὶ τὰ βόρεια σταδιασμῷ ποιεῖ τὸ πᾶν διὰ τῆς ἀοικήτου διάστημα ἐπὶ τοῦ διὰ τῆς Ἰέρνης σταδιασμοῦ σταδίων ἑπτακισχιλίων καὶ ὀκτακοσίων· εἰ δὲ ἐάσειέ τις τοὺς τετρακισχιλίους σταδίους, αὐτά γε τὰ πρὸς τῷ Καυκάσῳ μέρη τῆς Βακτριανῆς ἔσται βορειότερα τῆς Ἰέρνης σταδίοις τρισχιλίοις καὶ ὀκτακοσίοις, τῆς δὲ Κελτικῆς καὶ τοῦ Βορυσθένους ὀκτακισχιλίοις καὶ ὀκτακοσίοις.

If the followers of Deimachus add to the 30.000 stadia the distance to Taprobane and the boundaries of the torrid zone, which cannot be reckoned less than 4000 stadia, they will then remove Bactria and Aria from their actual localities and place them 34,000 stadia from the torrid zone, a distance equal to that which Hipparchus states to be between the equator and [the mouth of] the Dnieper, and the two countries will therefore be removed 8800 stadia north of [the mouth of] the Dnieper and Keltica; for there are reckoned to be 8800 stadia from the equator to the parallel of latitude which separates the temperate from the torrid zone, and which crosses the Cinnamon Country. We have proved that the regions not more than 5000 stadia north of Keltica, as far as Ierne, are scarcely habitable, but their reasoning leads to the conclusion that there is another circle fitted for the habitation of man, although 3800 stadia north of Ierne. And that Bactra is still farther north than the mouth of the Caspian or Hyrcanian Sea, which is distant about 6000 stadia from the recess of the Caspian and the mountains of Armenia and Media, and which appears to be the most northerly point of the whole coast as far as India, with a sea navigable to India all the way, as Patrocles, who had the government of these regions, affirms. Now Bactriana stretches 1000 stadia farther north. Beyond this the Scythians occupy a much larger territory, bounded by the Northern Ocean: here they dwell, though to be sure theirs is a nomade life. But we ask how they could exist here at all, supposing even Bactra to be beyond the limits of the habitable globe. The distance from the Caucasus to the Northern Sea through Bactra would be rather more than 4000 stadia. This being added to the number of stadia north of Ierne above-mentioned, will give us the whole amount of uninhabitable land from Ierne northward 7800 stadia, and even omitting the 4000 stadia altogether, those parts of Bactriana next the Caucasus will still be 3800 stadia farther north than Ierne, and 8800 farther north than Keltica, and [the mouth] of the Dnieper.