Γεωγραφικά 2.1.40

2.1.40

Ἐν δὲ τῷ δευτέρῳ ὑπομνήματι ἀναλαβὼν πάλιν τὴν αὐτὴν ζήτησιν τὴν περὶ τῶν ὅρων τῶν κατὰ τὸν Ταῦρον, περὶ ὧν ἱκανῶς εἰρήκαμεν, μεταβαίνει πρὸς τὰ βόρεια μέρη τῆς οἰκουμένης· εἶτʼ ἐκτίθεται τὰ λεχθέντα ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἐρατοσθένους περὶ τῶν μετὰ τὸν Πόντον τόπων, ὅτι φησὶ τρεῖς ἄκρας ἀπὸ τῶν ἄρκτων καθήκειν· μίαν μὲν ἐφʼ ἧς ἡ Πελοπόννησος, δευτέραν δὲ τὴν Ἰταλικήν, τρίτην δὲ τὴν Λιγυστικήν, ὑφʼ ὧν κόλπους ἀπολαμβάνεσθαι τόν τε Ἀδριατικὸν καὶ τὸν Τυρρηνικόν. ταῦτα δʼ ἐκθέμενος καθόλου πειρᾶται τὰ καθʼ ἕκαστα περὶ αὐτῶν λεγόμενα ἐλέγχειν γεωμετρικῶς μᾶλλον ἢ γεωγραφικῶς. ἔστι δὲ τοσοῦτον τῶν ἁμαρτανομένων ἐν αὐτοῖς ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἐρατοσθένους τὸ πλῆθος, καὶ ὑπὸ Τιμοσθένους τοῦ τοὺς λιμένας συγγράψαντος (ὃν ἐπαινεῖ μὲν ἐκεῖνος μάλιστα τῶν ἄλλων, διαφωνῶν δʼ ἐλέγχεται πρὸς αὐτὸν πλεῖστα), ὥστʼ οὐκ ἄξιον ἡγοῦμαι διαιτᾶν οὔτʼ ἐκείνους ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον διαμαρτάνοντας τῶν ὄντων, οὔτε τὸν Ἵππαρχον. καὶ γὰρ οὗτος τὰ μὲν παραλείπει τῶν ἡμαρτημένων τὰ δʼ οὐκ ἐπανορθοῖ, ἀλλʼ ἐλέγχει μόνον ὅτι ψευδῶς ἢ μαχομένως εἴρηται. αἰτιάσαιτο μὲν γὰρ καὶ τοῦτʼ ἂν ἴσως τις, ὅτι φησὶν ἄκρας τρεῖς τῆς Εὐρώπης, μίαν μὲν τιθεὶς τὴν ἐφʼ ἧς ἡ Πελοπόννησος· ἔχει γάρ τι πολυσχιδές· καὶ γὰρ τὸ Σούνιον ἀκρωτηριάζει ὁμοίως τῇ Λακωνικῇ, οὐ πολὺ ἧττον μεσημβρινώτερον ὂν τῶν Μαλεῶν καὶ κόλπον ἀπολαμβάνον ἀξιόλογον. καὶ ἡ Θρᾳκία Χερρόνησος ἀπολαμβάνει πρὸς τὸ Σούνιον τόν τε Μέλανα κόλπον καὶ τοὺς ἐφεξῆς τοὺς Μακεδονικούς. εἰ δʼ οὖν παρείημεν τοῦτο, καὶ τῶν διαστημάτων τὰ πλεῖστα φανερῶς ψευδογραφούμενα ἐλέγχει τὴν ἀπειρίαν τῶν τόπων ὑπερβάλλουσαν καὶ οὐ δεομένην γεωμετρικῶν ἐλέγχων, ἀλλὰ φανερῶν καὶ αὐτόθεν ἐκμαρτυρεῖσθαι δυναμένων· οἷον ὅτι ἐξ Ἐπιδάμνου πρὸς τὸν Θερμαῖον κόλπον ἡ ὑπέρβασίς ἐστι πλειόνων ἢ δισχιλίων σταδίων· ὁ δʼ ἐνακοσίων φησίν· ἐκ δὲ Ἀλεξανδρείας εἰς Καρχηδόνα ὑπὲρ μυρίους καὶ τρισχιλίους, οὐ πλείους ὄντας τῶν ἐννακισχιλίων, εἴπερ ἐπὶ τοῦ αὐτοῦ μεσημβρινοῦ ἐστι κατὰ τοῦτον τῇ μὲν Ἀλεξανδρείᾳ Καρία καὶ Ῥόδος, τῇ δὲ Καρχηδόνι ὁ πορθμός. πάντες γὰρ ὁμολογοῦσι μὴ πλειόνων εἶναι τὸν ἐκ Καρίας ἐπὶ πορθμὸν πλοῦν σταδίων ἢ ἐνακισχιλίων· ὅ τε μεσημβρινὸς ἐν μεγάλῳ μέν τινι διαστήματι λαμβανόμενος δοθείη ἂν ὁ αὐτὸς εἶναι τοσοῦτον δυσμικώτερος πρὸς τὸν ἑωθινώτερον ὅσον ἡ Καρχηδών ἐστι τοῦ πορθμοῦ πρὸς δύσει μᾶλλον, ἐν δὲ τετρακισχιλίοις σταδίοις ἔχει καταφανῆ τὸν ἔλεγχον. ὁ δὲ καὶ τὴν Ῥώμην τιθεὶς ἐπὶ ταὐτοῦ μεσημβρινοῦ τὴν τοσοῦτον καὶ Καρχηδόνος δυσμικωτέραν, ὑπερβολὴν οὐκ ἀπολείπει τῆς τῶν τόπων ἀπειρίας καὶ τούτων καὶ τῶν ἐφεξῆς πρὸς δύσιν μέχρι στηλῶν.

In the second book of his Commentaries, Hipparchus, having again mooted the question concerning the mountains of the Taurus, of which we have spoken sufficiently, proceeds with the northern parts of the habitable earth. He then notices the statement of Eratosthenes concerning the countries situated west of the Euxine, namely, that the three [principal] headlands [of this continent], the first the Peloponnesian, the second the Italian, the third the Ligurian, run from north [to south], enclosing the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Gulfs. After this general exposition, Hipparchus proceeds to criticise each point in detail, but rather on geometrical than geographical grounds; on these subjects, however, the number of Eratosthenes’ errors is so overwhelming, as also of Timosthenes the author of the Treatise on the Ports, (whom Eratosthenes prefers above every other writer, though he often decides even against him,) that it does not seem to be worth my time to review their faulty productions, nor even what Hipparchus has to say about them; since he neither enumerates all their blunders, nor yet sets them right, but only points out how they falsify and contradict each other. Still any one might certainly object to the saying of Eratosthenes, that Europe has but three headlands, and considering as one that which terminates by the Peloponnesus, notwithstanding it is broken up into so many divisions. In fact, Sunium is as much a promontory as Laconia, and not very much less south than Malea, forming a considerable bay, and the Thracian Chersonesus and Sunium form the Gulf of Melas, and likewise those of Macedonia. Added to this, it is manifest that the majority of the distances are falsely stated, thus arguing an ignorance of geography scarcely credible, and so far from requiring geometrical demonstration that it stands out prominent on the very face of the statements. For example, the distance from Epidamnus to the Thermaic Gulf is above 2000 stadia; Eratosthenes gives it at 900. So too he states the distance from Alexandria to Carthage at 13,000 stadia; it is not more than 9000, that is, if, as he himself tells us, Caria and Rhodes are under the same meridian as Alexandria, and the Strait of Messina under the same as Carthage, for every one is agreed that the voyage from Caria to the Strait of Sicily does not exceed 9000 stadia.
It is doubtless permissible in very great distances to consider as under one and the same meridian places which are not more east and west of each other than Carthage is west of the Strait; but an error of 3000 stadia is too much; and when he places Rome under the same meridian as Carthage, notwithstanding its being so far west of that city, it is but the crowning proof of his extreme ignorance both of these places, and likewise of the other countries farther west as far as the Pillars of Hercules.