Quintus Curtius Rufus, History of Alexander 8.13

8.13.1

Postero die legati Abisarae adiere regem: omnia dicioni eius, ita ut mandatum erat, permittebant firmataque invicem fide remittuntur ad regem.

On the following day envoys from Abisares reached the king, and, as they had been instructed, surrendered to him all that their master possessed. After pledges of good faith had been interchanged, they were sent back to their sovereign. Alexander, thinking that by the mere prestige of his name Porus also would be induced to surrender, sent Cleochares to tell him in peremptory terms that he must pay tribute and come to meet his sovereign at the very frontiers of his own dominions. Porus answered that he would comply with the second of these demands, and when Alexander entered his realm he would meet him, but come armed for battle. Alexander had now resolved to cross the Hydaspes, when Barzaentes, who had instigated the Arachosians to revolt, was brought to him in chains, along with thirty captured elephants, an opportune reinforcement against the Indians, since these huge beasts more than the soldiery constituted the hope and main strength of an Indian army.

8.13.2

Porum quoque nominis sui fama ratus ad deditionem posse conpelli misit ad eum Cleocharen, qui denuntiaret ei, ut Stipendium penderet et in primo suorum finium aditu occurreret regi. Porus alterum ex his facturum sese respondit, ut intranti regnum suum praesto esset, sed armatus.

8.13.3

Iam Hydaspen Alexander superare decreverat, cum Barzaentes, defectionis Arachosiis auctor, vinctus trigintaque elephanti simul capti perducuntur, opportunum adversus Indos auxilium: quippe plus in beluis quam in exercitu spei ac virium illis erat.

8.13.4

Damaraxus quoque, rex exiguae partis Indorum, qui Barzaenti se coniunxerat, vinctus adductus est.

Samaxus was also brought in chains, the king of a small Indian state, who had espoused the cause of Barzaentes. Alexander having then put the traitor and his accomplice under custody, and consigned the elephants to the care of Taxiles, advanced till he reached the river Hydaspes, where on the further bank Porus had encamped to prevent the enemy from landing. In the van of his army he had posted 85 elephants of the greatest size and strength, and behind these 300 chariots and somewhere about 30,000 infantry, among whom were the archers, whose arrows, as already stated, were too ponderous to be readily discharged. He was himself mounted on an elephant which towered above all its fellows, while his armour, embellished with gold and silver, set off his supremely majestic person to great advantage. His courage matched his bodily vigour, and his wisdom was the utmost attainable in a rude community. The Macedonians were intimidated not only by the appearance of the enemy, but by the magnitude of the river to be crossed, which, spreading out to a width of no less than four stadia in a deep channel which nowhere opened a passage by fords, presented the aspect of a vast sea. Yet its rapidity did not diminish in proportion to its wider diffusion, but it rushed impetuously like a seething torrent compressed into a narrow bed by the closing in of its banks. Besides, at many points the presence of sunken rocks was revealed where the waves were driven back in eddies.

8.13.5

Igitur transfuga et regulo in custodiam, elephantis autem Taxili traditio ad amnem Hydaspen pervenit, in cuius ulteriore ripa Porus consederat transitu prohibiturus hostem.

8.13.6

LXXX et V elephantos obiecerat eximio corporum robore ultraque eos currus CCC et peditum XXX fere milia, in quis erant sagittarii, sicuti ante dictum est, gravioribus telis, quam ut apte excuti possent.

8.13.7

Ipsum vehebat elephantus super ceteras beluas eminens, armaque auro et argento distincta corpus rarae magnitudinis honestabant.

8.13.8

Par animus robori corporis et, quanta inter rudes poterat esse, sapientia. Macedonas non conspectus hostium solum, sed etiam fluminis, quod transeundum erat, magnitudo terrebat. in latitudinem stadia diffusus profundo alveo et nusquam vada aperiente speciem vasti maris fecerat.

8.13.9

Nec pro spatio aquarum late stagnantium impetum coercebat, sed quasi in artum coeuntibus ripis torrens et elisus ferebatur, occultaque saxa inesse ostendebant pluribus locis undae repercussae.

8.13.10

Terribilior facies erat ripae, quam equi virique conpleverant. Stabant ingentes vastorum corporum moles et de industria inritatae horrendo Stridore aures fatigabant.

The bank presented a still more formidable aspect, for, as far as the eye could see, it was covered with cavalry and infantry, in the midst of which, like so many massive structures, stood the huge elephants, which, being of set purpose provoked by their drivers, distressed the ear with their frightful roars. The enemy and the river both in their front, struck with sudden dismay the hearts of the Macedonians, disposed though they were to entertain good hopes, and knowing from experience against what fearful odds they had ere now contended. They could not believe that boats so unhandy could be steered to the bank or gain it in safety. In the middle of the river were numerous islands to which both the Indians and Macedonians began to swim over, holding their weapons above their heads. Here they would engage in skirmishes, while each king endeavoured from the result of these minor conflicts to gauge the issue of the final struggle. In the Macedonian army were Symmachus and Nicanor, both young men of noble lineage, distinguished for their hardihood and enterprise, and from the uniform success of their side in whatever they assayed, inspired with a contempt for every kind of danger. Led by these, a party of the boldest youths, equipped with nothing but lances, swam over to the island when it was occupied by crowds of the enemy.

8.13.11

Hinc amnis, hinc hostis capacia quidem bonae spei pectora et saepe sane experta inproviso tamen pavore percusserant.

8.13.12

Quippe instabiles rates nec dirigi ad ripam nec tuto adplicari posse credebant. Erant in medio amne insulae crebrae, in quas et Indi et Macedones nantes levatis super capita armis transibant. Ibi levia proelia conserebantur, et uterque rex parvae rei discrimine summae experiebatur eventum.

8.13.13

Ceterum in Macedonum exercitu temeritate atque audacia insignes fuere Hegesimachus et Nicanor, nobiles iuvenes et perpetua partium felicitate ad spernendum omne periculum accensi:

8.13.14

quis ducibus promptissimi iuvenum lanceis modo armati transnavere in insulam, quam frequens hostis tenebat, multosque Indorum nulla re melius quam audacia armati interemerunt.

Armed with audacious courage, the best of all weapons, they slew many of the Indians, and might have retired with glory if temerity when successful could ever keep within bounds. But while with contempt and pride they waited till succours reached the enemy, they were surrounded by men who had unperceived swum over to the island, and were overthrown by discharges of missiles. Such as escaped the enemy were either swept away by the force of the current or swallowed up in its eddies. This fight exalted the confidence of Porus, who had witnessed from the bank all its vicissitudes. Alexander, perplexed how to cross the river, at last devised a plan for duping the enemy. In the river lay an island larger than the rest, wooded and suitable for concealing an ambuscade. A deep hollow, moreover, which lay not far from the bank in his own occupation, was capable of hiding not only foot-soldiers but mounted cavalry. To divert, therefore, the attention of the enemy from a place possessing such advantages, he ordered Ptolemy with all his squadrons of horse to ride up and down at a distance from the island in view of the enemy, and now and then to alarm the Indians by shouting, as if he meant to make the passage of the river. For several days Ptolemy repeated this feint, and thus obliged Porus to concentrate his troops at the point which he pretended to threaten. The island was now beyond view of the enemy.

8.13.15

Abire cum gloria poterant, si umquam temeritas felix inveniret modum: sed dum supervenientes contemptim et superbe quoque expectant, circumventi ab iis, qui occulti enaverant, eminus obruti telis sunt.

8.13.16

Qui effugerant hostem, aut impetu amnis ablati sunt aut verticibus inpliciti. Eaque pugna multum Pori fiduciam erexit cuncta cernentis e ripa.

8.13.17

Alexander inops consilii tandem ad fallendum hostem talem dolum intendit. Erat insula in flumine amplior ceteris, silvetris eadem et tegendis insidiis apta, fossa quoque praealta haud procul ripa, quam tenebat ipse, non pedites modo, sed etiam cum equis viros poterat abscondere:

8.13.18

igitur ut a custodia huius opportunitatis oculos hosfium averteret, Ptolomaeum omnibus turmis obequitare iussit procul insula et subinde Indos clamore terrere, quasi flumen transnaturus foret.

8.13.19

Per conplures dies Ptolomaeus id fecit eoque consilio Porum quoque agmen suum ei parti, quam se petere simulabat, coegit advertere.

8.13.20

Iam extra conspectum hostis insula erat. Alexander in diversa parte ripae statui suum tabernaculum iussit adsuetamque comitari ipsum cohortem ante id tabernaculum stare et omnem apparatum regiae magnificentiae hostium oculis de industria ostendi.

Alexander then gave orders that his own tent should be pitched on a part of the bank looking the other way, that the guard of honour which usually attended him should be posted before it, and that all the pageantry of royal state should be paraded before the eyes of the enemy on purpose to deceive them. He besides requested Attalus, who was about his own age, and not unlike him in form and feature, especially when seen from a distance, to wear the royal mantle, and so make it appear as if the king in person was guarding that part of the bank without any intention of crossing the river. The state of the weather at first hindered, but afterwards favoured, the execution of this design, fortune making even untoward circumstances turn out to his ultimate advantage. For when the enemy was busy watching the troops under Ptolemy which occupied the bank lower down, and Alexander with the rest of his forces was making ready to cross the river and reach the land over against the island already mentioned, a storm poured down torrents of rain, against which even those under cover could scarcely protect themselves. The soldiers, overcome by the fury of the elements, deserted the boats and ships, and fled back for safety to land, but the din occasioned by their hurry and confusion could not be heard by the enemy amid the roar of the tempest.

8.13.21

Attalum etiam, aequalem sibi et haud disparem habitu oris et corporis, utique cum procul viseretur, veste regia exornat praebiturum speciem, ipsum regem illi ripae praesidere nec cogitare de transitu.

8.13.22

Huius consilii effectum primo morata tempestas est, mox adiuvit incommoda quoque ad bonos eventus vertente fortuna.

8.13.23

Traicere amnem cum ceteris copiis in regionem insulae, de qua ante dictum est, parabat averso hoste in eos, qui cum Ptolomaeo inferiorem obsederant ripam, cum procella imbrem vix sub tectis tolerabilem effundit. Obrutique milites nimbo in terram refugerunt navigiis ratibusque desertis, sed tumultuantium fremitus obstrepentibus ventis ab hoste non poterat audiri.

8.13.24

Deinde momento temporis repressus est imber, ceterum adeo spissae intendere se nubes, ut conderent lucem vixque conloquentium inter ipsos facies noscitarentur.

All of a sudden the rain then ceased, but clouds so dense overspread the sky that they hid the light, and made it scarcely possible for men conversing together to see each other's faces. Any other leader but Alexander would have been appalled by the darkness drawn over the face of heaven just when he was starting on a voyage across an unknown river, with the enemy perhaps guarding the very bank to which his men were blindly and imprudently directing their course. But the king deriving glory from danger and regarding the darkness which terrified others as his opportunity, gave the signal that all should embark in silence, and ordered that the galley which carried himself should be the first to be run aground on the other side. The bank, however, towards which they steered was not occupied by the enemy, for Porus was in fact still intently watching Ptolemy only. Hence all the ships made the passage in safety except just one, which stuck on a rock whither it had been driven by the wind. Alexander then ordered the soldiers to take their arms and to fall into their ranks.

8.13.25

Terruisset alium obducta nox caelo, cum ignoto amne navigandum esset, forsitan hoste eam ipsam ripam, quam caeci atque inprovidi petebant, tenente.

8.13.26

At rex periculo gloriam accersens et obscuritatem, quae ceteros terrebat, suam occasionem ratus dato signo, ut omnes silentio escenderent in rates, eam, qua ipse vehebatur, primam iussit expelli.

8.13.27

Vacua erat ab hostibus ripa, quae petebatur: quippe adhuc Porus Ptolomaeum tantum intuebatur. Una ergo navi, quam petrae fluctus inliserat, haerente ceterae evadunt, armaque capere milites et ire in ordines iussit.