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Manasara Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Manasara-Shilpashastra; III. Manasara on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Manasara: Translation; V. Architecture of Manasara: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v1.c6.s25: M

Mānasāra Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Mānasāra-Śilpaśāstra; III. Mānasāra on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Mānasāra: Translation; V. Architecture of Mānasāra: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v1.c6.s25

Language
English

M

v1.c6.s25.1

MAKARA-KUṆḌALA—An ornament for the ear of an image. (M. LI. 53, see under Bhūshaṇa).

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MAKARA-TORAṆA—(see Toraṇa)—An arch marked with makara (an animal like shark or crocodile).

v1.c6.s25.3

Dvayor makarayor vakraiḥ śaktaṁ madhyama-pūritam।
Nānā-vidha-latā-yuktam etan makara-toraṇam॥

v1.c6.s25.4

(Kāmikāgama, LV. 65).

v1.c6.s25.5

For the details of such an arch, see Annual Report Arch. Survey of India (1903-1904, p. 227 f.), Mānasāra (chap. XLVI, XLVIII,) and Suprabhedāgama (XXX. 68-72) under Toraṇa.

v1.c6.s25.6

MAKARA-BHŪSHAṆA—An ear-ornament. (M. L. 26, see under Bhūshaṇa).

v1.c6.s25.7

MAKARĀPATRA—An ornament of an arch generally above the column.

v1.c6.s25.8

Tad-ūrdhve toraṇasyānte makarāpatra-saṁyutam |

v1.c6.s25.9

(M. xv. 133).

v1.c6.s25.10

MAKARĀLA—An architectural member of a hall.

v1.c6.s25.11

(M. xxxv. 373, see under Śālā).

v1.c6.s25.12

MAKARĪ-VAKTRA—The face of a female shark, employed as an ornament for an arch above a column.

v1.c6.s25.13

(M. xv. 136).

v1.c6.s25.14

MAKUṬA—A head-gear, a diadem, a crown.

v1.c6.s25.15

(M. vii. 164, xii. 120, xlix. 15, liv. 23, etc).

v1.c6.s25.16

MAṄGALA—A kind of throne, a village, a type of pavilion.

v1.c6.s25.17

(M. xlv. 4, see under Siṁhāsana).

v1.c6.s25.18

A village (Kāmikāgama, xx. 3, see under Agrahāra).

v1.c6.s25.19

A type of pavilion (M. xxxiv. 481-448, see under Maṇḍapa).

v1.c6.s25.20

MAṄGALA-VĪTHI—A broad road surrounding a village or town, also called Rāja-vīthi and Ratha-vīthi.

v1.c6.s25.21

(See Kāmikāgama, under Rāja-vīthi).

v1.c6.s25.22

MAJJANĀLAYA—A detached building for bath or washing.

v1.c6.s25.23

(M. xl. 103).

v1.c6.s25.24

MAÑCHA—A bedstead, couch, bed,-sofa, a chair, throne, a platform, a pulpit.

v1.c6.s25.25

A synonym of the bedstead (M. iii. 11), of the entablature (M. xvi. 18).

v1.c6.s25.26

Mañcha-paryaṅka-palyaṅkāḥ kaṭvyā-samāḥ |
Palyaṅko mañcha-paryaṅka-vṛishī-paryastikāsu cha | Iti Medinī |

v1.c6.s25.27

(Amarakosha, 2, 3, 138).

v1.c6.s25.28

In connection with buildings of one to twelve storeys ;

v1.c6.s25.29

Adhishṭhāna-samaṁ mañchārdhe’rdhena vapra-yuk |

v1.c6.s25.30

A component part of the bedstead (M. XLIV. 86).

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A platform :

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Daśa-bhāgau dvau pratimañchau—"two-tenths of it for the formation of two platforms, opposite to each other".

v1.c6.s25.33

(Kauṭilīya-Arthaśāstra, chap. XXIV. p. 53).

v1.c6.s25.34

MAÑCHA-KĀNTA—A class of the four-storeyed buildings. (M. XXII. 47-57, see under Prāsāda).

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MAÑCHA-BANDHA—A class of bases comprising four types which differ from one another in height and in the addition or omission of some mouldings.

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(M. XIV. 127-149, see the lists of mouldings under Adhishṭhāna).

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MAÑCHA-BHADRA—One of the three classes of pedestals, the other two being Vedi-bhadra and Prati-bhadra. It has four types differing from one another in height and in the addition or omission of some mouldings.

v1.c6.s25.38

(M. XIII. 93-127, see the lists of mouldings under Upapīṭha).

v1.c6.s25.39

MAÑCHALĪ—A synonym of the bedstead.

v1.c6.s25.40

(M. III. 11, see under Paryaṅka).

v1.c6.s25.41

MAÑJARI(-Ī)—A flower-bud, a shoot, sprout, stalk, a parallel line or row.

v1.c6.s25.42

(1) Prāsādau nirgatau kāryau kapotau garbha-mānataḥ | Ūrdhvaṁ bhitty-uchchh験āyāt tasya mañjarīṁ tu prakalpayet || Mañjaryāś chārdha-bhāgena śuka-nāsaṁ prakalpayet | Ūrdhvaṁ tathārdha-bhāgena vedi-bandho bhaved iha || (Viśvak, 6, 767, quoted by Kern, J. R. A. S., N. S., vol. VI. p. 321, note 2 of p. 320).

v1.c6.s25.43

(2) Prāsādau-nirgatau kāryau kapolau garbha-mānataḥ | The remaining three lines are same as in Viśvak.

v1.c6.s25.44

(3) Jaṅghāyāmaṁ(-yāḥ) dvi-guṇochchhrāyaṁ mañjaryyāḥ kalpayed budhaḥ ॥
Turya-bhāgena mañjaryyāḥ kāryyaḥ samyak-pradakshiṇaḥ ।
Tan-māna-nirgamaṁ kāryyam ubhayaḥ pārśvayoḥ samam ॥
(Agni-Purāṇa, chap. 42, v. 3-4).

v1.c6.s25.45

(4) Prāsāde mañjarī kāryyā chitrā vishama-bhūmikā ॥
(Garuḍa-Purāṇa, chap. 47, v. 37).

v1.c6.s25.46

MAÑJU-DAṆḌA—A kind of lamp-post also called dīpa-daṇḍa. (M. L. 93).

v1.c6.s25.47

MAÑJŪSHĀ—A box, casket, receptacle, a wardrope, a foundation-pit, a vault, an arched roof to receive a foundation.

v1.c6.s25.48

Piṭakaḥ peṭakaḥ peṭā mañjūshā ।
Piṭakas trishu visphoṭe mañjūshāyāṁ punaḥ pumān। iti Medinī ।
(Amarakosha, 2, 10, 29).

v1.c6.s25.49

The vault of the foundation pit (M. XII. 21).

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A wardrobe (M. L. 148, 151).

v1.c6.s25.51

A casket (The Bhattiprolu Inscrip. nos. I, VI, VIII, Ep. Ind. vol. II. pp. 326, 327, 328, 329).

v1.c6.s25.52

MAṬHA—A building inhabited by a devotee, a college, a rest-house (see Sattra), a cloister, convent, monastery, a temple.

v1.c6.s25.53

(1) Āgantukānāṁ sarveshāṁ naishṭhikānāṁ nivāsa-bhūḥ ।
Anna-pānīya-saṁyukta(ḥ) kevalo vā maṭho mataḥ ॥
Vidyā sthānaṁ tu tad-vat syāt . . . . . ॥
(Kāmikāgama, XX. 13, 14).

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(2) Maṭhaś chhātrādi-nilayaḥ ।
Commentary : chhātrādi-nilayaḥ śishyādīnāṁ gṛihaṁ maṭha ity-uchyate chhātro'ntevāsy-ādir yeshāṁ parivrājaka-kshapaṇakādīnāṁ teshāṁ nilaya iti vā ādinā kāpālikādi saṁgrahaḥ । Bauddhānāṁ tu vihāro'strī ।

v1.c6.s25.55

(3) Kiṁchid (a)dūrataḥ kāryā maṭhās tatropajīvinām । At a little distance (from the temple) the maṭha should be built for those who reside there. (Garuḍa-Purāṇa, chap. 47, v. 45; see also chap. 46, v. 3).

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(4) See Mānsāra (IX. 138, etc).

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(5) Monastery (Dewal Praśasti of Lalla the Chhinda, v. 20, Ep. Ind. vol. I. pp. 79, 83).

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(6) Cloister (Bheraghat Inscrip. of Alhanadevi, v. 27, Ep. Ind. vol. II. pp. 12, 16).

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(7) Cf. Koḍiya-maṭha—which is a college and a place of various kinds of charity, a hospital, etc. It would look like the famous Nālandā university. A singular description of it is given. (Ep. Ind. vol. V. p. 222).

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(8) A college or place of learning : Bhaktiyiṁ sakala-kaḷā-sarasvatiye māḍisidaṁ maṭhamaṁ samasta-sābdika-kavi-tārkkikāgamika-vaidika-sākshara-sajjanāśrayaṁ । "Constructed a monastery in piety to Sarasvati of all arts, represented by literature, Vedas, mystic formulae, (and) the holy Akshara." (Inscrip. at Ittagi, A. of A. D. 112, v. 71, Ep. Ind. vol. XIII. pp. 47, 56).

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(9) "Gryjari Viśvanātha had the dharmaśālā maṭhs built (in the year specified)". (Ep. Carnat. vol. IX. Bangalore Taluq, no. 2, Transl. p. 1).

v1.c6.s25.62

(10) Kadāchid etena˙mahonnateua maṭhaḥ kṛitaḥ ko'pi ghanair anekaḥ । Śrī-bāla-gopāla-virāma-bhūmir vikurvatā martya-dharā jagatyām ॥ Here 'maṭha' is the 'temple' of Bāla-Gopālā (Kṛishṇa). (Inscrip. from Nepal, no. 17, Inscrip. of Siddhinṛisiṁha of Lalta-pattana, v. 15, Ind. Ant. vol. IX. pp. 185, 187, c. I).

v1.c6.s25.63

(11) "Toḍakināra used to call her 'sister' but the year after festival he said to her—if we live together in one maṭham the people may scoff, so you had better have this one to yourself, and I will make the eight tenants of the land build a separate one for me in the West."

v1.c6.s25.64

In this passage 'maṭha' apparently means an ordinary 'dwelling-house.'

v1.c6.s25.65

(Toḍakināra Paḍḍana, Ind. Ant. vol. XXIII. p. 99, para 14, see also paras 3, 7, 8, 13, 15, and pp. 96-97).

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(12) "Had a maṭha built (maṭhā kaṭṭiśi) for Śiva-Basappa-Svāmī of the Govi-maṭha."

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(Ep. Carnat. vol. III. Mysore Taluq, no. 24, Transl. p. 3, Roman text, p. 7).

v1.c6.s25.68

(13) "On my king (i.e., husband) going to Svarga, having caused to be erected a maṭha in Kalale and attached it to the great palace, Kurahaṭṭi and Śambhupura are granted as an endowment for it, as an offering to Śiva." The peculiarities of this maṭha should be noted.

v1.c6.s25.69

(Ep. Carnat. vol. III. Nanjangūḍ Taluq, no. 81, Transl. p. 103, Roman text, p. 196).

v1.c6.s25.70

(14) "Having erected a maṭha (Sattra or almshouse) for the distribution of food to those who come to the car-festival of the god.........., caused his guru to take up his residence in the king's maṭha (a detached residential building which belongs to a house and is intended for receiving and accommodating the guests) to conduct the worship of Chandraśekhara (who might be installed in a maṭha or temple which, however, does not occur in the present inscription) and to minister to the Jangamas, and give shelter and food to mendicants and pilgrims, ...........in order to meet all the expenses of the same made a grant of Hāranahaḷḷi."

v1.c6.s25.71

(Ep. Carnat. vol. IV. Hunsūr Taluq, no. 104, Transl. p. 93, Roman text, p. 15).

v1.c6.s25.72

The different meanings of the term ‘maṭha’ noted within brackets in the above passage should be noted.

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(15) “He had the stone-fort built, together with the maṭha, maṇṭapa, pond, well . . . . . ”

v1.c6.s25.74

“In the evening-maṭha (sāndhya-maṭha) he set up the image of the god, and builtthe pond.”

v1.c6.s25.75

“He caused the stone-fort to be built, and set up the maṭha, maṇṭapa, evening-maṭha (sāndhya-maṭha), pond, well, Basava pillar, swing and images of gods”.

v1.c6.s25.76

(Ep. Carnat. vol. v. part 1, Channarayapatna Taluq, nos. 158, 160, 165, Transl. pp. 195, 196, 198, Roman text, pp. 450, 451, 454).

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(16) Śrī-Śaṅkarāchārya-vinirmite lasat-siṁhāsane dharmamaye maṭhe subhāḥ........

v1.c6.s25.78

“He made petition at the feet of Vidyāraṇya Śrī-pāda, representing that in Śṛiṅgapura, in (connection with) the dharma-pīṭha (or religious throne) eatablished by Śaṅkarāchāryya, there must be a maṭha and agrahāra.”

v1.c6.s25.79

(Ep. Carnat. vol. vi. Śṛingeri Jagir, no. II, Roman text, p. 195, line 12 f., Transl. p. 95, last para).

v1.c6.s25.80

This maṭha is mentioned in no. 13 and is called Śrī-maṭha in nos. 25, 26 and 31. Of this maṭha Mr. Rice gives a history and says that “the head of the Śṛingeri maṭha is styled the jagad-guru or the guru of the world and is possessed of extensive authority and influence. He wears on ceremonial occasions a tiara like the Pope’s, covered with pearls and precious stones . . . . . , and a handsome necklace of pearls, with an emerald centre piece” (Introduct. p. 24, para 2). But no architectural details are given.

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(17) “This temple is a Brahma-chāri-maṭha |

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(Ep. Carnat. vol. vii. Shikarpur Taluq, no. 242, Transl. p. 140, line 7, Roman text, p. 248, line 20-21).

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(18) Vinīteśvara-maṭha-samāveśaṁ maṭham etat kāritam Śrī Nārāyaṇa-devakulasya—"built this maṭha of the deva-kula of Nārāyaṇa, near the temple of Vinīteśvara."
(Mundeśvari Inscrip. of Udayasena, lines 5, 6, Ep. Ind. vol. IX. pp. 219, 290).

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MAṆIKA—A water-jar, a class of buildings.

v1.c6.s25.85

A class of buildings which are oval in plan and sub-divided under the following names:

v1.c6.s25.86

(1) Gaja, (2) Vṛishabha, (3) Haṁsa, (4) Garutman, (5) Ṛiksha-nāyaka, (6) Bhūshaṇa, (7) Bhū-dhara, (8) Śrījaya, and (9) Pṛithivī-dhara:
(1) Agni-Purāṇa (chap. 104. v. 11, 19-20, see under Prāsāda).
(2) Garuḍa-Purāṇa (chap. 47, v. 29-30, see under Prāsāda).
Cf. Rock inscriptions at Mulbe (no. IV, Ind. Ant. vol. XXXV. pp. 79, 80).

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MAṆI-DVĀRA—A kind of top door or window.

v1.c6.s25.88

Uparishṭāt trayāṁśaṁ tu chatvārārdhāṁśaṁ dvi-pārśvayoḥ ।
Teshāṁ madhye tu yad dvāraṁ maṇi-dvāraṁ ihochyate ॥
(Kāmikāgama, LV. 43).

v1.c6.s25.89

MAṆI-BANDHA—An ornament for the wrist, a string of pearls, the collet.

v1.c6.s25.90

Prakoshṭhe valayaṁ chaiva maṇi-bandha-kalāpakam ।
(M. L. 16).
Maṇi-bandha-kaṭakaṁ vā mauktika-chūḍam eva cha ।
(M. LIV. 14).
Prakoshṭha-valayaṁ chaiva valayair maṇi-bandhakaiḥ ।
(Ibid. 99, etc).

v1.c6.s25.91

MAṆI-BHADRA—(see Maṇḍapa)—A pavilion with 64 columns.

v1.c6.s25.92

(Suprabhedāgama, XXXI. 101, 103, see under Maṇḍapa).

v1.c6.s25.93

MAṆI-BHITTI—The residence of the great serpent (Śesha).

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MAṆI-BHŪ-(MI)—A floor inlaid with jewels.

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MAṆI-MAṆḌAPA—A jewelled pavilion, the residence of the great serpent (Śesha).

v1.c6.s25.96

MAṆI-HARMYA—An upper storey, a crystal palace, a jewelled mansion. (See Arthaśāstra under Gṛiha-vinyāsa).

v1.c6.s25.97

MAṆḌAPA—A detached building, a pavilion, an open hall, an arbour, a tower, a temple.

v1.c6.s25.98

Atha maṇḍapo'strī janāśrayaḥ।

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(Amarakosha, 2, 2, 9).

v1.c6.s25.100

“Maṇḍapas are not furnished with walls: the roofing is formed of large slabs of granite supported by monolithic pillars.”

v1.c6.s25.101

(D. A. Iyengar, p. 20).

v1.c6.s25.102

“The resting place where the gods are every year (occasionally) carried. The most celebrated part of the temple of Madura is the Pudu maṇṭapam which is only a vast corridor.”

v1.c6.s25.103

(Ibid. p. 38).

v1.c6.s25.104

(1) Mānasāra (chap. XXXIV. named Maṇḍapa, 1-578):

v1.c6.s25.105

Maṇḍapa generally means a temple, bower, shed or hall. But the term has been used in three technical senses in this chapter.

v1.c6.s25.106

It implies in the first place a house in the village, etc., or built on the bank of a sea, river, tank or lake; secondly, the detached buildings in a compound which is generally divided into five courts (see Prākāra). But in the most general sense, it implies various sorts of rooms in a temple or residential building. The most part of this long chapter is devoted to a description of these rooms.

v1.c6.s25.107

Maṇḍapas are both temples and residential buildings:
Taita(-ti)lānāṁ dvi-jātīnāṁ varṇānāṁ vāsa-yogyakam। (2).
The general comparative measurement of the maṇḍapas is discussed at the beginning. This is followed by the measurement and other descriptions of (ii) the bhitti (wall), (iii) balcony (alinda), (iv) prapā (alms-house), and (v) the form of the maṇḍapas (lines 3-4).
Seven maṇḍapas are, as stated, built in front of the prāsāda or the main edifice (157). They are technically called Himaja, Nishadaja, Vijaya, Mālyaja, Pāriyātra, Gandhamādana and Hema-kūṭa (163-156). Various parts of these,

v1.c6.s25.108

such as walls, roofs, floors, balconies, courtyards, doors, windows, pillars, etc., are described in detail (166-175). Besides these seven, various other mandapas are also described in accordance with their architectural details and the various purposes for which they are built.

v1.c6.s25.109

Meruja mandapa is for the library-room (161), Vijaya for wedding ceremonies (163), Padmaka for refectory or kitchen of gods (174), Sicha for ordinary kitchen (175), Padma for collecting flowers (181), Bhadra for water reservoir, store-house, etc., (185), Śiva for unhusking paddy corn (197), Veda for assembly-hall (209), Kula-dhāraṇa for keeping perfumes (262), Sukhāṅga for guest-house (sattra) (272), Darva for elephant's stable, and Kausika for horse's stable, Saukhyaka and others built on the bank of a sea, river, lake, etc., are for the pilgrimage of gods (281), Jayālā and others for summer residence (294). Some mandapas are made for banishment (see below), some for bedrooms of queens and others. Dhanada (328), Bhūshaṇa (349, 366), Kharvaṭa (455, 472), Droṇa (423-434), Śrīrūpa (480), Maṅgala (488), etc., are described under these terms.

v1.c6.s25.110

The plan, ornaments, etc., of Mandapas are described in detail. A description of the forms of Mandapas is given (549-557). The Mandapas (rooms) of temples and of the houses of the Brāhmaṇs should have the Jāti shape; the Chhanda shape is given to the Mandapas of the Kshatriyas, the Vikalpa shape to those of the Vaiśyas, and the Ābhāsa shape to those of the Śūdras. But according to some, these four classes are also based on the form of the Bhadra (portico).

v1.c6.s25.111

The Mandapas of two faces are called Daṇḍaka, of three faces Svastika, the latter one having also the plough shape; the Mandapas of four faces are known as Chatur-mukha, of six faces Maulika, and of five faces Sarvato-bhadra (554-556).

v1.c6.s25.112

A short description of the Mandapas in a village or town is also given (558-572). Their principal members are stated to be the Lupā (pent roof), Prastara (entablature), Prachchhādana (roof), Sabhā (council-hall), and Kuṭa (dome), etc. Maṇḍapas are also built on the road side and at other places. All the Maṇḍapas mentioned above are separately described as they belong to a temple or to the houses of the Brāhmins, the Kshatriyas, the Vaiśyas, and the Śūdras respectively (cf. 571-578).

v1.c6.s25.113

Cf. the following:

v1.c6.s25.114

The detached buildings or attached halls for various purposes:

v1.c6.s25.115

Some bhallāṭa-mukhye cha kalpayet kośa-maṇḍapam |
Pushpa-dante sūkarau cha śāstra-maṇḍapa-saṁyutam |
Varuṇe vāsure vāpi vastu-nikshepa-maṇḍapam |
Nāge vāpi mṛige vāpi deva-bhūshaṇa-maṇḍapam |
Ā(a)ditau choditau vāpi śayanārthaṁ cha maṇḍapam |
Āsthāna-maṇḍapaṁ chaiva chatur-dikshu vidikshu cha |
Snāpanārthaṁ maṇḍapaṁ snāna-maṇḍapam eva cha |
Gṛiha-kshate yame vāpi vāhana-sthāna-maṇḍapam |
Maryādi bhittikasyāntam maṇḍapaṁ pavanālayam |

v1.c6.s25.116

(M. xxxii. 68-76).

v1.c6.s25.117

Dakshiṇe nairṛiti vāpi bhojanārthaṁ tu maṇḍapam |
Vāyavyena dhanāṅgāṁśe pushpa-maṇḍapa-(ṁ) yojayet |
Tat-tad-bāhya-pradeśe tu kāya-śuddhyartha-maṇḍapam |
Vāyavye nairṛite vāpi sūtikā-maṇḍapaṁ bhavet |

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(M. xl. 98, 102, 104, 105).

v1.c6.s25.119

The height:

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Maṇḍapaṁ nava-talaṁ kuryād......... |

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' (M. xi. 144).

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Iśānādi-chatush-karṇe maṭhaṁ vā maṇḍapaṁ tu vā |

v1.c6.s25.123

(M. ix. 138).

v1.c6.s25.124

Maṇḍapādi cha bhūpānāṁ veśma kuryāt tu pūrvavat |

v1.c6.s25.125

(Ibid. 445).

v1.c6.s25.126

In connection with columns:

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Prāsāde maṇḍape vāpi prākāre gopure tathā |

v1.c6.s25.128

Cf. Āyuda-maṇḍapa (M. xxxvi. 34), v(b)ālālokaṇa-maṇḍapa (ibid. 48), vivāha-maṇḍapa (49), vastrāchchhādana-maṇḍapa (50), vidyābhyāsārtha-maṇḍapa (53), tailābhyangārtha-maṇḍapa (54), āsthāna-maṇḍapa (55), vilāsārtha-maṇḍapa (56), dhānya-karshaṇa-maṇḍapa (69), pushpa-maṇḍapa (71), nṛitya-yogya-maṇḍapa (74), nityārchana-maṇḍapa (79), etc.

v1.c6.s25.129

Some maṇḍapas are stated to be furnished with 100 or 1000 columns:

v1.c6.s25.130

Śata-pāda-yutaṁ vātha sahasrāṅghrika-maṇḍapam।
(M. xxxiv. 240).

v1.c6.s25.131

(2) Bandha-sthānaṁ bahiḥ kuryāt snāna-maṇḍapam eva cha।
(Matsya-Purāṇa, chap. 256, v. 35).

v1.c6.s25.132

Prāsādasyottare vāpi pūrve vā maṇḍapo bhavet ॥
Chaturbhis toraṇair yukto maṇḍapa-(ḥ) syāch chatur-mukhaḥ ॥
(Ibid. chap. 264, v. 13, 15).

v1.c6.s25.133

‘The maṇḍapa should be built to the north or east of the temple. It should have four faces (façades) and be furnished with four arched-gateways (lit. arches).’

v1.c6.s25.134

Athātaḥ saṁpravakshyāmi maṇḍapānāṁ tu lakshaṇam।
Maṇḍapa-pravarān vakshye prāsādasyānurūpataḥ ॥ 1
Vividhā maṇḍapāḥ kāryā jyeshṭha-madhya-kanīyasāḥ।
Nāmas tān pravakshyāmi śṛiṇudhvam ṛishi-sattamāḥ ॥ 2

v1.c6.s25.135

Then follow the names of twenty-seven maṇḍapas. They are divided according to the number of columns they are furnished with, the largest one having 64 pillars, the next 62, one following 60, and so on:

v1.c6.s25.136

(1) Pushpaka, (2) Pusha-bhadra, (3) Suvrata, (4) Amṛitanan-dana, (5) Kausalya, (6) Buddhi-saṁkīrṇa, (7) Gajabhadra, (8) Jayābaha, (9) Śrīvatsa, (10) Vijaya, (11) Vāstu-kīrti, (12) Śrutiṁjaya, (13) Yajña-bhadra, (14) Viśāla, (15) Suślishṭa, (16) Śatru-mardana, (17) Bhāga-pañcha, (18) Nandana, (19) Mānava, (20) Māna-bhadraka, (21) Sugrīva, (22) Harita, (23) Karṇi-kāra, (24) Śatardhika, (25) Siṁha, (26) Śyāma-bhadra, and (27) Subhadra.

v1.c6.s25.137

The plans of Maṇḍapas are given next :

v1.c6.s25.138

Tri-koṇaṁ vṛittam ardhendum ashṭa-koṇaṁ dvir-ashṭakam ।
Chatush-koṇaṁ tu kartavyaṁ saṁsthānaṁ maṇḍapasya tu ॥
(Matsya-Purāṇa, chap. 270, v. 1-2, 3-6, 7-15, 16).

v1.c6.s25.139

(3) Bhitter dvaiguṇyato vāpi karttavyā maṇḍapāḥ kvachit । (Garuḍa-Purāṇa, chap. 47, v. 37).

v1.c6.s25.140

Prāsādasyāgrataḥ kuryān maṇḍapaṁ daśa-hastakam ॥
Kuryād dvā-daśa-hastaṁ vā stambhaiḥ shoḍaśabhir yutam ।
Dhvajāshṭakaiś chatur-hastaṁ madhye vediṁ cha kārayet ॥
(Ibid. chap. 48, v. 4-5).

v1.c6.s25.141

(4) Āhūya viśva-karmmāṇaṁ kārayāmāsa sādaram । Maṇḍapaṁ cha suvistīrṇaṁ vedikābhir manoramam ॥ 2

v1.c6.s25.142

Description of its carvings and paintings :

v1.c6.s25.143

Jalaṁ kiṁ nu sthalaṁ tatra na vidus tattvato janāḥ ।
Kvachit siṁhāḥ kvachid dhaṁsāḥ sārasāś cha mahā-prabhāḥ ॥ 6
Kvachich chhikhaṇḍinas tatra kṛitrimā sumanoharāḥ ।
Tathā nāgāḥ kṛitrimāś cha hayāś chaiva tathā mṛigāḥ ॥ 7
Ke satyāḥ ke asatyāś cha saṁskṛitā viśva-karmaṇā ।
Taithaiva chaivaṁ vidhinā dvāra-pāda-bhūtāḥ kṛitāḥ ॥ 8
Rathā rathi-yutā hy-āsan kṛitrimā hy-akṛitopamāḥ ।
Sarveshāṁ mohanārthāya tathā cha saṁsadaḥ kṛitāḥ ॥ 13, etc.
Evaṁbhūtaḥ kṛitas tena maṇḍapo divya-rūpavān ॥ 20
(Skanda-Purāṇa, Māheśvara-khaṇḍa-prathama, chap. 24, v. 2, 6, 7, 8, 13, 20, for further description, see v. 36-67).

v1.c6.s25.144

Rathasyeśāna-dig-bhāge śālāṁ kṛitvā suśobhanām ।
Tan-madhye maṇḍapaṁ kṛitvā vediṁ atra sunirmalām ॥
(Ibid. Vaishṇava-khaṇḍa-dvitīya, chap. 25, v. 26).

v1.c6.s25.145

(5) Eka-dvi-tri-talopetaṁ chatush-pañcha-talaṁ tu vā ॥ Maṇḍapaṁ tu vidhātavyaṁ sālānām agra-deśake ॥ (Kāmikāgama, xxxv. 96, 96a).

v1.c6.s25.146

(6) Maṇḍapas implying the detatched buildings and forming part of a temple :

v1.c6.s25.147

Measurement as compared with the temple :

v1.c6.s25.148

Prāsāda-lakshaṇaṁ proktaṁ maṇḍapānāṁ vidhiṁ śriṇu ॥ 94 Prāsādārdhaṁ mukhāyāmaṁ vistāraṁ samam uchyate । Tri-pādaṁ vā mukhāyāmaṁ sārdhaṁ maṇḍapam uchyate ॥ 95

v1.c6.s25.149

Classification :

v1.c6.s25.150

Devatā-maṇḍapaṁ pūrvaṁ dvitīyaṁ snapanārthakam । Vṛishārthaṁ maṇḍapaṁ paśchāch chaturthaṁ nṛitta-maṇḍapaṁ ॥ 96

v1.c6.s25.151

Description of these four classes of maṇḍapas :

v1.c6.s25.152

Devatā-pratimā-rūpā(-aṁ) sthāpitaṁ deva-maṇḍapaṁ । Kalaśa-sthāpanaṁ yatra proktaṁ snapana-maṇḍapam ॥ 97 Vṛishabha-sthāpitaṁ yatra vṛishabha-maṇḍapaṁ tathā । Nṛittaṁ yatra kṛitaṁ tat tu nṛitta-maṇḍapam eva tu ॥ 98 Gopure’tha vāyavye’ pi vāyavye vikṛitaṁ tathā । Evaṁ chatur-vidheshv-anya-maṇḍapaṁ chāgrato bahiḥ ॥ 99

v1.c6.s25.153

Their names :

v1.c6.s25.154

Teshāṁ nāmāni vakshyāmi śriṇu vatsa samāhitaḥ । Nanda-vṛittaṁ śriyā-vṛittaṁ vīrāsanaṁ cha vṛittakam ॥ 100 Nandyāvartaṁ maṇi-bhadraṁ viśālaṁ cheti kīrttitam ।

v1.c6.s25.155

Their characteristic features :

v1.c6.s25.156

Nanda-vṛittaṁ chatush-pādaṁ shoḍaśaṁ śrīpratishṭhitam ॥ 101 Viṁśati-stambha-saṁyuktaṁ vīrāsanaṁ iti smṛitam । Dvātriṁśad-gātra-saṁyuktaṁ jaya-bhadram iti kathyate ॥ 102

v1.c6.s25.157

Shaṭ-triṁśad-gātra-saṁyuktaṁ nandyāvartam iti smṛitam।
Chatuḥ-shashṭi-samāyuktaṁ stambhānāṁ maṇi-bhadrakam॥
Stambhānāṁ tu śatair yuktaṁ viśālam iti saṁjñitam।
Prāsāda-vat samākhyātaṁ prastarāntaṁ pramāṇataḥ॥ 104
(Suprabhedāgama, xxxv. 94-104).

v1.c6.s25.158

Then follows an account of these columns (ibid. v. 105-108, see under Stambha). Kauṭilīya-Arthaśāstra (chap. xxii. p. 46, foot-note):

v1.c6.s25.159

(7) Ardha-gavyūta(-?ti)-tṛitīyāntar-grāmāntara-rahitaṁ maṇḍapam।
(Rayapasenī-sūtra-vyākhyāne, p. 206).
(8) Maṇḍapāni dūra-sthala-sīmāntarāṇi।
(Praśna-vyākaraṇa-sūtra-vyākhyāne, p. 306).

v1.c6.s25.160

(9) See the first Praśasti of Baijnath (verse 29, Ep. Ind. vol. I. p. 106), also the second Praśasti (verse 25, pp. 114, 117).

v1.c6.s25.161

(10) Someśvarāya tan-maṇḍapam uttareṇa—"to the north of the hall of the temple of Someśvara." (Chintra Praśasti of the reign of Sarangadeva, v. 40, Ep. Ind. vol. I. pp. 284, 276).

v1.c6.s25.162

(11) A hall for the supply of water (Inscrip. of Chandella Viravarman, v. 19, Ep. Ind. vol. I. pp. 328, 330).

v1.c6.s25.163

(12) A chapel (Harsha Stone Inscrip. v. 12, 44, Ep. Ind. vol. II. pp. 121, 124, 126, 128).

v1.c6.s25.164

(13) Nārāyaṇasyāyatanam.......saha maṇḍapena—the temple of Nārāyaṇa together with the hall. (Khalari Stone Inscrip. of Haribrahmadeva, v. 10, Ep. Ind. vol. II. p. 231).

v1.c6.s25.165

(14) Someśvara-maṁḍapa—the temple of Somanath. (Sridhara's Devapattana Praśasti, v. 23, Ep. Ind. vol. II. p. 442, see also v. 10, p. 440).

v1.c6.s25.166

(15) Maṇṭapa (the Kanarese form)—a hall. (Satymangalam Plates of Devaraya II, v. 8, Ep. Ind. vol. III. pp. 37, 40).

v1.c6.s25.167

(16) Śrī-vallādhipateś śivasya sukhadaṁ bhadrāhvayaṁ maṇḍapam...........॥
. . . . . akarod bhadrāhvyaṁ maṇḍapam..........॥
Bhadrākhya-maṇḍapam(muṁ) virachayya Śambhor nidrāvasāna-vijayīti cha nāma kṛitvā।
Chakre cha Nāyaka-śivālayam asya pārśve śrī-jñāna-mūrttir atisampadi-valla-puryyām॥

v1.c6.s25.168

(Bilvanatheśvara Inscrip. of Virachampa, v. 1, 2, 3, Ep. Ind. vol. III. pp. 70, 71).

v1.c6.s25.169

(17) Dhāma, Maṁdira, Prāsāda and Bhavana are used indiscriminately for temple or Maṇḍapa.

v1.c6.s25.170

(Ganapesvaram Inscrip. of Ganpati, v. 23-25, Ep. Ind. vol. III. pp. 86-87).

v1.c6.s25.171

(18) Abhyavahāra-maṇḍapa—a dining hall.

v1.c6.s25.172

(Ranganath Inscrip. of Sundarapandya, v. 23, Ep. Ind. vol. III. pp. 13, 16).

v1.c6.s25.173

(19) "The immediate purpose of the Ranganatha inscription of Sundara-Pandya is a description of his building operations at, and gifts to, the temple. He built a shrine of Narasiṁha (verses 2 and 10) and another of Vishṇu's attendant Vishvaksena (8), both of which were covered with gold, and a gilt tower which contained an image of Narasiṁha (7). Further he covered the (original or central) shrine of the temple with gold—an achievement of which he must have been specially proud, as he assumed, with reference to it, the surname Hema-chchhādana-rāja, i.e., the king who has covered (the temple) with gold, and as he placed in the shrine a golden image of Vishṇu, which he called after his own surname (3). He also covered the inner wall of the (central) shrine with gold (22) and built, in front of it, a dining-hall, which he equipped with golden vessels (23) . . . . . In the month of Chaitra he celebrated the procession-festival of the god (20). For the festival of the gods sporting with Lakshmī, he built a golden ship (21). The last verse (30) of the inscription states that the king built three golden domes over the image of Hema-chchhādana-rāja-Hari, over that of Garuḍa (16) and over the hall which contained the couch of Vishṇu (6)."

v1.c6.s25.174

"The following miscellaneous gifts (for articles of furniture) to Ranganatha are enumerated in the inscription :—A garland of emeralds (verse 4), a crown of jewels (5), a golden image of Śesha (6), a golden arch (9), a pearl-garland (11), a canopy of pearls (12), different kinds of golden fruits (13), a golden car (14), a golden trough (15), a golden image of Garuḍa (16), a golden under-garment (17), a golden aureola (18), a golden pedestal (19), ornaments of jewels (24), a golden armour (25), golden vessels (28), and a golden throne (29)."

v1.c6.s25.175

(Ranganatha Inscrip. of Sundarapandya, Ep. Ind. vol. III. p. 11).

v1.c6.s25.176

(20) Kṛishṇālayam maṇḍapam—an abode of Kṛishṇa, an open hall.

v1.c6.s25.177

(Three Inscrip. from Travancore, no. B, line 4, Ep. Ind. vol. IV. p. 203).

v1.c6.s25.178

(21) Āsthāna-śilā-maṇḍapa (not translated, Hultzsch).

v1.c6.s25.179

(First Draksharama Pillar Inscrip. line 9, Ep. Ind. vol. IV. pp. 329, 330).

v1.c6.s25.180

(22) Ghana-maṇṭapa-vapra-saudha-ramyālayam (v. 39)—" a temple (ālaya) adorned with a solid hall, a wall and a plastered mansion." (pp. 123, 114).

v1.c6.s25.181

Sudhā-liptam śilā-mamṭapam (v. 43)—"a plastered hall of stone." (pp. 123, 114).

v1.c6.s25.182

Vipulam ramyam mahā-mamṭapam (v. 44)—"a fine large hall." (pp. 123, 114).

v1.c6.s25.183

Ramyaṁ mahā-maṁṭapam (v. 47)—" a beautiful large hall." (pp. 124, 115).

v1.c6.s25.184

Ghanam prāsādaṁ nava-hema-kumbha-kalitaṁ ramyaṁ mahā-maṁṭapam (v. 51)—" he presented a solid temple (prāsāda), adorned with nine golden-pinnacles (kumbha), and a beautiful large hall, to the temple of Hari." (pp. 125, 115).

v1.c6.s25.185

(Mangalagiri pillar Inscrip. Ep. Ind. vol. VI. pp. 114, 115, 124, 125).

v1.c6.s25.186

(23) Ānandaika-niketanaṁ nayanayoḥ s(ś)asvan manaḥ-kairava-jyotsnaughaḥ khalu viśvakarmma-nipuṇa-vyāpāra-vaidagdhya-bhūḥ । Grīshma-grāsa-bhayātibhīta-janatā-śauṭīrya-durggālayo mārggaḥ kīrtti-vijṛimbhaṇasya jayinā prottambhito maṇḍapaḥ ॥

v1.c6.s25.187

(Two Bhuvaneśvara Inscrip., no. 1, of Svapneśvara, v. 29, Ep. Ind. vol. VI. p. 202).

v1.c6.s25.188

(24) "This inscription (Bhimavaram inscrip. of Kulottunga I) is engraved on a pillar in the maṇḍapa in front of the Nārāyaṇa-svāmin temple at Bhimavaram in the Cocanada division of the Godavari district."

v1.c6.s25.189

(Ep. Ind. vol. VI. p. 219).

v1.c6.s25.190

(25) Utsava-maṁṭapa—a festive hall.

v1.c6.s25.191

(Kondavidu Inscrip. of Krishnaraya, v. 27, Ep. Ind. vol. VI. pp. 237, 231).

v1.c6.s25.192

(26) "The village of Śīyamaṅgalam of the North Arcot district contains a Śiva temple named Stambheśvara, which consists of a rock-cut shrine, two maṇḍapas in front of it, and a stone enclosure. The two rock-cut pillars of the gate by which the shrine is entered bears the two subjoined inscription. Besides, there are several Chola inscriptions on the walls of the enclosure."

v1.c6.s25.193

(Dr. Hultzsch, Ep. Ind. vol. VI. p. 319).

v1.c6.s25.194

(27) Maḍapo nava-gabha—a nine-celled hall.

v1.c6.s25.195

Pāṭho maḍapo—a study.

v1.c6.s25.196

(Karle Cave Inscrip. no. 20, Ep. Ind. vol. VII. pp. 71, 72, 73).

v1.c6.s25.197

(28) Śrī-Kāñchi-Jina-Vardhamāna-nilayasyāgre mahā-maṇḍapaṁ saṁgītārttham achīkarach cha śilayā baddhaṁ samantāt sthalam ||

v1.c6.s25.198

"Caused to be built, in front of the temple of the Jina-Vardhamāna at the prosperous Kāñchi, a great hall for concerts and (caused to be) paved with stones the space all round."

v1.c6.s25.199

(Two Jaina Inscrip. of Irugappa, no. B, line 2, Ep. Ind. vol. VII. p. 116).

v1.c6.s25.200

(29) "The buildings to be erected in the temple of Aruḷāḷanātha (are) a maṇḍapa of one thousand pillars, a canopy of gems for (the image of) Muḍivalaṅgiṇaṇ . . . . . (Arulala-Perumal Inscrip. of Prataparudra, line 8, Ep. Ind. vol. VII. pp. 131, 132).

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