Manasara Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Manasara-Shilpashastra; III. Manasara on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Manasara: Translation; V. Architecture of Manasara: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v4.c29.s5.64

v4.c29.s5.64

Chapter LVIII deals with the semi-divine beings and demons. They are classified under four main groups, namely Yakshas, Vidyādharas, Gandharvas, and Kinnaras, with Rakshasas and Nigrahas as two sub-classes of Yakshas. Rakshasas are evil spirits, while Nigrahas are supernatural beings of a benevolent or inoffensive disposition. Yakshas act as attendants to the gods. Vidyādharas are chowry-bearers of the gods and are a kind of fairy possessed of magical powers. Gandharvas are celestial choirs and are celebrated as musicians. Kinnaras are hybrid beings. Their legs are like those of an animal, the upper body is like that of a man, the face is like that of Garuḍa, and the arms are provided with wings. They hold a lute, possess the beautiful hue of a flower, and are adorned with a diadem and a red lotus. The colour of the Yakshas is dark blue and yellow, and that of the Vidyādharas dark red and yellow. The right legs of Yakshas are cross-shaped (*svastika*) and the left bent. In one hand they hold the chowries and the other is kept touching the ground. Yakshas are placed on a seat with plough-shaped legs stretched backward and forward, and the hands are kept resting on the knees and stretching towards the gate-house. Gandharvas are carved in a sitting or erect posture and are furnished with lutes, etc. All these have two arms and two eyes and are adorned with the *karaṇḍa* crown. Yakshas and Vidyādharas are measured in the nine *tāla*.