Pramāṇa · Search · About · API

Manasara Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Manasara-Shilpashastra; III. Manasara on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Manasara: Translation; V. Architecture of Manasara: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v7.c47: An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture

Mānasāra Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Mānasāra-Śilpaśāstra; III. Mānasāra on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Mānasāra: Translation; V. Architecture of Mānasāra: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v7.c47

Language
English

An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture

v7.c47.1

AKSHA—The base of a column, the eye, a die.
(1) The base of a column :

v7.c47.2

Athavākshaṁ (=adhishṭhānaṁ) navāṁśochchaṁ janma chaikena kārayet। (*Mānasāra*, xiv, 17, note.)

v7.c47.3

(2) The eye :

v7.c47.4

Asyāyāmaṁ tri-mātraṁ syād vistāraṁ chaika-mātrakam।
Akshāyāmārdha-mātraṁ syād vistāraṁ yuktito nyaset।
(*M.*, lx, 29-30)

v7.c47.5

(3) A die :

v7.c47.6

Akshaiḥ sphaṭika-saṁyuktaṁ tulā-bhājanaṁ eva cha।
(*M.*, lxviii, 28.)

v7.c47.7

(4) Referring to the window-like part of a *dolā* (swing, hammock, palanquin), and of a chariot :

v7.c47.8

Purataḥ prishṭhato madhye parva(darpa)ṇaṁ bhadra-saṁyutam।
Pārśvayor vā(dvā)raṇaṁ kuryāt tasyādho’kshaṁ susaṁyutam।
(*M.*, l, 165-166)
Tasyādhaḥ karṇanaṁ kuryād akshotsedhārdham eva cha।
(*M.*, xli, 51, *see* further context under Aksha-bhāra)

v7.c47.9

*See* Gavāksha—*Cf. Mitāksharā* (ed. Cal. 1829) 146, 1 (*Pet. Dict.*) :

v7.c47.10

Akshaḥ pāda-stambhayor upari-nivishṭa-tulādhāra-paṭṭaḥ।
Akshāgra-kīla।
Pushkarāksha (*see Pāṇini*, 5, 4, 76).
Dhārābhir aksha-mātrādhiḥ (*Arjunasamāgama*, ed. Bopp, 8, 4.)

v7.c47.11

AKSHA-BHĀRA—A lower part of a chariot.

v7.c47.12

Tasyādho (below the pāda or pillar) karṇaṁ kuryād akshotsedhārdham eva cha।
Tat-tad-deśe tu chhidraṁ syād aksha-bhāre rathāntakam।
Chhidre praveśayet kīlam yuktyā cha paṭṭayojitam।

v7.c47.13

AKSHI-REKHĀ—The eye-lines.

v7.c47.14

Akshi-rekhāṁ samālikhya savye'kshi kṛishṇa-maṇḍalam ।
(*M.*, LXX, 69.)

v7.c47.15

AKSHI-SUTRA—The line of the eyes.

v7.c47.16

Mukhāyāmaṁ tridhā bhavet ।
Akshi-sūtrāvaśānaṁ cha tasyādhas tat-padāntakam ।
Hikkā-sūtrād adho bāhu-dīrghaṁ ṛikshāṅgulaṁ bhavet ।
(*M.*, LXV, 12–13.)

v7.c47.17

AGNI-DVĀRA—The door on the south-east.

v7.c47.18

Chatur-dikshu chatush-koṇe mahā-dvāraṁ prakalpayet ।
Pūrva-dvāraṁ athaiśāne chāgni-dvāraṁ tu dakshiṇe ।
Pitur-dvāraṁ tu tat-pratyag vāyau dvāraṁ tathottaram ।
(*M.*, IX, 292, 294–295.)

v7.c47.19

AGRAHĀRA—A village inhabited by the Brāhmaṇas.

v7.c47.20

Viprair vidvadbhir ābhogyaṁ maṅgalaṁ cheti kīrtitāṁ ।
Agrahāras tad evam uktaṁ viprendrāḥ Kāmikāgame ॥
(*Kāmikāgama*, XX, 3.)

v7.c47.21

Agrahāraṁ vinānyeshu sthānīyādishu vāstushu ।
Prāg-ādishu chatur-dikshu vāyau īśe śivālayaḥ ॥
(*ibid.*, XXVI, 32.)

v7.c47.22

NĪLAKAṆṬHA, 16, 3—(*Pet. Dict.*) :

v7.c47.23

Agraṁ brāhmaṇa-bhojanaṁ tad-arthaṁ hriyante rāja-dhanāt pṛithak kṛiyante te agrahārāḥ kshetrādayaḥ ।

v7.c47.24

Chatur-bhuja (*ibid* ; comm. Mbh.) : Agrahāra=śāsana.

v7.c47.25

AGHANA—Not solid, a hollow moulding, column or pillar.

v7.c47.26

Ghanañ-chāpy aghanañchaiva vinyāsam atha vakshyate ।
(Vistārāyāma-śobhādi-pūrvavad-gopurāntakam) ।
Yaṁ mānaṁ bahir anyena chūlikā-māna-saṁmitam ।
(*M.*, XXXIII, 290–292, *see also* 293–309.)

v7.c47.27

Referring to windows (or rather window-post) :

v7.c47.28

Tad-vistāra-ghanaṁ sarvaṁ kuryād vai śilpi(a)vit-tamaḥ ।
Gopure kūṭa-koshṭ(h)ādi-grīve pādāntare tathā ।
Ghane vāpy aghane vāpi yathā vātāyanair-yutam ।—(*ibid.*, 592–594.)

v7.c47.29

*Cf.* Vistāraṁ cha dvi-mātraṁ syād agram ekāṅgulaṁ bhavet ।

v7.c47.30

Ghanaṁ ekāṅgulaṁ chaiva। (*M.*, LX, 17–18.)

v7.c47.31

Referring to the image of a bull :

v7.c47.32

Ghanaṁ vāpy aghanaṁ vāpi kuryāttu śilpi(a)-vit-tamaḥ ।

v7.c47.33

AGHANA-MĀNA (*see* GHANA)—Measurement by the interior of a structure.

v7.c47.34

Evaṁ tat(d) ghana-mānam uktam aghanaṁ vakshyate’ dhunā ॥
Vistārāyāma-bhaktiḥ syād uktavat(d)yuktito nyaset ।
Dvi-tribhāga-viśāle tu āyataṁ tat prakalpayet ।
Bhakti-tri-bhāgam ekāṁśaṁ bhitti-vistāram eva cha ।
Śeshaṁ tad garbha gehaṁ tu madhya-bhāge tu veśanam ।
(*M.*, xxxiii, 331–335.)

v7.c47.35

AṄKA(GA)ṆA (*see* PRĀṄGAṆA)—Same as Aṅgaṇa, a court, a courtyard.

v7.c47.36

Yathā madhye’ṅkanaṁ kuryāt pañcha-bhāgena vistṛitam ।
(*M.*, xxxiv, 143.)

v7.c47.37

Kalpa-drumasya purato bahir aṅkanaṁ syāt । (*M.*, xlviii, 72.)
Athātaḥ saṁpravakshye’ham aṅgaṇasya tu lakshaṇaṁ ।
Aṅgaṇaṁ dhvaja-yoniḥ syān mukhāyāmābhisamyutaṁ ॥
Pādukānāṁ bahir-bhāgam aṅgaṇaṁ tat vidur budhāḥ ।
Dhvajaḥ sarvatra sampanna iti śāstra-nidarśanam :।
(*Vāstu-vidyā*, ed. Ganapati Śāstri, vi, 1–2.)

v7.c47.38

Madhye tu prāṅgaṇaṁ kāryaṁ viśālenaika-paṅktikam ।
Ardha-paṅkti-vivṛidhya tu triṁśat paṅkty antam ishyate ।
Āyāme chaika-paṅkty ādi tri-guṇāntaṁ viśālatā ।
Evaṁ brahmāṅgaṇaṁ kāryaṁ jala-pāta-yutaṁ navā ।
Madhyamaṁ chāṅgaṇa-sthānaṁ maṇḍapena yutaṁ tu vā ॥
Prāg aṅgaṇaṁ pradhānaṁ syāt prāgavāgaṅgaṇaṁ jvaraḥ ।
(*Kāmikāgama*, xxxv, 40, 41, 66, 131.)

v7.c47.39

Ujatāṅgaṇa-bhūmishu । — (*Raghuvamśa*, ed. Cal. 1, 52, *Pet. Dict.*).
Vimānaṁ haṁsa-yuktam etat tishṭhati te’ṅgaṇe ।
(*Devīmahātmya*, ed. Cal. 5, 50.)

v7.c47.40

Nṛipāṅgaṇa—(*Kāvya chandrikā*, 166, 15 *ibid.*).
Nṛipāṅgana—(dental n, *Bhartṛihari*, 2, 46, *ibid.*).
Mahārājāṅgaṇaṁ śūrāḥ praviśantu mahodayam ।
(*Rāmāyaṇa*, II, 3, 19, *ibid.*)

v7.c47.41

Matsya-tīrthada sannidhānadali Liṅgaṇṇa bagitinda doḍḍa-asvāthada baḷige aṅgaṇa 12 māḍida sēvā—‘Liṅgaṇṇa with devotion erected (a maṇṭapa of) 12 aṅgaṇas near the big asvattha tree in proximity to the Matsyatīrtha, on the bank of the Arkapushkariṇi.’ (*Ep. Carnat.*, Vol. iv, Edatore Taluq, no. 3, Roman text, p. 84, Transl., p. 52).

v7.c47.42

AṄGA-DŪSHAṆA—The defects of the limbs; the penalties for a defective construction.

v7.c47.43

The chapter is named Aṅgadūshaṇa in the colophon. The term would literally mean the defects of the limbs. The chapter opens with the proposal that the penalties on the master, the king, and the kingdom following a defective construction will be described:

v7.c47.44

Ālayādyaṅga-sarveshu hīnādhikyaṁ bhaved yadi ।
Rāja-rāshṭrādi-kartṝiṇāṁ dosha-prāptim(-r)ihochyate (1–2).

v7.c47.45

There should not be, as stated, any defect in the width, height, plinth, lintel, pillar, entablature, finial, dome, door, adytum, staircase, terrace, gate house, pavilion, wall, etc. (3–10).

v7.c47.46

*Cf.* Tasmāt tu dosha-samprāpti(ḥ) śilpidṛishṭi(r) nivārayet (11).

v7.c47.47

The illustrations, too, of penalties for defective construction are taken from the different architectural objects, such as door, staircase, pillar, wall, dome, spire, etc. Thus it is stated that if the altar (vedikā) be defective, the master would lose his eyesight (26); if the dome be larger or shorter, the people would suffer from poverty (29); if the pillars be larger or shorter, the race of the master would be exterminated (23), and so forth.

v7.c47.48

AṄGULA—A finger, a finger-breadth, a measure of about three-fourths of an inch; one of some equal parts, into which an architectural or sculptural object is divided for proportional measurement.

v7.c47.49

(1) *Mānasāra*, Chap. ii :

v7.c47.50

The definition of paramāṇu or atom :

v7.c47.51

Munīnāṁ nayanodvikshya(s) tat paramāṇur udāhṛitam (40).

v7.c47.52

*Cf. Bṛihat-Saṁhitā* (below).

v7.c47.53

(Paramāṇu or atom is the lowest measurement.)

v7.c47.54

The details of the aṅgula-measure (41–46) :

v7.c47.55

8 Paramāṇu (atoms) = 1 Ratha-dhūli (car-dust),
8 Car dusts = 1 Vālāgra (hair’s end),
8 Hair’s ends = 1 Likshā (nit),
8 Nits = 1 Yūkā (louse),
8 Lice = 1 Yava (barley corn),
8 Barley corns = 1 Aṅgula (finger).

v7.c47.56

Three kinds of aṅgulas are distinguished, the largest of which is equal to 8 yavas, the intermediate one 7 yavas, and the smallest one 6 yavas (47–48).

v7.c47.57

Further details (49–53) : 12 Aṅgulas = 1 Vitasti (span). 2 Spans or 24 aṅgulas = 1 Kishku-hasta (smallest cubit). 25 Aṅgulas = 1 Prājāpatya-hasta. 26 „ = 1 Dhanur-mushṭi-hasta. 27 „ = 1 Dhanur-graha-hasta. 4 Cubits = 1 Dhanuḥ or daṇḍa (bow or rod). 8 Daṇḍas (rods) == 1 Rajju (rope).

v7.c47.58

Direction is given with regard to the use of the cubits of different lengths and other measures (54–58) : conveyances and bedsteads, etc. are stated to be measured in the cubit of 24 aṅgulas, buildings in general (vimāna) in the cubit of 25 aṅgulas, the ground or land (vāstu) in the cubit of 26 aṅgulas, and the villages, etc. in the cubit of 27 aṅgulas. The cubit of 24 aṅgulas can, however, be employed, as stated in measuring all these objects.

v7.c47.59

Chap. lv :

v7.c47.60

Three kinds of the aṅgula-measure :

v7.c47.61

Mātrāṅgula-gataṁ proktaṁ aṅgulaṁ tri-vidhaṁ bhavet। (53).

v7.c47.62

The mānaṅgula is the standard measure ; it is equal to 8 barley corns :

v7.c47.63

Yava-tārāshṭa-mātraṁ syān mānāṅgulaṁ iti smṛitam। (56).

v7.c47.64

The mātrāṅgula is the measure taken in the middle finger of the master :

v7.c47.65

Kartur dakshiṇa-hastasya madhyamāṅgula-madhyame।
Parva-dīrghaṁ tan-nāhaṁ mātrāṅgulam udāhṛitam। (57–58).

v7.c47.66

The details of the deha-labdhāṅgula are left out ; but this measure is frequently referred to :

v7.c47.67

Trayas-triṁśach chhatāntaṁ syād deha-labdhāṅgulena vā। (64).

v7.c47.68

The deha-labdhāṅgula is to be understood as the measure, which is equal to one of the equal parts, into which the whole height of a statue is divided for sculptural measurement. This alone should otherwise be called aṁśa (part) ; but the term (aṁśa) is indiscriminately used for all the three aṅgula-measures, as well as for the term mātra. Compare, for example, Chap. lxv :

v7.c47.69

Mūrdh(n)ādi-pāda-paryantaṁ tuṅga-mānaṁ praśasyate। (2).
Chatur-viṁśach-chhataṁ kṛitvā tathaivāṁśena mānayet। (3).
Ushṇīshāt keśa-paryantaṁ chatur-mātraṁ praśasyate। (4).
Ardhāṁśaṁ gala-mānaṁ syād vedāṁśaṁ gala-tuṅgakam। (6).
Sa yava-tryaṁśakaṁ chaivānāmikāyāmam ishyate। (26).
Meḍhrāntaṁ ūru-dīrghaṁ syāt sapta-viṁśāṅgulaṁ bhavet। (9).

v7.c47.70

The deha-labdhāṅgula is also called the bera- (idol) aṅgula and the liṅga- (phallus) aṅgula, Chap. lxiv, 49–53 :

v7.c47.71

Aṁśakaṁ mānaṁ evoktam aṅgulair mānam uchyate।
Yal-liṅga-tuṅgaṁ saṁgrāhya chatur-viṁśach-chhatāntakam।
Liṅgāṅgulam iti proktaṁ beraṁ tālavaśād api।
Kṛitvā berāṅgulaṁ proktaṁ mānāṅgulam ihochyate।
Yava-tārāshṭa-mātraṁ syād devānāṁ aṅgulaṁ bhavet।

v7.c47.72

The deva- (god's) aṅgula mentioned in the last line (53) is apparently the māna- (standard) aṅgula.

v7.c47.73

Jālāntarage bhānau yad-aṇutaraṁ darśanaṁ rajo yāti ।
Tad vindyāt paramāṇum prathamaṁ tad-dhī pramāṇānām ॥
Paramāṇu-rajo-vālāgra-likshā-yūkā yavo'ṅgulaṁ cheti ।
Ashṭa-guṇāni yathottaram aṅgulam ekaṁ bhavati mātrā ॥

v7.c47.74

Commentary quotes a parallel passage, the former stanza of which recurs in *Manu*, VIII, 132 (*cf.* below), whereas the latter wholly differs :

v7.c47.75

Tathā cha jālāntara-gate bhānau yat sūkshmaṁ dṛiśyate rajaḥ ।
Prathamaṁ tat pramāṇānāṁ trasa-reṇuṁ prachakshate ॥
Tasmād rajaḥ kachāgraṁ cha likshā yukā yavo'ṅgulam ।
Kramād ashṭa-guṇaṁ jñeyaṁ jina-saṁkhyāṅgulaiḥ samāḥ ॥

v7.c47.76

From an unknown author are the verses quoted by

v7.c47.77

(3) Bāpū-Deva in his edition of the *Siddhānta-śiromaṇi*, p. 52 :

v7.c47.78

Veśmāntaḥ patiteshu bhāskara-kareshvālokyate yad-rajaḥ ।
Sa proktaḥ paramāṇur ashṭa guṇitais tair eva reṇur bhavet ॥
Tair vālāgram athāshṭabhiḥ kacha-mukhair likshā cha yūkāshṭabhiḥ ।
Syāt tribhiścha tadashṭakena cha yavo'shṭābhiś cha tair aṅgulam ।

v7.c47.79

‘Digit (aṅgula) has here (*B.S.*, LVIII, 4) no absolute, but a relative value ; it is the module and equal to 1/108 of the whole height of the idol, or 1/120 of idol and seat together.’

v7.c47.80

Commentary : yasmāt kāshṭhāt pāshāṇādikād vā pratimā kriyate tad dairghyaṁ pīṭha-pramāṇa-vivarjitaṁ dvādaśa-bhāgavibhaktaṁ kṛitvā tatraiko bhāgo navadhā kāryaḥ, so'ṅgula-sajñako bhavati, yasmād ashṭādhikam aṅgula-śatam pratimā pramāṇaṁ vakshyati—(Kern, *J.R.A.S.* N. S., Vol. VI, p. 323, notes 1, 2).

v7.c47.81

(4) Introduction (pp. 8–9) to *Rājavallabha Maṇḍana*, ed. Nārāyaṇa Bhārati and Yaśovanta Bhārati :

v7.c47.82

| 1 | Aṅgula | = mātrā. | 11 | Aṅgulas | = go-karṇa. |
| 2 | Aṅgulas | = kalā. | 12 | ,, | = vitasti (span). |
| 3 | ,, | = parvan. | 14 | ,, | = anāha-pada. |
| 4 | ,, | = mushṭi. | 21 | ,, | = ratni. |
| 5 | ,, | = tala. | 24 | ,, | = aratni. |
| 6 | ,, | = kara-pāda. | 42 | ,, | = kishku. |
| 7 | ,, | = dṛishṭi. | 84 | ,, | = purusha |
| 8 | ,, | = tūṇī. | | | (height of a man). |
| 9 | ,, | = prādeśa. | 96 | ,, | = dhanus. |
| 10 | ,, | = saya-tāla. | 106 | ,, | = daṇḍa. |

v7.c47.83

This is apparently taken from the *Brahmāṇḍa-Purāṇa* (*see* below).

v7.c47.84

(5) *Brahmāṇḍa-Purāṇa*, Chap. VII (Vāyu-prokte pūrva-bhāge dvitīye anushanga-pāde) gives a curious origin of the aṅgula measure :

v7.c47.85

It is stated (in vv. 91–95) that people at first used to live in caves, mountains, rivers, etc. They began to build houses in order to protect themselves from cold and heat (śītoshṇa-vāraṇāt). Then they built kheṭas (towns), puras (houses), grāmas (villages) and nagaras (cities). And to measure their length, breadth, and the intermediate distance between two settlements (sanniveśa) the people instinctively (yathā-jñānam) employed their own fingers. Thence forward the aṅgulas are used as standards of measurement.

v7.c47.86

Then follow the details of the aṅgula measurement (vv. 96–101) :

v7.c47.87

Jayāṅgula-pradeśāṁs trīn hastaḥ kishkuṁ dhanūṁshi cha ।
Daśatvaṅgula-parvāṇi prādeśa iti saṁjñitaḥ ॥ (96).
Aṅgushṭhasya pradeśinyā vyāsa(ḥ) prādeśa uchyate ।
Tālaḥ smṛito madhyamayā gokarṇaś chāpyanāmayā ॥ (97).
Kanishṭhayā vitastis tu dvādaśāṅgula uchyate ।
Ratnir aṅgula-parvāṇi saṁkhyayā tvekaviṁśatiḥ ॥ (98).
Chatvāri-viṁśatiś chaiva hastaḥ syād aṅgulāni tu ।
Kishkuḥ smṛito dviratnis tu dvi-chatvāriṁśad aṅgulaḥ ॥ (99).
Chatur hasto dhanur daṇḍo nālikā yugam eva cha ।
Dhanuḥ sahasre dve tatra gavyūtis taiḥ kṛitā tadā ॥ (100).
Ashṭau dhanuḥ sahasrāṇi yojanaṁ tair vibhāvitam ।
Etena jojaneneha sanniveśās tataḥ kṛitāḥ ॥ (101).

v7.c47.88

(6) *Matsya-Purāṇa*, Chap. CCLVIII, vv. 17–19 :

v7.c47.89

Jālāntara-pravishṭānāṁ bhānūnāṁ yad rajaḥ sphuṭam ।
Trasa-reṇuḥ sa vijñeyo vālāgraṁ tair athāshṭabhiḥ ॥ (17).
Tad-ashṭakena tu likhyātu yūkā likhyāshṭakair matā ।
Javo yūkāshṭakaṁ tad-vad ashṭabhis tais tad aṅgulam ॥ (18).
Svakīyāṅguli-mānena mukhaṁ syād dvādaśāṅgulam ।
Mukha-mānena kartavyā sarvāvayava-kalpanā ॥ (19).

v7.c47.90

(7) *Vāstu-vidyā*, ed. Ganapati Śāstri, I, 3–5 f :

v7.c47.91

Tatrādau saṁpravakshyāmi sarveshāṁ māna-sādhanam ।
Mānenaivākhilaṁ loke vastu saṁsādhyate yataḥ ॥
Paramāṇuḥ kramād vṛiddho mānāṅgula iti smṛitaḥ ।
Paramāṇur iti prokto yogināṁ dṛishṭi-gocharaḥ ॥
Paramāṇur ashṭābhis trasa-reṇur iti smṛitaḥ ।
Trasa-reṇuś cha romāgraṁ likshā-yūkā-yavās tathā ॥

v7.c47.92

and so forth (*see Mānasāra*).

v7.c47.93

(8) *Bimbamāna*, MS. (British Museum 558, 5292), v. 9 :

v7.c47.94

Yad-bimba-pramāṇena mānāṅgula(ṁ) vibhājite।
Tena bimbasya mānaṁ tu tatra(m) āyāmam ishyate।

v7.c47.95

(9) *Suprabhedāgama*, *Paṭala*, xxx, vv. 1-9 :

v7.c47.96

Athātaḥ saṁpravakshyāmi aṅgulānāṁ tu lakshaṇam।
Mānāṅgulaṁ tu prathamaṁ syāt mātrāṅgulaṁ dvitīyakam॥ (1)
Deha-labdha-pramāṇaṁ tu tritīyam aṅgulaṁ smṛitam।
Yasmāt param aṇur nāsti paramāṇus tad uchyate॥ (2)
Paramāṇur adhaś chaivāpi cha keśāgra eva cha।
R(l)ikshā-yūkā-yavās tatra kramaśo'shṭa-guṇair matam॥ (3).
Mānāṅgulam iti proktaṁ tato mātrāṅgulaṁ śṛiṇu।
Āchārya-dakshiṇe haste madhyamāṅguli-madhyame॥ (4).
Parva(ṁ) mātrāṅgulaṁ jñeyaṁ deha-labdhāṅgulaṁ śṛiṇu।
Pratimāyās tathotsedhe tāla-gaṇyena bhājite॥ (5).
Teshvekaṁ bhāga-van-mānaṁ deha-labdhāṅgulaṁ smṛitam।

v7.c47.97

The objects measured in the three kinds of angulas :

v7.c47.98

Prāsāda-maṇḍapāṁś chaiva prākārān gopurān api॥ (6).
Grāmādya-kshetra-gaṇyeshu mānāṅgula-vidhānataḥ।
Āchārya-dakshāṅgulibhir mite vyāsa-mitādhikaiḥ (sic)॥ (7).
Kūrche pavitrake chaiva sruve srugbhir athānyakaiḥ।
Yāge prayojitānīha mātrāṅguli-vidhiś charet॥ (8).
Atha mānāṅgulair vāpi kārayed yāga-karmaṇi।
Deha-labdhāṅgulenaiva pratimāṁ kārayed budhaḥ॥ (9).

v7.c47.99

Then follow the technical names of the aṅgulas (vv. 10-16) :

v7.c47.100

| One | aṅgula | is | called | bindu, moksha. |
| Two | aṅgulas | are | „ | kalā (elsewhere it is the name of one aṅgula), kolaka, padma, akshi, aśvini. |
| Three | „ | „ | „ | rudrākshi, agni, guṇa, śūla (and) vidyā. |
| Four | „ | „ | „ | yuga (and) bhāga, veda, and turīya. |
| Five | „ | „ | „ | rudrānana, indriya, bhūta, and vāṇa. |
| Six | „ | „ | „ | karman, aṅga, ayana, and rasa. |
| Seven | „ | „ | „ | pātāla, muni, dhātu, and abdhi. |
| Eight | „ | „ | „ | basu, lokeśa, and mūrti. |
| Nine | „ | „ | „ | dvāra, sūtra, graha, and śakti. |
| Ten | „ | „ | „ | diś, nāḍī, āyudha, and prādurbhāva. |
| Twenty | „ | „ | „ | trishu (and) vishku. |
| Thirty | „ | „ | „ | gati. |
| Forty | „ | „ | „ | trijagat (?). |
| Fifty | „ | „ | „ | śakvari. |
| Sixty | „ | „ | „ | atiśakvari. |

v7.c47.101

| Seventy | aṅgulas | are | ealled | yashṭi. |
| Eighty | ,, | ,, | ,, | atyashṭi. |
| Ninety | ,, | ,, | ,, | dhṛiti. |
| Hundred | ,, | ,, | ,, | atidhṛiti. |

v7.c47.102

The cardinal numbers are described (*vv.* 17–20) :

v7.c47.103

Ekaṁ daśaṁ śataṁ chaiva sahasram ayutaṁ punaḥ ॥ (17).
Niyutaṁ prayutaṁ chaiva koṭiṁ chaiva yathārbudam ।
Bṛindaṁ kharvaṁ nikhvaraṁ cha śaṅkhaṁ padmam ataḥ param ॥ (18).
Samudra-madhyāntarākhyaṁ aparaṁ tathā ।
Parārdham evākhyātaṁ daśa-vṛitt(-ddh)yuttarottaram ॥ (19).
Evam etāni choktāni saṁkhyā-sthānaṁ viṁśatiḥ ।

v7.c47.104

Three kinds of the vitasi (span), which is equal to 12 aṅgulas, are distinguished by their technical names :

v7.c47.105

Tālaṁ yamaṁ tri-bhāgaṁ cha shaṭ-kalāś cha vitastakam ॥ (20).
Shaṭ-kolakaṁ mukhaṁ chaiva dvādaśāṅgula-saṁjñakam ।
Aṅgushṭha-tarjani-yuktaṁ prādeśam iti kīrtitam ॥ (21).
(Madhyamāṅgushṭha-saṁyuktaṁ tāla-mānam iti smṛitam ।)
Aṅgushṭhānāmikā-yuktaṁ vitastir iti chochyate ॥ (22).
Kanishṭhāṅgushṭhayor yuktaṁ go-karṇaṁ iti saṁjñikam ।

v7.c47.106

The correct reading of the last two lines should be :

v7.c47.107

Aṅgushṭhānāmikā-yuktaṁ go-karṇaṁ iti saṁjñikam ॥ (22).
Kanishṭhāṅgushṭhayor yuktaṁ(-tā) vitastir iti chochyate ।

v7.c47.108

*Cf. Brahmāṇḍa-Purāṇa*, I, vii, 97, 98.
(*See* under Gokarṇa and Vitasti.)

v7.c47.109

Prādeśaś cha vitastiś cha gokarṇaś cha ime trayaḥ ॥ (23).

v7.c47.110

The two kinds of the measure by the fist :

v7.c47.111

Jajñādike prayoktavyāḥ prāsādādau na māpayet ।
Ratniḥ saṁvṛita-mushṭiḥ syād aratniḥ prasṛitāṅguliḥ ॥ (24).

v7.c47.112

Different kinds of the hasta or cubit measures :

v7.c47.113

Kishkus cha prājāpatayaś cha dhanur-mushṭi-dhanu(r)grahau ।
Aṅgulas tu chatur-viṁśat kishkur ityuchyate budhaiḥ ॥ (25).
Pañcha-viṁśatibhiś chaiva prājāpatyam udāhṛitam ।
Shaḍ-viṁśati-dhanur-mushṭiḥ sapta-viṁśad-dhanu(r)grahaḥ ॥ (26).

v7.c47.114

The objects measured in these cubits :

v7.c47.115

Kishku-hastādi-chatvāri-mānāṅgula-vaśāt-tamaḥ (?) ।
Ebhir hasta-pramāṇais tu prāsādādīni kārayet ॥ (27).
Sayanaṁ chāsanaṁ chaiva kishku-māna-vaśāt kuru ।
Liṅgaṁ cha piṇḍikāṁ chaiva prāsādaṁ gopuraṁ tathā ॥ (28).
Prākāra-maṇḍapaṁ chaiva prājāpatya-kareṇa tu ।

v7.c47.116

The higher measures :

v7.c47.117

Dhanu(r)grahaś chatushkaṁ yad daṇḍa-mānaṁ prakīrtitam || (29).
Sahasra-daṇḍa-mānena krośa-mātraṁ vidhīyate |
Gavyūtir dvi-guṇaṁ jñeyaṁ tad-dhi(dvi)-guṇaṁ cha ghātakam || (30).
Ghātakasya chatushkaṁ tu yojanā parikīrtitā || (31).

v7.c47.118

(10) *Manu-Saṁhitā*, VIII, 271 (*cf.* under *Bṛihat-Saṁhitā* above) :

v7.c47.119

Nikshepyo'yomayaḥ śaṅkur jvalannasye daśāṅgulaḥ |

v7.c47.120

(11) *Rāmāyaṇa*, VI, 20, 22 :

v7.c47.121

Na hyaviddhaṁt ayor gātre babhūvāṅgulam antaram |

v7.c47.122

(12) Aratni, cubit. According to the *Sulvasūtra* of Baudhāyana (Fleet, *J.R.A.S.*, 1912, 231, 2), this measure is equal to 24 aṅgulas or finger-breadths. The *Śatapatha-Brāhmaṇa* (X, 2, 1, 3) also mentions 24 aṅgulas or finger-breadths as a measure, but without reference to the aratni (*see* below), *cf.* Eggeling, *Sacred Books of the East*, 43, 300, n. 3.

v7.c47.123

(13) ‘Prādeśa frequently occurs in the *Brāhmaṇas* (Vedic Index II, 152), (*Aitareya*, VIII, 5 : *Śatapatha*, III, 5, 4, 5, *Chhāndogya Upanishad*, v. 18, 1, etc.,) as a measure of length, a span’ (ibid., II, 50).

v7.c47.124

(14) The *Śatapatha-Brāhmaṇa*, 10, 2, 1, 2 : Tasy-aish-āvamā mātrā yad aṅgulayaḥ, this is his lowest measure, namely the fingers.

v7.c47.125

(15) ‘In some table the aratni is distinguished from the hasta, and is defined as measuring 21 aṅgulas. But the *Śulvasūtra* of Baudhāyana defines it as equal to 2 prādeśa, each of 12 aṅgulas, and so agrees in making it equal to 24 aṅgulas. In any case, our present point is that the *Kauṭilīya-Artha-śāstra* gives its value as 24 aṅgulas.’ (Fleet, *J.R.A.S.*, 1912, p. 231, notes 1, 2.)

v7.c47.126

Compare also *ibid.*, pp. 231, 232, 233.

v7.c47.127

(16) ‘Like some of the other Hindu tables, it (*Kauṭilīya-Arthaśāstra*) starts (p. 106, line 3) with the paramāṇu or ‘most minute atom.’ It takes its measures up to the aṅgula, through four intermediate grades, by eights; it defines the aṅgula (line 7) as being equal to 8 yava-madhya, or 8 barley-corns laid side by side; and it further defines it as the middle breadth of the middle finger of a middle-sized man. It tells us (line 11) that 12 aṅgulas are 1 vitasti or span, and (line 13) that 2 vitastis are 1 aratni; here, by its aratni of 24 aṅgulas it means the measure which in other tables is usually called hasta or kara, the forearm, the cubit; and, in fact, it adds prājāpatya hasta as another name of the its aratni.

v7.c47.128

‘In the regular course of the table it tells us next (line 20) that 4 aratnis (i.e. 4 hasta or cubits) are 1 danda, staff or dhanus, bow (from which it follows that 1 dhanus = 96 aṅgulas).’

v7.c47.129

‘Now the aṅgula or finger-breadth may be the theoretical unit it may well have been originally the actual unit and the source of the other measures. But we can hardly doubt that the hasta or cubit eventually took its place as the practical unit; and that a correct scale was maintained by keeping in public offices a standard hasta marked off into 2 vitasti and 24 aṅgulas. At any rate, the hasta is the practical measures to which we must attend in estimating all the others.’

v7.c47.130

(17) ‘Following Colebrooke (*Essays*, I, 540, note), I take the hasta for easy computation at exactly 18 inches, which gives ¾ inch as the value of the aṅgula.’

v7.c47.131

AṄGHRI—A foot, generally a small (dwarf) pillar constructed on a large one, or in the upper parts of a storey, and pilaster; a turret.

v7.c47.132

Tad-dvayaṁ chāṅghri-tuṅgaṁ syād ekāṁśaṁ prastarānvitam ।
@H (*M.*, xii, 35.)
Chatush-pādaṁ tri-pādaṁ cha dvī-pādaikāṅghrim eva vā ।
@H (*M.*, lxvii, 8.)
Tatra hīnādhikaṁ chet pāda-sthānāṅghrikāśrayaṁ ।
Sarveshāṁ bhitti-māneshu tatra dosho na vidyate ।—(*M.*, lxix, 60–61.)

v7.c47.133

As a synonym of the pillar :

v7.c47.134

Jaṅghā cha charaṇaṁ chaiva sthalī stambhamaṅghrikam ।
@H (*M.*, xv, 4.)

v7.c47.135

As a pillar of the first floor :

v7.c47.136

Tadūrdhve'ṅghri śarāṁśaṁ syāt ।—(*M.*, xx, 16.)
Adri-sopāna-pārśve tu na kuryāt pārśvayor aṅghrikam ।
@H (*M.*, xxx, 163.)

v7.c47.137

As a dwarf pillar placed upon a larger column :

v7.c47.138

Athavā sapta-saptāṁśaṁ vibhajet tritalodaye ।
Chatur-bhāgam adhishṭhānaṁ tad-dvayaṁ pāda-tuṅgakam ।
Adhishṭhāna-samaṁ mañchaṁ mañchordhve'rdhena vapra-yuk ।
Sa-tripāda-shaḍaṁśena chordhve pādodayaṁ bhavet ।
Tadūrdhve prastarottuṅgaṁ sa-tri-pādaṁ tri-pādakam ।
Tadūrdhve'rdhena vapraṁ syāt tadūrdhve'ṅghri shaḍ-aṁśakam ।

v7.c47.139

A subordinate pillar :

v7.c47.140

Mūla-pāda-viśālaṁ vā tat-tri-pāda-viśālakam ।
Etat kumbhāṅghrikaṁ proktam antarālaṁ cha yojayet ।
(*M.*, xv, 228-29.)

v7.c47.141

AṄGHRIKA-VĀRI—A moulding of the lamp-post (dīpa-daṇḍa) of the shape of a water-pot, a rope, a trap, a cover, or a band.

v7.c47.142

Agre cha phalakāntaṁ cha tāṭikādyair vibhūshitam ।
Athavāṅghrika-vāriṁ syād ūrdhve cha kuḍmalānvitam ।
(*M.*, l, 78-79.)

v7.c47.143

ACHALA-SOPĀNA (*see* SOPĀNA)—A flight of stationary or immovable steps.

v7.c47.144

Achalaṁ cha chalaṁ chaiva dvidhā sopānam īritam ।—(*M.*, xxx, 90.)
*See* the contents of lines 93-124 under SOPĀNA.
*Cf.* Evaṁ tu chala-sopānam achalaṁ tat pravakshyate । (151)
Then follows the measurement (152-54).

v7.c47.145

AṬṬA, AṬṬĀLA—High, lofty.

v7.c47.146

AṬṬĀLAKA—An apartment on the roof, an upper storey, a tower, a military post.

v7.c47.147

AṬṬĀLIKĀ—‘A house of two or more storeys, a lofty house palace.’—(*M.W.Dict.*)

v7.c47.148

(1) *Kauṭilīya-Artha-śāstra* :

v7.c47.149

Vishkambha-chaturaśram aṭṭālakaṁ utsedha-samāvakshepa-sopānaṁ kārayet.
Triṁśad-daṇḍāntaraṁ cha dvayor aṭṭālakayor madhye sa-harmyā-dvi-talāṁ dvyardhāyāmāṁ pratolīṁ kārayet.
Aṭṭālaka-pratolī-madhye trī-dhānushkādhishṭhānaṁ sāpididhāna-chch-hidra-phalaka-saṁhataṁ itīndrakośaṁ kārayet.—(Chap. xxiv, 52.)

v7.c47.150

(2) *Kāmikāgama*, xxxv :

v7.c47.151

Agrato’lindakopetaṁ aṭṭālaṁ sālakāntare ।
Gopurasya tu . . . ॥ (126).

v7.c47.152

(3) *Rājātaraṅgiṇī* :

v7.c47.153

I. 274 : prākārāṭṭāla-maṇḍalam . . . kinnara-puram ।
I. 301 : nagaryaḥ . . . truṭyād aṭṭāla-mekhalāḥ ।

v7.c47.154

(4) *Mahābhārata* (Cock) :

v7.c47.155

II. 80, 30 : prākārāṭṭālakeshu ।
III. 15, 16 : purī . . . sāṭṭālakāgopurā ।
III. 160, 30 : Vaiśravaṇāvāsam . . . prākāreṇa parikshiptam ।
. . . chāyāṭṭālaka-śobhinam ।
III. 173, 3 : puram . . . gopurāṭṭālakopetam ।
III. 207, 7 : Mithilām . . . gopurāṭṭālakavatīm ।
XV. 5, 16 : puram aṭṭālaka-saṁbādham (with very high storey).
XVI. 6, 24 : nagarīm . . . prākārāṭṭālakopetām ।

v7.c47.156

ATIBHAṄGA

v7.c47.157

AṆḌA

v7.c47.158

AṄGHRIKA-VĀRI

v7.c47.159

[Figure: HALF PLAN HALF PLAN Looking-up Looking-down ANGHRI.]

v7.c47.160

I. 5, 11 : Uchchāṭṭāla-dhvaja-vatīm śataghnī-śata-saṁkulām ।
Commentary : aṭṭāla upari gṛiham (*lit.* house at the top).
II. 6, 11 : Chaityeshvaṭṭālakeshu cha ।
Commentary : aṭṭālakaḥ prākāroparitana-yuddha-sthānam (aṭṭālakas imply the military towers built on the top of the enclosure walls).
V. 3, 33 : laṅkām . . . sāṭṭa-prākāra-toraṇām ।
V. 37, 39 : sāṭṭa-prākāra-toraṇāṁ laṅkām ।
V. 55, 32 : laṅkā sāṭṭa-prākāra-toraṇā ।
V. 51, 36 : purīṁ sāṭṭa-pratolīkām ।
V. 58, 158 : purīm sāṭṭa-gopurām ।
V. 2, 17 : laṅkām . . . aṭṭālaka-śatākīrṇām ।
V. 2, 21 : purīm . . . vapra-prākāra-jaghanām ।
śataghni-śula-kcśāntām aṭṭālakāvataṁsakām ।
VI. 75, 6 : gopurāṭṭa-pratolīshu chāryāsu cha vividhāsu cha ।

v7.c47.161

(6) Turrets :

v7.c47.162

Giri-śikhara-taru-taṭ-āṭṭālak-opatalpa-dvāra-śaraṇochchhraya. Compare with : *Raghuvamśa*. xvi, 11, viśīrṇa talpāṭṭa śato niveśaḥ—(Kielhorn, *Junāgadh Rock Inscrip. of Rudradaman*, line 6, *Ep. Ind.*, Vol. viii, pp. 43, 46 and note 3.)

v7.c47.163

AṆḌA—A cupola.

v7.c47.164

Shoḍaśāṇḍayutaḥ (furnished with 16 cupolas), vibhūshito'ṇḍaiś cha viṁśatyā (adorned with 20 cupolas)—(*Bṛihat-Saṁhitā*, lvi, 22, 24, 28 ; Kern, *J.R.A.S.*, N. S., Vol. vi, p. 319, 320).

v7.c47.165

Śobhanaiḥ patra-vallibhir aṇḍakaiś cha vibhūshitaḥ ।

v7.c47.166

ATI-BHAṄGA (*see* BHAṄGA)—A pose, in which the idol is bent n more than two or three places.

v7.c47.167

Sarveshāṁ deva-devināṁ bhaṅga-mānam ihochyate ।
Ābhaṅgaṁ sama-bhaṅgaṁ cha ati-bhaṅgam tridhā bhavet ।

v7.c47.168

Evaṁ tu sama-bhaṅgaṁ syād ati-bhaṅgam ihochyate ।
Parshṇyantaraṁ śarāṅgulyam tat-pādāṅgushṭhayor antare ।
Tad dvayor madhyame viṁśad aṅgulyaṁ dvyantaraṁ bhavet ।
Taj-jānu-dvayor madhye dvyantaraṁ dvādaśāṅgulam ।
Ūru-mūla-dvayor madhye sārdha-dvyaṅgula-kāntakam ।
Evam ati-bhaṅgaṁ syād etāni yuktito nyaset ।—(*ibid.*, 117-22.)

v7.c47.169

ADBHUTA (*see* UTSEDHA)—One of the five proportions of the measurement of the height; in this proportion the height is twice the breadth.

v7.c47.170

Pañchadhotsedham utkṛishṭaṁ mānāt pañcha-vidhaṁ nāma ।
Śāntikaṁ paushṭikaṁ śreshṭhaṁ pārshṇikaṁ (also, jayadam) madhya-māne tu ।
Hīnam tu dvayaṁ ta(*d*)-dvi-guṇoṁ chādbhutaṁ kathitam ।
Karā(samā)dhikodayam-harmye sarvakāmikam udīritam ।
(*M.*, XI, 20–22.)
Śāntikaṁ paushṭikaṁ jayadaṁ chādbhutaṁ uttuṅguṁ sarvakāmikam ।—(*M.*, XI, 76).

v7.c47.171

A clear statement of the rule :

v7.c47.172

Tad-vistāra-samottuṅgaṁ sapādārdhaṁ tu tuṅgakam ।
Tri-pādāhikaṁ utsedhaṁ vistāraṁ dvi-guṇodayam ॥
Prathamaṁ śāntikotsedhaṁ dvitīyaṁ paushṭikodayam ।
Tṛitīyaṁ jayadottuṅgaṁ chaturthaṁ dhanadodayam (i.c. sarvakāmikam) ।
Pañchamaṁ chādbhutotsedhaṁ janmādi-stupikāntakam ।
(*M.*, XXXV, 21–25.)

v7.c47.173

(2) *Kāmikāgama*, L, 24–28 : A measurement of the height :

v7.c47.174

Śāntikaṁ pushṭi-jayadam adbhutaṁ sarvakāmikam ।
Utsedhe dvi-guṇa-vyāsaḥ pādādhikyaṁ cha sammatam ॥ (24).
Vistāra-dvi-guṇād ashṭāṁśādhikaṁ vādhiyojayet ।
Kshudrāṇām evaṁ uddishṭam kanishṭhānām athochyate ॥ (25).
Saptāṁśe tu kṛite vyāse saptāṁśaṁ vā shaḍ-aṁśakam ।
Vistārād adhikas tuṅgo madhya-mānam athochyate ॥ (26).
Vistāraṁ pūrvavat kṛitvā chatush-pañchādhikaṁ tu yat ।
Madhya-mānam idaṁ proktaṁ uttamānāṁ trayāṁśakam ॥
Pūrvaṁ uddeśa-mānaṁ syād etaṁ nirddeśa-mānakam ॥ (27).
Eka-dvi-tri-karayor yuktaṁ māna-hīnaṁ tu vādhikam ।
Utsedhaṁ kalpayed dhīmān sarveshām api sadmanām ॥ (28).

v7.c47.175

(3) A class of the two-storeyed buildings.

v7.c47.176

(*See M.*, XX, 94, 28–33, under PRASĀDA.

v7.c47.177

A class of buildings—(*See Kāmikāgama*, XLV, 61a, under MĀLIKĀ.)

v7.c47.178

ADRI-SOPĀNA (*see* SOPĀNA)—A flight of steps for a hill :

v7.c47.179

Adri-sopāna-pārśve tu na kuryāt pārśvayo aṅghrikam ।
(*M.*, XXX, 163.)
Adri-sopāna-deśe tu dīrgha-mānaṁ yatheshṭakam । —(*ibid.*, 136.)
Adri-deśe samārohya yatra tatraiva kārayet । —(*ibid.*, 118.)

v7.c47.180

ADHIMAṆḌAPA—A pavilion built over and above another, a double-storeyed pavilion. (Pavilions are generally single-storeyed buildings, *see* MAṆḌAPA.)

v7.c47.181

Kshudra-devālayamṁ sarvaṁ pūrvavaj janmādim uditam ।
Maṇḍapaṁ nava-talaṁ kuryād bhavanam anya(madhya)-raṅgaṁ vādhimaṇḍapākāram—(*M.*, xi, 143–44).

v7.c47.182

ADHISHṬHĀNA—Etymologically (adhi-sthā, to stand) it denotes an object on which something stands. Hence it is the basement or the lowest member of a building. In the same way, it implies the stand or base of the column, being the member between the shaft and the pedestal, if there be any. Its identification with the base and the basement need not be questioned. It is clear beyond doubt by a comparison of the component parts and the offices it serves with the corresponding details (quoted below) of the Grecian and Roman architecture.

v7.c47.183

(1) *Kāmikagāma*, xxxv :

v7.c47.184

Yajamānasya jānvantaṁ nāvyantaṁ hṛidayāvadhi ।
Galāvadhi śiro'ntaṁ cha pādārdhaṁ vā tri-bhāgikam ॥ (22).
Tri(tra)yādi-shoḍaśa-bhāgānām adhikaṁ vokta-mānataḥ ।
Adhishṭhānasya mānaṁ syāt . . . ॥ (23).
Talādhishṭhāna-pādebhyaḥ kiṁchid-ūna-pramāṇakam ॥ (114).
Mūla-dhāma-talottuṅgādhishṭhāna-tala-saṁyutam ।
Tad-vihīna-talaṁ vāpi sama-sthala-yutaṁ tu vā ॥ (116).
Adhishṭhānādi shaḍ-vargaṁ tan-mānaṁ upapīṭhake ।
Dvārotsedhāya dātavyaṁ samaṁ vāpyadhikaṁ tu vā ॥ (122).

v7.c47.185

*Ibid.*, LV, 202 :

v7.c47.186

Masūrakam adhishṭhānaṁ vastvādhāraṁ dharātalam ।
Talaṁ kuṭṭimādyaṅgaṁ adhishṭhānasya kīrtitam ॥

v7.c47.187

These are stated to be the synonyms of adhishṭhāna. But they appear as the component parts of it.

v7.c47.188

(2) *Suprabhedāgama*, xxxi :

v7.c47.189

Tato jāṅgala-bhūmiś ched adhishṭhānaṁ prakalpayet ।
Tach-chatur-vidham ākhyātaṁ iha śāstre viśeshataḥ ॥ (16).
Padma-bandhaṁ chāru-bandhaṁ pāda-bandhaṁ prati-kramam ।
Vistārasya chaturthāṁśaṁ adhishṭhānochchhrayaṁ bhavet ॥ (17).

v7.c47.190

(*See* the mouldings of these four bases under those terms.)

v7.c47.191

Pādāyāmam adhishṭhānaṁ dvi-guṇaṁ sarva-sammatam ॥ (28).

v7.c47.192

(3) *Mānasāra*, Chap. xiv (named Adhishṭhāna, 1–412) : Twelve kinds of heights (from one large span to four large cubits) to be employed in twelve storeyes, one above the other :

v7.c47.193

Trayodaśāṅgulam ārabhya shaṭ-shaḍ-aṅgula-vardhanāt ।
Chatur-hastāvasānaṁ syāt kuṭṭima (= adhishṭhāna)-dvādaśonnatam ।
Eka-dvā-daśa-bhumyantam harmyāntaṁ tat kramāt nyaset । (2–4).

v7.c47.194

These heights vary in buildings of the different castes and ranks :

v7.c47.195

Viprāṇāṁ tu chatur-hastaṁ bhū-patināṁ trī-hastakam ।
Sārdha-dvi-hastam utsedhaṁ yuva-rājasya harmyake ।
Dvi-hastaṁ tu viśāṁ proktam eka-hastaṁ tu śūdrake । (5–7).

v7.c47.196

These heights are stated to be proportionate to the heights of the buildings :

v7.c47.197

Harmya-tuṅga-vaśāt proktaṁ tasya māsu(ū)rakonnatam ।
Janmādi-vājanāntaṁ syat kuṭṭimodayam īritam । (8–9).

v7.c47.198

The height of the base as compared with that of the pedestal :

v7.c47.199

Adhishṭhānonnate deśe chopapīṭhaṁ hi saṁśritam ।
Etaṁ tat-tvam adhishṭhānaṁ tuṅgaṁ tach chatur-aṁśakam ।
(*M.*, xiii, 2-3.)

v7.c47.200

The comparative heights of the base, pedestal and shaft or pillar : In a Tamil fragment of a manuscript, purporting to be a translation of *Māyāmata* (? Mayamata), it is said : ‘The height of the shaft or pillar is to be divided into four parts, and one to be given to the base, which may or may not be accompanied by a pedestal, and in the case where a pedestal is joined to the base, the height of the pedestal may be either equal to that of the base, or twice or three times as much.’—(Rām Rāz, *Ess. Arch. of Hind.*, p. 26.)

First 200 of 8,052 passages. Read on

Linked texts (24)