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Early Indian Architecture: I. Cities and City-Gates, etc.; II. Bodhi-gharas c10: General Index

Early Indian Architecture: I. Cities and City-Gates, etc.; II. Bodhi-gharas c10

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General Index

c10.1

In order to accommodate the heavy use of references in much of Coomaraswamy's scholarship, sources cited by him — even in passing and in footnotes — have been included in this index. Principal entries are indicated by the use of **bold face**; *Figure* references are indicated by *italics*.

c10.2

abacus, *20* ābhāsa, *77*, *88*, *91*; as a method, *73* Abhayadeva, *90* Acharya, P. K., *72-98*, passim; *Indian Architecture According to the Mānasāra-śilpaśāstra*, *72*, *84*, *90*; *Dictionary of Hindu Architecture*, *3n*, *7n*, *72* āditala. *See* floor, ground *Age of the Gods, The* (Dawson), 3f aggala. *See* bolt aisle, *25*, *28* Ajaṇṭā, *47*, *57*, *60.57*, *64.69*, *65* Ajmer: bund pavilions, *93* ālambana (plinth), *97*; -bāha, *41*, *73*. *See also* balustrade ālinda (verandah), *32.3*, *38*, *42.20*, *57*, *61*, *74*, *80*, *81*, *107n*; screened by curtains, *47*. *See also* balcony; gallery; porch; verandah altar, *14.22*, *18-22.23-30*, *24-26.33-42*, *74*, *75*, *105*, *107-108.3-6*, *110.8-9*, *117.20*, *126*, *131*. *See also* mañca; vajrāsana; vedikā "Altars and Shelters in India" (Meister), *127n* āmalaka: origins/definition, *74*, *111-112*; crowning member of śikhara, *52.35*, *60.59*, *63*, *66.72/74*, *86*, *111.11*, *112.12-13*, *122* Amarāvatī reliefs, *74*, *75*, *94*, *95*; cities, city-gates, *3n*, *8.13-17*, *11.B*, *13*, *17*; gavākṣa-arch, *64*, *67*; huts & shrines, *107.3*, *115.17*, *116-117*, *118.22*, *120-123*; palaces, *36.14*, *46.24*, *47*, *50.31*, *54.41*, *56.44*, *59*, *61*, *63*; tree-shrines, *19*, *21*, *22.30/32*, *26.37-42*, *27*, *29* *Ancient Ceylon* (Parker), *77*, *92*, *94* *Ancient Monuments, Temples, and Sculptures of India, The* (Burgess), *120-121* aṅgana (court), *18.25*, *28*, *57*, *59*, *63*, *74*. *See also* courtyard; rājāṅgana *Aṅguttara Nikāya*, *106*, *108* aṇidvāra (accessory door), *11*, *15*, *16*, *19*, *74*, *85* Annandale, N.: "Plant and Animal Designs...",*91* Antagaḍa Dasāo, *45*, *89* antaraṭṭāla (tower), *4.5*, *5*, *6.8*, *7*, *11.B* antepura (inner town), *33*, *35* antepurikā (court women), *33*, *34.9*, *50.31*, *59*, *61* Anurādhapura, *90*, *123*; Lohapāsāda, *37*, *92*; Ratana Pāsāda, *37*, *41*; Thūparāma Dāgaba, *77* apartment. *See* room *Āpastambha Gṛhasūtra*, *41* ārāma: gardens, *5*; monastery, *105* Arbmann, Ernst: *Rudra*, *87*, *109n* arch: construction of, *125*; gate-a, *9*, *11*, *11.A*, *12.20-21*, *13*, *15*, *16*, *23*, *25*; window-a, *48*, *51-57*, *65*, *67*, *68.79-84*, *74*, *76*, *80*, *117*. *See also* candraśālā; gavākṣa; toraṇa Archaeological Museum, Mathura. *See* Mathura Museum *Archaeologie du Sud de l'Inde* (Jouveau-Dubreuil), *47*, *55*, *72* architect, *75*, *96*; historical, *75*, *98-99*. *See also* craftsmen "Architecture interprété dans les bas-reliefs du Cambodge, L' " (Parmentier), *123* Architectures hindoues (Parmentier), *55n*, *107n* architrave: a with roof elements, *55*, *60.59*, *65*; examples of carving from, *4-8.4-17*, *20-22.26-32*, *27-29*, *117.21*, *122*. *See also* toraṇa ardhatala. *See* floor, second argala. *See* bolt *Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent, The* (Harle), 118n *Art gréco-bouddhique…*, L' (Foucher), 94, 107, 108n, 114, 121 *Art of Ancient India, The* (Huntington), 127n *Arthaśāstra* (Kauṭilya), 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 38, 45, 73, 74, 79, 83, 85, 86, 92, 95-97 artisan, 84. *See also* craftsmen; *kammāra* artist, 84. *See also* craftsmen Aśoka, 19, 20, 21, 25, 27, 29, 43n *Aśokāvadāna*, 19, 21, 25 *Aspects of Jaina Art and Architecture* (ed. Shah and Dhaky), 126n *Atharva Veda*, 80, 90, 93, 95, 96 *aṭṭāla* (defence tower), 2.3, 5, 7, 16, 75; *gopur-a*, 89. *See also* tower *Aṭṭasālinī* (DhsA.), 35, 37, 38, 45, 47, 115 Audumbara coins, showing pavilions, 123 Auraṅgābād: *maṇḍapas* on architrave, 123 *Ausgewählte Eszählungen* (Jacobi), 37n, 77, 91, 94, 97 auspicious sign, on wall, 37 *Avadānaśataka*, 77, 83, 94 *avasaraka*. *See osāraka*

c10.3

Babylon, 16 Bachhofer, L.: *Early Indian Sculpture*, 65, 122, 123 Bādāmī, 122, 123; *gavākṣa*-arch at, *64.70*, 67 balcony, 86; "elephant-nail" b, 7n; latticed b, *39.62*, *52.34*, *53.37-40*, 63; palatial b, 47, 57, 61; projecting b, *17.25*, *22.30*, 25, 27, *42.18*, *50.31*; shrine with b, *116.18*, 116-117. *See also ālambanabāhu*; *hastihasta*; *vedikā* Bāṇa: *Harṣacarita*, 23n, 33n, 37, 41, 45, 47 Barabar Hills, caves in, *106.1*, 129 bark garment, 120, 121 Basāṛh (Vaiśālī), 111, 120 base: pillar b, 23, 95 basement: brick b of gate-house, *8.12-17*, 9; palace b, *36.13*, 37, *52.34*, 63, 80; steps of, 41; stone b, 51; *stūpa* b, 92, 97, *108.6*, 114. *See also bhitti* bath(room), 41, 84 battlement, *4.4/6*, *6.7-9*, 7, *10.1*, *18.23*, 23; Bharhut b, *18.25*, 28 Baudhāyana Dharma Sūtra, 3, 93 bay window. *See sīhapañjara* beam: b-end, *51.32*, 55, 61; horizontal b, 96, 106, 130; supporting b, 9, 69, 85; tie-b, 115; tied b, 90. *See also tulā* bed: b-room, 35; bench/couch, 89, 92 Beḍsā: assembly hall, 42, 59, 81 Beḷūr, 79 Benares (Vārānāsī), 8.13 Bhājā: assembly hall, 23, *42.18*, 59; window at, 51, *58.51*, 65 Bhārata. *See Nāṭyaśāstra* Bharhut, 3n, 13, 85, 86, 122; origin of trefoil arch, 55; insc's. identifying *kuṭī*, *pāsāda*, *sabhā*, 92, 93, *108.6*, 109, *110.8*, 114-117, 120-121; reliefs showing palaces, *32.1-4*, 43, 57, *58.54*, *62.61*, 65; tree-shrines, *14.22*, *18.24*, 19, 21, 23, *24.35*, 25, *27.37/39*, 28 Bhāsa: *Pratimānātaka*, 23n Bhitargaon: *gavākṣa*-niche, *62.63*, 65 *bhitti*, 37, 90, 91, 97. *See also* basement Bhuvaneśvara: Mukteśvara temple, *jāli*, *66.78*, 67; Parasurāmeśvara temple, *52.35*, 63, *112.12* Bījāpur: fortress gate, *10.19*, 19 Bikaner: palace with cloud painting, 98 Binyon, L. and T. W. Arnold: *Court Painters of the Grand Moguls*, 120 blind: b window, 51; window-b, *56.48*, 65 Bloch, T.: *Notes on Bōdh Gayā*, 21n, 23 Bodhgayā: *Bodhi-ghara*, 19, 21, 123; called Uruvelā, 21, 23; hut shown, 109, 121; inscs., 21, 21n, 87; palace scene, *54.42*, *58.55-56*, 63, 65; roofing element, *66.73*, 67; temples, *105*, 112, *114.15*, 122 *bodhi-ghara*, *14-26.22-42*, 19-29, 69, 75, 123 *bodhi-maṇḍa(la)*, 25, 69, 75, 96. *See also vajrāsana* Bodhi-tree, *14-24.22-36*, 19, 25, 28; altar/railing for, 89, 97; cult of, 23, 75 bolt, 11, 43, 78 Borobudur: cusped-arch, 67, *68.81*, 76 Bosch, F. D. K.: "Het Lingaheiligdom von Dinaja," 88 brackets, 25, 37, 78, 86; animal b, 114, 115; illus., *20.28*, *24.36*, *39.16*, *51.32*, 59, 61, *62.63*, 65 Brahmā, 59, 61 Brahmaloka, 61 Brahmanism, 3. *See also* primary sources, Brahmanic *Bṛhatsaṁhitā* (Varāhamihira), 91 brick, 88, 90; b-layers, 5, 96; b-platform/floor, 37, 41; b-walls, *2.1-3*, 7, 9, 15, 37, 38, 51; structures, *50.33*, *62.63-64*, *63-67*, *68.83* bridge, 97; b with *toraṇa*, *8.14*, 13, 17; b over a moat, *2.3*, 7-9, *10.19*, *11.A*, 19; *hastinakha-causeway*, 7, 15-16, 83n Brown, Percy: *Indian Architecture, Buddhist and Hindu*, 106, 115; *Indian Painting Under the Mughals*, 79 Buddha: b's *caṅkana*, 25n; b's life scenes, *8.15*, 17, *20.26*, 23, 27, 35, 61, 67, 87, 96, *108.6*, *109-110*, *109-110.7-9*, 121, 123; b-image as cult object, 21 *Buddhacarita*, 11, 48, 55 Buddhagosa: comm. on *Cullavagga*, 38, 43n, 51, 59, 74, 78, 80, 90, 94, 97; *Sumaṅgala-Vilāsinī*, 86; *Visuddhi Magga*, 33n, 35, 37, 41, 45, 47, 106, 107 Buddhism, 2, 23. *See also* primary sources, Buddhist *Buddhist Art in India* (Grünwedel), 87 *Buddhist Stupas of Amarāvatī and Jaggayypeṭa* (Burgess), 47, 61, 94, 121, 123 building material, 51, 88, 90-91. *See also* ceiling-cloth; cement; clay; copper; earth; *gairika*; gem; granite; grass; iron; *loha*; *loṣṭa*; marble; mud; *pāṁśu*; rock; rope; sand; *sphaṭika*; stone; straw; timber; wattle; wood building ritual, 125 bungalow, 25 Burdwan: arch, 67, *68.80*

c10.4

Burgess, James, 41n, 65, 67, 89; *The Ancient Monuments, Temples, and Sculptures of India*, 120-121; *Buddhist Stupas of Amarāvatī and Jaggayyapeṭa*, 47, 61, 94, 121, 123; *Inscriptions from the Cave Temples of Western India* (with Indraji), 47n; *Notes on the Amarāvatī Stūpa*, 75; *Report on the Buddhist Cave Temples*, 98, 123 Burma: cusped arch, 55, 67, *68.82*

c10.5

*caitya*: c-ghara, 19, 48, 77; c-window, 75-76. *See also cetiya-ghara* Cāḷukya art, 57, 87, 89, *118.23*, 122; Bammoja (architect), 98 Cambodia: representation of boat, 123 *cammakāra*, 5. *See also* craftsmen *canda-sālā*: palace room, 43, 45 *candraśālā* (gable window), 75-76, 84; *See also gavākṣa*; *nāgabandha*; *pañjara* carpenter, 3n, 5, 37, 69, 93. *See also; vaḍḍhaki* *Catalogue of the Archaeological Museum, Muttra* (Vogel), 55, 59 *Catalogue of the Indian Collection, Boston*, 7n, 104; *Mughal Paintings*, 79 *Catalogue of the Museum of Archaeology at Sanchi* (Hamid), 122 *Catalogue of the Museum of Archaeology at Sarnath* (Sahni and Vogel), 74, 87, 122 cave, 129-130; c-façades, *39-42.16-20*, 41, *46.26*, 81; in Barabar hills, *106.1*, 129 ceiling, 122; -cloth, 43n cement, 37 *cetiya-ghara* (tree-shrine), 19, 41, 77; apsidal plan, *24.35*, 25, *26.39*, 28; arched windows of, 48, 55, 59, 65; sela-c (Beḍsā), 81. *See also caitya*; *caitya-ghara* *Chalukyan Architecture* (Rea), 87 chamber. *See gabbha* *chatta*. *See* roof Chezarlā: votive shrines, 118, 122 Chikkabaḷḷāpur: Mallikārjuna Chinnappa (architect), 99

c10.6

Chittor: Jaita (architect of *kīrtistambha*), 98-99 church: as body image, 131 citra, 77; pictured curtain, 43n. *See also* ornament, painting, sculpture cittakāra (painter), 5. city, 3-7. 15, 33, 75; -gate, 2-13, 15-16, 33, 35, 83; Asia Minor c, 129; "c of righteousness" in *Mil.*, 3-5; descriptions of c, 3, 89; Indus Valley c, 3; illus. of c, 32-36.1-15, 44.22, 54-58.41-56 clay, 43n, 51. *See also* earth; mud Coḷa: apsidal structures, 83 column, 25, 37-38, 97, 125, 127, 130; *hasti-nakha* c, 80-83, 81. *See also* pillar, stambha, thambha *Conjeevaram Inscription of Mahādevavarman I* (Jouveau-Dubreuil), 88 construction: arch c, 125; theatre c, 93; village c, 87, 90. *See also* house, construction/typology; thatch; tie(s); tile; wattle and daub; wood/timber, construction Coomaraswamy, A. K., 103-105, 119-120; *Catalogue of the Indian Collection, Boston*, 7n, 104; *Catalogue of the Indian Collection Boston: Mughal Paintings*, 79; "Early Indian Architecture," 61, 104n, 105n; *Essays in National Idealism*, 103; *History of Indian and Indonesian Art*, 43, 104; "Huts and Related Temple Types," 103; "Indian Architectural Terms," 7n, 15, 19n, 23n, 45, 47, 57, 104; *The Indian Craftsman*, 84, 93, 103; "An Indian Temple," 105; *Mediæval Sinhalese Art*, 5n, 15, 51, 78, 79, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 92, 95n, 96n, 98, 103; "Pali *kaṇṇikā*: Circular Roof-plate," 128n; *Selected Papers*, 105n, 114n, 125n; "Savayamātṛṇṇa: Janua Coeli," 127n; "The Symbolism of the Dome," 125n; The Transformation of Nature in Art, 104 Coomaraswamy, Rama, 105n *Coomaraswamy: Selected Papers* (2 vols., ed. Lipsy), 105n, 114n, 125n copper, 89, 92. *See also* *loha*

c10.7

cornice, 84; const. element, 9, 86, 107n, 114; c with *kūḍus*, 61, 76, 80; c representing roof element, 60.57-60, 65, 111.11; dome-and-c shrine, 93. 114-119, 121-122, 127 cottage, 109, 110, 122. *See also* hut court, 35, 36.11, 59, 80 *Court Painters of the Grand Moguls* (Binyon and Arnold), 120 courtyard, 73; c of hypaethral tree-shrine, 18.25, 21, 25; monastery c, 55n; royal c, 35, 57. *See also aṅgana* craft, 88, 126 craftsmen, 5, 84, 98, 130; social position of, 93. *See also* architect; artisan; artist; *cammakāra*; carpenter; *cittakāra*; *Indian Craftsman*; *rathakāra*; *rūpakāra*; *vaḍḍakī* cross-bar, 15, 23, 97. *See also parighā* *Cūlavaṁsa*, 13, 69 *Cullavagga* (Cull.) (Commentary by Buddhgosa), 23n, 33n, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 45, 47, 48, 51, 59, 72, 74, 75, 77-80, 84, 85, 87, 89-92, 95, 97, 106, 111n Cunningham, A., 87; *Mahābodhi*, 21n, 23, 122; *Stūpa of Bharhut*, 13, 19n, 23, 43, 55, 65, 110, 120, 121 curtain, 43n, 47, 54.42, 63; rolled up c, 51, 56.48. *See also* blind; screen

c10.8

Dabhoi: city gate, 12.20, 13, 19 daub. *See* wattle and daub Dawson, C. P.: *The Age of the Gods*, 3f decoration (building). *See* ornament (building) Deogaṛh: lintel with *gavākṣas*, 62.65, 65; mediæval *jāla*, 66.76, 67; shrine-model, 111.11, 122 *devaloka*, 61 Dhaky, M.A. *See* Shah and Dhaky *Dhammapada*, 80 *Dhammapada Aṭṭhakathā* (DhA.), 5, 9, 38, 41n, 79, 110; Buddha ascends the Ganges, 123; hand impression, 23n; *kūṭagāras*, 43, 45; ladies' rooms, 33, 35; *śikhara*, 111; *stūpa*, 74, 95; windows, 47, 51 Dhār, 93

c10.9

*Dictionary of Hindu Architecture* (*Acharya*), *3n*, *7n*, 72 *Dīgha-Nikāya* (DN.), 37, 93, 110, 114; doors/door-parts, 9n, 11, 38, 47, 69; inner palace, 33, 35; *kūṭāgāra*, 43, 86-87; lathe-turner, 88 *Dīgha-Nikāya-Aṭṭakathā*: description of Sudhamā Sabhā, 114-115 Dilwāṛā: Vimala's Ādinātha-temple inscription, 51 *Divyāvadāna* (Div.), 9n, 19, 35, 94, 95 dome: *bodhighara* entry, 25, *14.22*; d-and-cornice shrine, 93, 107, *108.5-6*, 114-122, *115-116.16-19*, *118-119.23-25*, 127; d and hut, 106-107.1-4, 110.8-9, *113.14*, 126, 131; d and *kalaśa*, 74, 86; d and skull, 125, 128; d and topknot, 111-112, *107.3-4*, *113.14*; hexagonal d, *116.18*, 117-118, *118.22*; square d, *8.15*, *118.24*, 121; *stūpa* and d, 45, 95; stone d, *65.71*, 67, 108, *119.25*; temple d, *64.71*, 67, 118-119, *118-119.23-25*; wood d, 108. *See also* Coomaraswamy, "Symbolism of the Dome" door, 27, 35, 38, 43n, 47, 74, 80; -jamb, 111, 115; -leaf/panel, *4.4/6*, 9, *11.A*, *12.21*, 13, *13.C*, 15, 16, 48, 85; -lintel, *62.65*, 65, 67; accessory d, *12.20*, 15, 19; Meso-America, d = hut, 128. *See also* gate dormer. *See candraśālā*, *pañjara*, *sīhara-pañjara* drain (age), 41 *Dravidian Architecture* (Jouveau-Dubreuil), 55, 76, 79, 86, 89, 90 dvāra. *See aṇidvāra*; door; gate *dvāra-koṭṭaka*, 32.4, 35, 38, 45, 57, 78-79, 123. *See also* gate-house *dvi-kuḍḍaka*. *See* dome, dome-and-cornice shrine

c10.10

"Early Indian Architecture," 1-69, 104, 105-124, 105n, 123 *Early Indian Sculpture* (Bachhofer), 65, 122, 123 earth, 83. *See also* clay; mud *Eastern Art* (journal), 33, 35n, 37, 104n, 105n, 120 eave, 75, 118; e as roll-moulding, 24.36, 25; e as roofing-element, 116-117; false e, 107, 114; timbered, e, 47. *See also* cornice, *osāraka* Egypt, 128 *Elements of Hindu Iconography* (Gopanatha Rao), 73, 77, 85, 104 elephant, 11, 13, 17, 61, 80, 91, 123; -backed, 82, 83; -capital, 14.22, 15, 19.24, 24.35, 25, 28, 81, 83; -cross-bar, 15; -stable, 110; -'s nail 7n, 80-83, 86. *See also hastinakha* *Epic Mythology* (Hopkins), 93 *esīkā(nī)*, 11, 16, 69. *See also* jamb; post *mukha* *Essays in National Idealism*, 103 European comparisons, 125-131

c10.11

façade: cave f, 41, 39-42.16-18, 59; decorative reality of, 129; f of pleasure palace, *36.13*, 59; f with pillared verandah, 32.2, 37, *42.20*, *46.20*, *56.50*, 61, 65 Fateḥpur Sīkrī: Panch Mahal, 41 fence, 97, *See also* wall Fergusson, J., 123; *Tree and Serpant Worship*, 95, 107n, 121 finial: *āmalaka* as f, 111, *111-112.11-13*, 116; apex of *gavākṣa*, 55, *62.62*; dome with f, *8.15*, *10.18-19*, 25, *49.30*, *50.32*, *64.71*, 67, *107.3-4*, *108.6*, *110.8-9*, 114.16, *115-116.16-18*, 116, *117.21*, *118.23-24*; marker of rank, 87; ridge with f, 9, 4-11, *14.22*, *17.25*, 22.29, 32-36, 43, *46.24-25*, *49.27/29*, *62.61*, 65, *109-110.7-9*, *117.20*; "*śikhara*" = f, 108, 111, 116. *See also* ghaṭa; kalasa Fleet, J. F.: "The Inscription on the Sohgaurā Plaque," 85, 124 floor, 17, 38, 51, 59; gallery f, 25; ground f, 2.3, 13, 16, 27, 37-38, 41, 47; inlaid f, 41; second f, 2.2, 9, 15, 16; sky f, 38, 43, 47, 59, 61; timber f, 51, 96n; upper f, 2.1, 9, 16, 45, 48, 59, 63. *See also harmya*; storey form/function, 21 fort, 41n; gateway or gatehouse, 9, *10.18-19*, *12.20-21*, 13, 16, 19 Foucher, A.: *L'Art gréco-bouddhique ...*, 94, 107, 108n, 114, 121 foundation. *See* base(ment) "French window," 25, 27, 48. *See also* *mahāvātapāna*

c10.12

*gabbha* (chamber), 33, 38, 43, 59, 92, *-dvāra*, 47; *dhātu-g*, 108; *siri-g*, 61. *See also* *garbha*, room *gāirikā*, red-chalk wall-coloring, 79 Gal Vihāra (Poḷonnāruva), 96, 123; cusped arch at, 67, *68.79*, 76 gallery, 27, 28, 83, 123; as *bodhi-ghara*, 21-25; of city-wall, 7. *See also* *ālinda*; *sīhara-pañjara* *gandhakuṭī*, 23, 79, 122; as Buddhist temple, 112, *117.21*, 121; residence of Buddha in Jetavana garden, 87, 109-110, *110.8-9* Gandhāra, 115, 121, 122 Ganguly, Mano Mohan: *Orissa and Her Remains*, 95 *garbha* (cella), 109. *See also* *gabbha* garden, 3, 5, 35, 41n, 59; -pavilions, *44.21*, 61; Jetvana *g*, 87, 109-110 gate, 7, 15n, 17, 19, 35, 75, 99; -house (*dvāra-koṭṭaka*), 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15-17, 19, 21, 33, 35, 43n, 47, 69, 73-79; -leaves, 9, 11, 13, 15, 19; -post (*esikā*), 11, 16, 69; -way, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 19, 107-109, 117. *See also* city; door; fort; tower Gauṛ: Sona Masjid, cusped arch, 57, *67*, *68.84* *Gautama Dharma Sūtra*, 84 *gavākṣa*: as balcony window, 25n, 47-48, 63, 79, 80, 109; development of pattern, 51-57, *59-66.54-78*, 61, 65, 67; *g* = *candraśālā*, 76. *See also* window *geha*, 45n, 47, 57, 59, 61. *See also* *gṛha* Geiger, William: trans. of *Cuḷavaṁsa*, 13, 19n; trans. of *Mahāvaṁsa*, 73, 74, 86, 96-98 gem, 51 Ghaṇṭaśālā (A.P.), relief, *116.18* *ghara*, 79-80. *See also* *bodhi-ghara*; *cetiya-ghara*; *geha*; *gṛha*; house *ghāṭ*, 7, 97 *ghaṭa*, 9. *See also* finial; *kalasa* *Gobhila Gṛhya Sūtra*, 11n Goli Village: relief showing hut, 121 *gopanāsi*. *See* rafter Gopinatha Rao, T. A.: *Elements of Hindu Iconography*, 73, 77, 85, 104; *Tālamāna*, 72, 95 *gopura*. *See* gate-house Govardhana: palace at, 52.34, 63 Government Museum, Madras. *See* Madras Museum granary, 5, 124 granite, 37. *See also* stone grass, 90, 120. *See also* reed; straw Greek architecture/builders, 127-131 *grāma*, 105 *gṛha*, 55n, 79-80, 93. *See also* *bodhi-ghara*; *cetiya-ghara*; *geha*; house grille (*vātāyana*), 48, 51, 97. *See also* lattice Grünwedel, A.: *Buddhist Art in India*, 87 *Guide to Sanchi* (Marshall), 16, 17, 25n, 27, 28, 45, 61, 75, 87 *Guide to Taxila* (Marshall), 79 guild, 5, 94 Gupta period, 74, 109, 112, 122; decorative forms, 48, *62.65*, 65, *66.72/74*, 67; first use of *makara* to crown *toraṇa*, 85; pre-G, 111, 120, 125; temple, *111.11*, 122 Gwalior: houses, *53.40*, 63; fortress gate (Hāthī Paur), 13, *12.21*, 19 Gyāraspur: Mālādēvī temple, 126

c10.13

hall, 47n, 93, 106; assembly h, 109, 115; *cetiya* h, 41, 77; elephant h, 110-111; gate-house h, 15, 16. *See also* *cetiya-ghara*; *śālā* *hammiya*. *See* *harmya* Hanoi: Môt-Côt, 38, *52.36*, 63 Harle, J. C.: *The Art And Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent*, 118n *harmya*, 57, 63: mezzanine floor, 6.8-11, 9, 15, 17, 19; palace, 80; pavilion, 15, 45; sky-floor, 38, 43. *Harṣacarita* (Bana), 23n, 33n, 37, 41, 45, 47 *hastihasta* (balustrade), 41, 73, 80, 123 *hastinakha*, 7n, 80-83, 86; –*ālinda*, 59, 74; causeway, 7; enbankment, 15-16;

c10.14

pillar, *42.19*, 47, 59, 81. *See also* elephant's nail hastipṛṣṭha, 82, 83 Hāthī Paur. *See* Gwalior Hāthī Gumphā (Udayagiri, Bhuvaneśvara): inscription, 45, 92 Hentse, Carl, *The Hut as the World-Place of the Soul*, 130 "Het Lingaheiligdom von Dinaja" (Bosch), 88 *Hindī Śabda Sāgara*, 25n, 48 *Hindu Tales* (Jacobi; cited by AKC as Meyer), 77 *Hindu Temple, The* (Kramrisch), 105 *History of Indian and Indonesian Art*, 43, 104 Hocart, A. M., 41, 77 Hodson, G. H.: *Languages, Literature and Religion of Nepal and Tibet*, 47 Hopkins, E. W.: *Epic Mythology*, 93; "Position of the Ruling Caste in India," 69 house, 5, 16, 45n, 74, 79-80; Adam's h, 125; construction/typology, *36.11*, 59, 76, 85, 87, 90, 92, 95-97, 108-110; merchants' h, *53.39-40*, 63; pent-h, 15, 43; summer h, 93; white (plastered) h, 37, 78. *See also* cottage, gate-h, hut, shelter Hsüan Tsang, 69, 75, 94 Huntington, S.: *The Art of Ancient India*, 127n hut, 16, 105-111,106-107.2-4, 113, 120-121; primitive h, 125-131; rules for making h, 108; Toda h, 51, 112: *See also cottage* *Hut as the World-place of the Soul, The* (Hentse), 130 "Huts and the Related Temple Types," 103 Hüttemann, W.: "Miniaturen zum Jinacarita," 97 hypaethral temple, 19, 21

c10.15

indakhila, 9, 13. *See also* indrakhila; threshold "Indian Architectural Terms" (IAT.), 7n, 15, 19n, 23n, 45, 47, 57, 72-99, 104 *Indian Architecture According to the Mānasāra-śilpaśāstra* (Acharya), 72, 84, 90 *Indian Architecture, Buddhist and Hindu* (Brown), 106, 115 *Indian Craftsman, The*, 84, 93, 103 Indian Museum, Calcutta: Amarāvatī image, 123; Bharhut, 21n, 28; Mathurā, 61, 63 *Indian Serpent-lore* (Vogel), 120, 122, 123 "Indian Temple, An," 105 *Indische Paläste und Wohnhäuser* (Reuther), 19 Indra: gate-house surrounded by images of, 9, 78-79; palace of, *32.1*, 57, 93, *108.6*, 121 indrakhila, 15. *See also* indakhila Indochina, *L'* (Maspero), 38n Indus Valley, developed city-sites, 3, 129 Inscription on the Sohgāurā Plaque, *The"* (Fleet), 85, 124 *Inscriptions from the Cave Temples of Western India* (Burgess and Indraji), 47n iron, use of, 75, 88. *See also loha* Ishtar Gate (Babylon), 16

c10.16

Jacobi, H.: *Ausgewählte Eszählungen*, 37n, 77, 91, 94, 97; *Hindu Tales* (cited by AKC as Meyer), 77 Jafna (Ceylon), shrine on coins from, 123-124 Jaggayyapeṭa: relief representing wooden shrine, 117, *117.20*, 122 *Jain Stupa of Mathura* (Smith), 97 "Jain Temples in Central India" (Meister), 126n Jainism. *See* primary sources, Jaina Jaipur: city gate, *10.19*, 19; merchant house, *53.39*, 63 jāla. *See gavākṣa*; grille; window jamb, 11, 37, 115. *See also esīkā* jar/bowl, 86; -rest, 73, 77, 87; golden b, 110. *See also kalasa* *Jātaka* (J.), 3n, 4-9, 15n, 25n, 33-51, 69, 75, 79, 87, 89, 91-94, 96, 98, 106-108, 110, 115; artisan esteemed by king, 84; Chaddanta J, *8.13*, 17; Hārita J, *55.42*, *63*; Maṇikaṇṭha J, 120; Migapotaka J, 120; Nidānakathā J, 80; Sāma J, 120; Silānisama J, 123; tree-worship, 21; Uda J, 120; Vessantara J, *4.5*, *6.9*, *16-17*, 120; war of relics, *6.8*, 17 Java, 55 Jetavana garden, 87, 109-110, *110.8-9* Jetuttara (city), *4.5*, *6.9*, 16, 17 Jodhpur: palace, *53.37-38*, 63 joist. *See* tulā Jouveau-Dubreuil, G.: *Archaeologie du Sud de l'Inde*, *47*, 55, *72*; *Conjeevaram Inscription of Mahādevavarman I*, 88; *Dravidian Architecture*, 55, 76, 79, 86, 89, 90 Junāgaṛh (Kāṭhiāwāṛ): Uparkoṭ, *60.58*, 65 Junnār: monastery, *42.20*, 61

c10.17

*Kalas, The* (Venkatasubbiah), 84 *kalasa*, 79, 86. *See also* finial; ghaṭa Kālidāsa: *Kumārasambhava*, 48; *Meghadūta*, 79; *Raghuvamśa*, 43, *48*, 55, *76*, 80 *Kalpa Sūtra*, 80. *See also Paryuṣaṇā Kalpa Sūtra* *kammāra*, 5. *See also* craftsmen *kaṇṇikā*, 45, 65, 86, 114, 125, 128n. *See also* roof-plate Kapilavatthu (city), *4.4*, 9n, *16*, *34.8*, 57, 109.7 Kārlī: assembly hall, *40.17*, 59 *Karpūramañjarī*, 33, 79 Kāthiāwāṛ: palatial cornice, *61*, 65; Talaja, *46*, 60; Uparkoṭ, *60.58*, 65 *Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra* (Meyer), 45, *73*, 74, *79*, 83, *97* Kauṭilya, *Arthaśāstra* (KA.), 86, *95-97*; city, city-gates, 2-16, 38, 45, 92; house-frame, 85; reservoir, 73; table of measure, 74; shrine/chapel, 79, 85 *kavāṭa*, 110; door panels, *6.7*, 9, 11, *16*, *17*, 48, *78*, 85; gate-leaf, *12.20-21*, 19; k-piṭṭha, 115; shutter, 65. *See also* panel *karerikuṭi* (in Jetavana garden), 87, 109, *110.9*, 121 Kern, J. H. K.: *Manual of Indian Buddhism*, 87

c10.18

*Keśava Temple at Belūr* (Narasimachhar), 79 Khajuraho: Kandariya Mahādeva temple, *112.13* Khilcipura: toraṇa, *66.74*, 67 Khodlā: cusped arch in maṭha, *67*, *68.83* kingpost of house, 45 *kīrttimukha*, *60.59-60*, *65*, *65.71*, 67, 85 kitchen, 41 knot, 112. *See also* rope; tie Koṇārak temple: use of iron, 75 Koṇḍāne: assembly hall, *39.16*, 59; Balaka (architect), 98 Kondivte, 51, 127n Kosala: city gate, *6.10* *kosambakuṭi* (in Jetavana garden), 87, 109, *110.8-9*, 121 *koṣṭhāgāra*, 85, 124. *See also* granary Kot: relief with hermit's hut, 120 Kramrisch, Stella: *The Hindu Temple*, 105 *kūḍḍa* (wattle), 106-107, *106-107.2/4*, 120 *kūḍu* (Tamil), 86, 106; faces in k, 79; pavilion, 76; window-like ornament, 48, *49.27-30*, 61, *76*, 82. *See also* candraśālā; gavākṣa *kumbha*. *See* kalasa Kumrahar: Kuṣāṇa plaque representing Buddhist temple, 105, *114.15* *Kumārasambhava* (Kālidāsa), 48 Kurari: door lintel, *66.75*, 67 Kuramgī (queen), inscription. *See* Bodhgayā Kuṣāṇa period, 72; architectural examples from, *22.31*, *29*, *31*, *59*, 61, *63*, 65, *106.2*, 112, *120-122*; gavākṣa evolution, 47-48, 55; Kumrahar plaque 105, *114.15* Kusinārā (city), *4.6*, *6.8*, *8.15*, 16, 17 *kūṭa*: finial, 87; k made of earth, 83; roof-ridge, 9, *32.2*, *37*, 43, 57, *62.61*, 65, 80. *See also* ridge *kūṭāgāra*, 86-87: abode of Boddhisattvas, 45; barrel-vaulted k, *49.27/29*, *50.32*, 61; domed k, 45; upper palace-room, *32.2-3/6*, *34.8*, *36.13*, 38, *43-51*, *52.34*, *56.46-49*, 57, 59, *62.61*, 63, 65, 92, 108

c10.19

*kuṭi*, 87; as shrine, 109; hermit's hut, 105, 114, 121; k with hexagonal dome, *110.9*, 117, 120; *paṇṇa*-k, 86; *vacca*-k, 90. *See also gandha-kuṭi; hut; karerikuṭi; kosambhakuṭi*

c10.20

*Languages, Literature and Religion of Nepal and Tibet* (Hodson), 47 *Lalita Vistara*, 86 laterite, 90-91 latrine, 90 lattice: rail pattern, 51; wall/window, 48, *52.34*, 57, *58.51-53*, *60.60*, *62.61*, 63, 65. *See also* grille; *vātāyana* lavatory. *See* latrine leaf: door-1, 48, 85; of tree, 105, 106, 115 *Legende de l'Empereur Açoka, La* (Przyluski), 19n *Legende du Buddha* (Senart), 108n Lipsey, Roger, 104; *Coomaraswamy: His Life and Work*, 103n; *Coomaraswamy: Selected Papers*, 105n, 114n, 125n, 127-128n *loha*, 88. *See also* iron Lohapāsāda: at Anurādhapura 37, 92; in *Mhv.*, 33, 43, 73; with roof of copper, 88, 92 Longhurst, A. H.: "Origin of the Typical Hindu Temple of Southern India," 115n; *Pallava Architecture*, 118, 122 *loṣṭa* (slag), 88 Lucknow Museum: Mathurā, *56.45/50*, *62.66*, 63, 65, 122

c10.21

*Mādhyamikasūtravṛtti*, 9n Madras Museum: Amarāvatī, *8.15/17*, *11.B*, 17, 19, 21n, 22.32, 29, 118, 120 Mahābalīpuram. *See* Māmallapuram *Mahābhārata*, 9n, 69, 93, 94 *Mahābodhi* (Cunningham), 21n, 23, 122 *Mahābodhivaṁsa*, 69 *Mahāparinibhāṇa Sutta*, 78 *Mahāvagga* (Mv.), 45, 77, 79, 84, 99, 114 *Mahāvagga Aṭṭhakathā* (VvA.), 45, 51 *Mahāvaṁsa* (Mhv.): bodhi-gharas, 19, 21, 23, 69; gates, 3n, 5, 7, 9; palaces, 33, 37, 38, 43, 45, 47, 51; terms, 73-75, 78, 85, 86, 88, 89 *mahāvātāpana*, 25, 28, 48. *See also* window *Mahāvyutpatti*, 9n Maisey, F. C.: *Sāñcī and its Remains*, 123 *Majjhima Nikāya* (MN.), 3n, 13, 43 *makara*, *64.70-71*, 85, 88; -*toraṇa*, 55, 67, *68.81* Mālappaluvār: Agastyeśvara temple, Coleśvara-chapel dome, *64.71*, 67 Māmallapuram, 86, 123; *rathas*, 41, 126; Arjuna r, *49.28*, 61; Bhīma r, *49.29*, *50.32*, 55, 61; Dharmarāja r, *119.25*; Gaṇeśa r, *49.27*, 61; Gaṅgāvataraṇa shrine-model, *118.24*, 119, 121; Sahadeva r, 82; Shore temple, *49.30*, 61 *Mānasāra Śilpaśāstra*, 72-74, 77, 97-98 *mañca*, 2, 89, 96. *See also vajrāsana, vedikā* *maṇḍapa*. *See* pavilion Maṇḍasor. *See* Khilcipura *Maṇimekhalai* (Cattaṉar), 87 mansion, 5, 33-38, *34.8*, 43, 48, 59, 79, 86. *See also* palace; *pāsāda; prāsāda* *Manual of Indian Buddhism* (Kern), 87 Māra, assault of, *20.26*, *27*, 28 marble, 51, 114, 128. *See also* stone market, 3, 5 Marshall, John: *Guide to Sanchi*, 16, 17, 25n, 27, 28, 45, 61, 75, 87; *Guide to Taxila*, 79 Maspero, H.: *L'Indochina*, 38n Masson-Oursel: "Une connexion dans l'esthétique de l'Inde, la notion de Pramāṇa," 92 materials, 51. *See also* building material Mathurā, *6.7-11*, 17, *18.23*, 19, 21, *22.31*, 23, *27-29*, *36.12-13*, *44.22*, *46.23*, 51, *54.43*, 55 *56.45-50*, *61-65*, 78, 97, *106.2*, *117.21*, 120-122 Mathura Museum, 21n, 29, 55, 59, 61, 63, 65, 121; *Catalogue*, 55, 59 *Matsya Purāṇa*, 33n Maurya period, 3, 77, 129 Māyā, Queen, *54.41*, 63; dream of, *34.8*, 47, *57-59* “Measurement and Proportion in Hindu Temple Architecture” (Meister), 129n

c10.22

*Mediæval Sinhalese Art* (MSA.) 103; artisan, 84; construction, 15, 51, 78, 85, 89, 90, 92; craft, 5n, 79, 87, 95; pillars, 95n, 96n; *Sāriputra*, 99

c10.23

Magesthenes, 3, 7n

c10.24

*Meghadūta* (Kālidāsa), 79

c10.25

Meister, Michael W., 103n, 125-131; “Altars and Shelters in India,” 127n; “Jain Temples in Central India,” 126n; “Measurement and Proportion in Hindu Temple Architecture,” 129n; “On the Development of a Morphology for a Symbolic Architecture,” 104n, 127n

c10.26

Meyer, *Hindu Tales*. *See* Jacobi

c10.27

Meyer, J. J., 15, 77, 97: *See also Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra*

c10.28

Meso-America, 126, 129

c10.29

mezzanine, 9, 15, 38

c10.30

*Milinda pañha* (Mil.): description of city, 3-13, 75, 89; house/palace, 33, 35, 45, 80; parts of *vīṇā*, 98

c10.31

“Miniaturen zum Jinacarita” (Hüttemann), 97

c10.32

moat: city m, 2.3, 3-7, *11.A*, 11n, 15-17; palace m, 35, 80n, 91. *See also parikhā*

c10.33

monastery: called *prāsāda*, 37, 109; collection of cells, 55n, 105, 128; Jaina, 41; luxuries in, 41; near river, 93; verandah, 42.20, 61. *See also parṇa-śālā*

c10.34

Morris, William, 103

c10.35

*Moslem Architecture* (Rivoira), 76

c10.36

Môt-Côt. *See* Hanoi.

c10.37

Mount Abu. *See Dilwāṛā*

c10.38

*Mṛcchakaṭikā*, 15n, 35, 43n, 48, 55

c10.39

mud, 106. *See also* clay; earth; wattle

c10.40

*mukha*: city entrance, 2.3, 6.10, 9, 15-17; *gandharva-m*, 60.58, 65, 76, 79, 80; porch of shrine, 123; *siṁha-m*, 85. *See also* entrance; *kīrttimukha*; porch

c10.41

*mukhavaṭṭi*. *See* bracket

c10.42

Mukherji, P. C.: *Report on the Antiquities of the District of Lalitpur*, 73, 76

c10.43

Musée Guimet (Paris): Ghaṇṭaśālā relief, 116.18

c10.44

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston: Coomaraswamy as curator, 103; Mathurā pieces, 19.23, 21n, 28, 106n, 117, 121-122; *Catalogue*, 7n, 104; *Catalogue of Mughal Paintings*, 79

c10.45

Naḍsūr, *vihāra*: cave no. 2, façade-relief, 123; grille, 51, 58.52-53, 65

c10.46

*nāga-bandha*, 89

c10.47

*nāga-danta*, 35, 121

c10.48

“Nāgadīpa and Buddhist Remains in Jafna” (Pieris), 124

c10.49

Nagarī: roofing element, 66.72, 67

c10.50

*nagara*, 89; *n-vaḍḍhakī*, 5. *See also* city

c10.51

Nāgara, 89; N-*śikhara*, 52.35, 111-112, 112.12-13, 119

c10.52

Nāgārjunikoṇḍa: inscription, 69

c10.53

nail, 88, 90. *See also* elephant’s nail

c10.54

Narasimachar, *Keśava Temple at Belūr*, 79

c10.55

*Nāṭya Śāstra* (Bhārata), 93

c10.56

Nepal: use of *“kūṭāghāra”* to designate temple, 47

c10.57

*niyyūha*, 47. *See also tāla*

c10.58

*Notes on Bōdh Gayā* (Bloch), 21n, 23n

c10.59

*Notes on the Amarāvatī Stūpa* (Burgess), 75

c10.60

“Numismatic Notes” (Smith), 123

c10.61

*On Adam’s House in Paradise* (Rykwert), 125

c10.62

“On the Development of a Morphology for a Symbolic Architecture” (Meister), 104n, 127n

c10.63

*On Yuan Chwang’s Travels in India* (Watters), 75

c10.64

Orissa: Jain Inscriptions, 41. *See also Bhuvaneśvara*

c10.65

*Orissa and Her Remains* (Ganguly), 95

c10.66

ornaments (building), 90, 91, 96. *See also* auspicious sign; painting; whitewash *osāraka*, 75; cornice, *60.57*, 65; eave, *34.8*, *46.26*, 57, 61. *See also* cornice; eave; *kapota*

c10.67

Pagān (Burma): Sūḷamaṇi-temple *toraṇa*, 67, *68.82* painter, 97. *See also cittakāra* painting, 73, 77; knowledge of, 84; "Nāgara" p, 80; p as room-ornament, 37, 89, 98; p on cloth, 80; panel for p, 92; red wall-pigment, 79. *See also citra* *prākāra*, 21, 33. *See also pākāra*; wall *pakhapāsa*, 37. *See also* wall-binding palace, 13, 16, 32-58.1-56, 33-57, 59, 63, 78, 87, 93, 130; description of parts, 41, 80; gallery court, 25n, 27; king's p, 5, 15n, 33; painted room, 77, 80, 98; p of Indra, *32.1*, 57, 93; vernacular forms, 109. *See also* mansion; *pāsāda*; *prāsāda* palankeen, *11.B*, *46.25*, 94, 123 *Pali Dictionary* (Pali Text Society), 75, 94, 98, 106n, 115 "Pali *kaṇṇikā*: Circular Roof-plate," 128n *palighā*, 7, 11. *See also* moat Pallava period, 83, 86, 118-119, 122, 123; dome, 95, *118.24*, *119.25*. *See also* Māmallapuram *Pallava Architecture* (Longhurst), 118, 122 palmette, 67, *68.84*, 91. *See also pañcāṅgula* *pāṁśu* (grit, laterite), 90-91 *pañcāṅgula*, 37, 91. *See also* palmette *pañcaram* (Tamil), 47, 48. *See also pañjara* *Pañcatantra*, 33n, 45 panel: door-p, 9, 11, 15, 38; p for painting, 92. *See also kavāṭa* *pañjara*, 63, *52.34*, 82, 86, 91; *sīha-p*, 47, 63; wagon-vault, 47. *See also sīhara-pañjara* *paṇṇa*. *See* leaf *paṇṇa-sālā*, 55n, 90, 106, 120, 121 parapet, 41, 92; battlemented p, 23; railed p, 25, 47. *See also vedikā* *parigha*, 15; elephant-p, 15. *See also* cross-bar

c10.68

park: p-wall, 92; pleasure palace in p, *36.13*, *44.22*, 59, 61. *See also* garden Parker, H.: *Ancient Ceylon*, 77, 92, 94 Parmentier, H.: "L' Architecture interprété dans les bas-reliefs du Cambodge," 123; *Architectures hindoues*, 55n, 107n *parṇa*. *See* leaf *parṇa-śālā*. *See paṇṇa-sālā* *Paryuṣaṇā Kalpa Sūtra*, 33 *pāsāda*, 33-65, 80, 123; p-panti, 79; mansion, 86; upari-p, 35n, 37, 38, 41, 45n, 57; "Vijayanta-p" insc., 93. *See also* palace; *prāsāda* Pāṭalīputra (city), 3, 7n Patañjali, 33n *Pātimokha*: rules for making huts, 108 Patna. *See* Pāṭalīputra *paṭṭa* (band, strap), 90, 91-92 Pattabiramin, P. Z.: *Sanctuaries rupestres de l'Inde du Sud*, 118n Paṭṭaḍkal, 123; development of *gavākṣa*, *66.67*, 67 pavilion, 79, 80, 85, 93, 97, *108.6*; garden p, *44.21*, 61; *harmya*, 9, 45; *kūḍu*, 76; *kūṭāgāra*, 43, 86; *maṇḍapa*, 123; *vidikā*, 110, *116.19*. *See also harmya* peak. *See* roof; *śikhara*; tower peg. *See nāga-danta* *Perse, La* (Perrot and Chipiez), 15n Peshāwar Museum: dome-and-cornice shrines, 121, 122 *Pethavatthu Aṭṭhakathā* (PvA.), 5n Pieris, P. E.: "Nāgadīpa and Buddhist Remains in Jafna," 124 pillar, 5; central p, 93, 128; const. element, 9, 37-38, 51, 80, 96, 117, 122-123; "elephant's-nail" p, *42.19*, 59, 80-83; free-standing p, *15.22*, *18.24*, *24.35*, 126; gate/*toraṇa* p, 11, 16; metal p, 75, 114; p-knob, *118.22*; p'd gallery, 23, *56.47-48*, 63, 105, *109.7*; p-g with lotus-capital, *32.2*, 57; p'd pavilion, 15, 27, 41, *44.21*, 45, 61, *107.4*, *108.6*; stone p, 87, 92, 96n; wood p, 96, 113. *See also* column; *stambha*; *thambha* pinnacle. *See śikhara* plan: apsidal, 25, *26.39*; Bodhgayā p, 23; *bodhi-ghara* p's, 25-29, *26.37-42*; city-gate p, *2.1-3*; oval p, *83*; palace p, *41*; square p, *120*, 121

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"Plant and Animal Designs . . ." (Annandale), 91

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plaster, 37, 41, 78, 87

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platform, 19; stone p, 13, 16; guard p, 15, 16; brick p, 37; *stūpa*/temple p, 74, 92, 126. *See also* vedikā, terrace

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Polonnāruva: Gal Vihāra, 67, *68.79*, 76, 123; Sat-mahal-pāsāda, *50.33*, 63, 93

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pond, 3, 5. *See also* tank

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porch: -frame, 114, 115; *bodhi-ghara* p's, *18.24*, 23, 25, *28*; cottage p, 109; monastic p, *42.20*, 47; temple p, *49.27-30*, 61, 123. *See also* ālinda; mukha

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"Position of the Ruling Caste in India" (Hopkins), 69

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post, 11, 45, 90. *See also* esikā

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*Prabandhacintāmaṇi*, 91

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*prākāra* (enclosure), 92. *See also* pāsāda; wall

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*pramāṇa* (ideal proportion), 92. *See also* Masson-Oursel

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*prāsāda*, 33, 92. *See also* mansion; palace; pāsāda

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*pratimānātaka* (Bhāsa), 23n

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primary sources, Brahmanic. *See* Āpastambha Gṛha Sūtra; *Arthaśāstra*; *Atharva Veda*; Baudhāyana Dharma Sūtra; *Bṛhatsaṁhitā*; Gautama Dharma Sūtra; *Gobhila Gṛha Sūtra*; Kauṭilya; *Mahābhārata*; *Mānasāra Śilpaśāstra*; *Matsya Purāṇa*; *Nāṭya Śāstra*; Patañjali; *Rāmāyaṇa*; *Ṛg Veda*; *Sāṅkhyāyana Gṛhya Sūtra*; Saṅkhyāyana Śrauta Sūtra; *Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa*; *Śilparatna*; Suprabhedāgama; *Tālamāna*; Vararuci; Vedas; *Viṣṇudharmottara*; Yajur Veda

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primary sources, Buddhist. *See* Aṅguttara Nikāya; *Aśokāvadāna*; *Aṭṭhasālinī*; *Avadānaśatakā*; *Buddhacarita*; Buddhagosa; *Culavaṁsa*; *Cullavagga*; *Dhammapada*; *Dhammapada Aṭṭakathā*; *Dīgha-Nikāya*; *Dīgha-Nikāya-Aṭṭakathā*; *Jātaka*; *Lalita Vistara*; *Mādhyamikasūtravṛtti*; *Mahābodhivaṁsa*; *Mahāparinibhāṇa Sutta*; *Mahāvagga*; *Mahāvaṁsa*; Majjhima Nikāya; *Milindapañha*; *Pātimokha*; *Saddharmapuṇḍarīka*; Saṁyutta Nikāya; *Sukhāvatīvyūha*; Sumaṅgala Vilāsinī; *Sutta Vibhaṅga*; Vinaya

c10.84

primary sources, Jaina. *See* Abhayadeva; *Antagaḍa Dasāo*; Kalpa Sūtra; *Paryuṣaṇā Kalpa Sūtra*; *Sthānāṅga Sūtra*; Uttarādhyayana Sūtra; *Uvasagadasāo*

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primary sources, Sanskrit literature. *See* Bāṇa; Bhāsa; *Harṣacarita*; *Karpūramañjarī*; *Kumārasambhava*; *Mālavikāgnimitra*; *Meghadūta*; *Mṛcchakaṭikā*; *Pañcatantra*; *Pratimānātaka*; *Raghuvaṁśa*; *Ṛtusaṁhāra*; *Sāhityadarpaṇa*; *Sanatkumāracarita*; *Śiśupālavadha*; *Uttararāmacarita*; Vikramacarita

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primary sources, Tamil literature. *See* *Maṇimekhalai*

c10.87

Przyluski, Jean: *La Legende de l'Empereur Açoka*, 19n

c10.88

Quackenbos, G. P.: *Sanskrit Poems on Mayūra*, 109n

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rafter (*gopanāsī*), 37; bamboo r, 96; curved wood r, 9, 45, 108, 114; stone r, *115.17*, 116

c10.90

*Raghuvaṁśa* (Kālidāsa), 43, 48, 55, 76, 80

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railing, 38, 74, 97; stair-r, 43, *44.22*, 73. *See also* balustrade; vedikā

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*rāja-bhavana*, as synonym of palace, 33

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Rājagaha (city), *6.11*, *8.12*, 17

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*rājaṅgana* (king's quarter), 48, *53.38*, 63

c10.95

*Rajput Painting*, 55, 98

c10.96

*Rāmāyaṇa*, 19n

c10.97

rampart, 3-9, *4-8.4-17*, 16, 19, 69, 83, 92, 96. *See also* antaraṭṭāla; pākāra; wall

c10.98

Rāṇpur: Dīpa (architect of Caumukh temple), 98

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Rao. *See* Gopinatha Rao, T. A.

c10.100

*ratha*. *See* Māmallipuram

c10.101

*rathakāra*, 5n, 93. *See also* carpenter; craftsmen ratna-traya, *14.22*, *21-22.28-29*, *23*, *28*; on pillar, *25*

c10.102

Rea, A: *Chalukyan Architecture*, 87

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reed, 45; r-hut (nalāgāra), 106.*8*, 120, 121. *See also* grass; straw

c10.104

*Report on the Antiquities of the District of Lalitpur* (Mukherji), 73, 76

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*Report on the Buddhist Cave Temples* (Burgess), 98, 123

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Reuther, Oscar: *Indische Paläste und Wohnhäuser*, 19

c10.107

Ṛg Veda (RV.), 45, 78, 80, 95

c10.108

ridge, 9, 45, 84; pot-r, 95. *See also* kūṭa

c10.109

ritual, 125, 128

c10.110

Rivoira, G. T.: *Moslem Architecture*, 76

c10.111

road, 3, 89. *See also* street

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rock, 91; -cut, 25, 28. *See also* stone

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Rome, 125, 127-128, 130-131

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Romulus, 125, 128

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roof, 37n, 45, 51, 80, 83, 107, 128; -apartment, 9, 15, 19, 47; -chamber, 25, 43; -dome, 25; -gallery, 28; -plate, 9, 45, 108, 114-116, 128n (*see also* kaṇṇikā); -ridge, 9, 37, 43, 86, 108, 115; barrel-r, 9, *42.18*, *49.27/29*, 61; domed r, 45, 106-*110.1-9*, 111-112, 114-115; flat-r, 15, 45, 127; peaked r, 43; pitched r (Greek), 127, 130; railed r, *53.37*, 63; reduplication of, 55, 107, 111, 116; r over *stūpa*, 77, 127n; tiled r, *36.13*, 59, 110, 111; timber r, 33n, 51, 90, 96. *See also* thatch

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room: cell, 41, 105, 109; bath r, 41, 84; bed r, 33, 35; gate/guard r, 15, 78; ladies r, 35; living r, 3, 41; palace r, 27, 43, 98; sleeping r, 43, 45, 96; store r, 85; well r, 13, 15. *See also* gabha; gallery; hall

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rope, 90, 96. *See also* knot; tie

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*Ṛtusaṁhāra*, 38

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Rudra (Arbmann), 87, 109n

c10.120

rūpakāra (sculptor), 93. *See also* craftsmen

c10.121

*Rūpam* (journal), 27n, 61, 88

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Rykwert, Joseph, 103, 125-131; *On Adam's House in Paradise*, 125

c10.123

sabhā (village assembly-hall), 93; dharma-s, 109; -khara, *115-117.17-20*, 121; Sudhammā-S, 93, *108.6*, 114-115, 117, 122

c10.124

*Saddharmapuṇḍarīka*, 45

c10.125

*Sāhityadarpaṇa*, 33n

c10.126

Sahni, D. R.: *Catalogue of the Museum of Archaeology at Sarnath* (with Vogel), 74, 87, 122

c10.127

śālā (hall): citra-ś, 77; gate-house ś, *2.3*, 9, *12.20*, 13.15, 19, 35, 78; kuñjara-ś (elephant-h), 110; kūṭāghāra-s, 43, 51, 86-87; paṇṇa-s (monastery), 55n, 90, 106, 114, 120, 121; resthouse, 5; śulka-ś (toll-h), 95; temple with ś, 43. *See also* candraśālā; ghaṇṭāśālā

c10.128

śālabhañjikā, 45, 67, 80

c10.129

salvation, 3

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saṁkrama, *2.3*. *See also* bridge

c10.131

*Saṁyutta Nikāya* (SN.), 35, 43, 45, 51, 89, 93, 106

c10.132

*Sanatkumāracarita*, 37, 51

c10.133

Sāñcī stūpa, toraṇa reliefs: 3n, 86, 87, 90, 95, 105n; of city-gates, *4-8.4-12*, 7, *11.A*, 13, *13.C*, *16-17*, *109.7*; huts/domed structures, *107-108.4-5*, *110.9*; inscriptions, 75, 87, *116.19*, *117-118*; palaces, *32-36.5-11*, *44.21*, 45, *62.62*; tree-shrines, *20-22.26-29*, *21-27*, *24.36*, *26.37-38*, *108.5*

c10.134

*Sāñcī and its Remains* (Maisey), 123

c10.135

*Sanctuaries rūpestres de l'Inde du Sud* (Pattabiramin), 118n

c10.136

sand, 91

c10.137

*Sāṅkhyāyana Gṛhya Sūtra*, 45, 107

c10.138

*Sāṅkyāyana Śrauta Sūtra*, 33n

c10.139

*Sanskrit Poems on Mayūra* (Quackenbos), 109n

c10.140

Sārnāth: *Catalogue of the Museum of Archaeology*, 74, 87, 122; lintels, *60.59-60*, 65; shrines at, 112

c10.141

*Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa*, 96

c10.142

Sāvatthi (Kosala), *6.10*, 17. *See also* Śrāvastī

c10.143

screen, 43n, 97; formed by curtain, *55.42*, 63. *See also* curtain; grille; lattice

c10.144

sculpture, 77; statuary, 9, 57, 79, 80

c10.145

*Sculpture de Mathura, La* (Vogel), 120, 121

c10.146

*Selected Papers*. *See* Coomaraswamy: *Selected Papers* (Lipsey)

c10.147

Senart, Emile, 96, 108; *Legende du Buddha*, 108n *seṇi*. *See* guild Sevadjian Sale Catalogue, 121 Shah, U.P. and M. A. Dhaky, eds.: *Aspects of Jaina Art and Architecture*, 126n shelter, symbolic value of, 126-127, 130-131. *See also* hall, house, hut, palace Sherman, Lucien, 105 shrine: bound by ligatures, 90; circular s, 93, *108.6*; dome-and-cornice s, 107, *108.6*, 114-117, *115-116.16-18*, 119; s domed with āmalaka, 111; s on platform, 126; straw-built s, 111. *See also* bodhi-ghara, cetiya-ghara, temple shutter, 48, *53.37*, *56.46-49*, 63, 65, 116 *See also kavāṭa* *Sign of the Spread Hand...*, *The* (Vogel), 23n *sīha(ra)-pañjara*: arbour, 106; dormer with window, 25n, 35, *50.31*, 48, 61; latticed balcony, *53.38*, 63; roof apartment, 43, 47. *See also* balcony *śikhara*: =*sīha*?, 47; Nāgara ś, *52.35*, 63, *66.75-76/78*, 67, 111, *111-112.11-13*; pinnacle, 108, 110-111, *111.10*, 116, 120; reduplication determines, 55, 107, 116, 119; top of wall, 45. *See also* tower *Śilparatna*, 72, 78, 79, 87, 88, 94 *Śilpaśāstras*, 3n, 72, 94, 97. *See also Mānasāra Śilpaśāstra* *sīmāgṛha* (gate-room), 2.3 *siṅghāṭaka*. *See* square Sir Ashutosh Mookerjee *Memorial Volume*, 73, 87 Sirpur: *gavākṣa* from Lakṣmaṇa temple, *62.64*, 65 *Śiśupālavadha*, 7, 15, 83 Smith, Vincent: *Jain Stupa of Mathura*, 97; “Numismatic Notes,” 123 smokehole, 128 Sohāgpur reliefs, 111, 122, 124. *See also* Sohgaurā Sohgaurā plaque/inscription, 85, 124 *sopāna*, 37, 94. *See also* stair; step source-materials, primary. *See* primary sources *sphaṭika*, 51. *See also* marble spire. *See śikhara*; tower

c10.148

square, city/public, 3, 5, 33 Śrāvastī (city), 25n. *See also* Sāvatthi *sreṇi*. *See* guild stable, 35, 110 stair, 7, 27, 41-43, 51, 80; -way, 9, 15, 27, *36.12*, *44.22*, 59, 61, 79; external s, 41, *50.33*, 63; balustrade, 73; plank, 43, 84. *See also sopāna*; step *stambha*, 79, 97; *āyaka-s*, 75; *kīrti-s*, 98. *See also* pillar; *thambha* statue. *See* sculpture step, 13, 43, 120. *See also* stair *Sthānāṅga Sūtra*, 90 stone, 51, 127-129; building material, 85, 90-91; casing, 37, 84, 95, 115, 117; foundation s, 77; granite, 37; inlay, 41; key-s, 125, 128; laterite, 90-91; marble/limestone, 51, 114, 128; moon-s, 41; s-altar, 89; s-*āmalaka*, 111-112, *111-112.11-13*; s-dome, *64.71*, 95, 108, *115.17*, 116, 121; s-paving, 85; s-pillars, 37, 51, 87, 96n; s-railing, 97; s-replica of hut, *106.1*, 129 storey, 19, 69, 106-107; cornice s, *111.11*; ground s, *32.2-5*, 57; *harmya* s, 6.9, 17; multi-s, 17, 33n, 38, *44.21*, *49.27-30*, 51, 59, 61, 85, 105, *114.15*, *116.18*; second s, 2.2, 9, 13, 15, 25; s with pavilions, 43, 85; upper s, 2.1, 13, 15, 27, 38, 47, 48, 57, 63, 65, 83, 86, 117, 121-123. *See also* floor; *tala* straw, 96, 106, 109; -hut (*tiṇāgāra*), 120, 121. *See also* grass; reed street, 5; city s, *34.8*, 38, 59; main s, 5, 7; private s, 35, 48; s-corners, 3. *See also* road *Studies in Indian Temple Architecture* (ed. P. Chandra), 117n *stūpa*, 74, 94, 95, 110, 114, 126, 127, 130; base of, 79, 85, 92; Brahmanic s, *107.4*; early use = “top,” 45, 108; iron used in foundation of, 75, 88; Jaina s, 79; roofed s, 77, 127n; s with *hammiya*, 23, 80 *Stūpa of Bharhut* (Cunningham), 13, 19n, 23, 43, 55, 110, 120, 121 *stūpika* (roof-top), 107 Sudhammā Devasabhā, 93, *108.6*, *114-115*, *116.19*, 122

c10.149

Sukhāvatīvyūha, 35, 38, 47 *Sumaṅgala Vilāsinī* (SV.) (Buddhagosa), 45, 86, 89, 92 Sumerians, 3n Śuṅga period, 72, 121, 123 superstructure, 92, 107n; made of timber, 23, 37, 38. *See also* dome; roof; *śikhara*; storey *Suprabhedāgama*, 73 *Sutta Vibhaṅga*, 77 "Svayamātṛṇṇa: Janua Coeli," 127n Swat: ashlar structure, 111, 121 "Symbolism of the Dome, The," 125n Syria, 131

c10.150

tala: *ākāśa-t*, 34.8, 59; *ardha-t*, *ādhi-t*, *dvi-t*, etc., 38, 57; *t* = floor, 37; *t* = terrace, 48, 52.34, 63. *See also* floor; storey; terrace *Tālamāna* (Gopinatha Rao), 72, 95 tank, 5, 35. *See also* pond Taxila, 79 temple, 13, 47, 55, 89, 126-131; architects of, 98-99; Buddhist *t*, 105, 109, 115.15; Drāviḍa *t*, 49.27-30, 118.23-24, 119.25, 121; fire-*t*, 107.3-4, 118, 122; iron used in, 75; Nāgara *t*, 52.35, 111-112, 111-112.12-13, 61, 63; located in cities, 3, 5, 35; prototypes of, 108-111; *t* called *prāsāda*, 33; *t* called *kūṭāgāra*, 51, 87; *t* called *kuṭī*, 109-110; tree-*t*, 16, 19-27; water-symbol in foundation, 77. *See also bodhi-ghara*; *cetiya-ghara*; shrine *Temples de l'Inde centrale et occidentale* (Viennot), 104n terrace, 47, 52.34, 63, 74, 97; plastered *t*, 41; shrine on *t*, 126; *t*'d palace, 86. *See also* tala *thambha*, 86, 97; dhaja-*t*, 14.22, 25, 28, 121. *See also* pillar; *stambha* thatch, 95; cottage/hut with *t*, 109, 110.8-9, 112, 113.14, 122; leaf-*t*, 106-107, 106-107.2-4, 115.16; symbolic value of, 130-131; *t*-patterns, 45; *t*-roof, 84, 96. *See also* roof theatre, construction, 93 threshold, 9, 47. *See also* indakhila; indrakhila tie(s): rope, 90; wood, 37. *See also* knot; rope tile: gem-set, 110-111, 115; *t*-roof, 36.12, 45, 44.22, 56.48, 63 timber. *See* wood Toda architecture, 51, 112 tomb, 41, 99, 131 tools, 3n *toraṇa*: free-standing, 2.3, 4.4, 8.14/16, 11.A, 13, 16; gate-arch, 9-15,10-12.18-21, 79, 80; makara-*t*, 85, 88; *t*-niche, 55, 68.79-84; window, 76, 85, 88. *See also* arch; architrave; Sāñcī *stūpa* tower: defence *t*, 6.8-9, 8.15, 17, 59, 75; gate-*t*, 3-9, 8.17, 15, 16, 19, 75; octagonal corner *t*, 26.40, 27; round *t*, 37n; *śikhara*, 45, 52.35, 55, 111, 111.11, 112.12-13, 114.15. *See also aṭṭāla*; peak; *śikhara* *Transformation of Nature in Art, The*, 104 *Tree and Serpant Worship* (Fergusson), 95, 107n, 121 tree: —cult, 23; —shrine, 16, 19, 21, 23, 108; umbrella over, 21. *See also bodhi-ghara* *triśūla*, crowning *toraṇa*, 85 *tulā* (joist), 37, 95, 115. *See also* beam

c10.151

Udaipur: island palaces, 93 Ujjain (city), descriptions of, 7n, 80 umbrella: —bearer 8.16, 17; over tree, 14.22, 18.23, 20.26-28, 21, 23, 24.36, 28, 116, 123 "Une connexion dans l'esthétique de l'Inde..." (Masson-Oursel), 92 Uṇḍavalli (A.P.): rock-cut reliefs, 118.23, 122 Uparkoṭ. *See* Kāṭhiawāṛ Uruvelā. *See* Bodhgayā Utpala, 84 *uttamāgāra* (roof apartment): brick-walled 15, 16, 38; analogous with *kūṭāgāra*, 45, 59; *u* of city-gate, 2.1, 9, 10.18, 19; *u* of palace, 36.13, 59. *See also* tala, *ākāśatala*; *candraśālā*; *kūṭāghara*; storey, upper *Uttarādhyayana Sūtra*, 7, 77, 84, 96, 97 *Uttararāmacarita*, 87 *Uvasagadasāo*, 90, 91

c10.152

*vaḍḍhaki*, 3n, 96; *iṭṭhaka-v*, 5, 96; *nagara-v*, 5, 89, 96. *See also* architect, bricklayer, carpenter

c10.153

Vaiśālī: roof pinnacle, 111, *111.10*

c10.154

*vajarāsana*, 69, 89, 96; centered in hypaethral *bodhi-ghara*, 14.22, *18.24*, 19, *20.26-28*, 23, *24.29*, 25, 28; space around, 75; temple of, at Bodhgayā, 21, 112. *See also* altar; *bodhi-maṇḍa*

c10.155

Varāhamihira. *See Bṛhatsaṁhitā*

c10.156

Vārānasī. *See* Benares

c10.157

Vararuci, cited from Monier-Williams, 59

c10.158

*vardhaki* (craftsman), 96. *See also vaḍḍhaki*

c10.159

*vāstu*, 97; area, 15; real estate, 97

c10.160

*vātāyana*. *See* grille, window

c10.161

*Vedas*, 3

c10.162

*vedikā*: adorned with bells, 85; railing of *bodhi-ghara*, 9, 21, *24.33-34*; balustrade/parapet, *11.A-B*, *13.C*, 25, 38, 43, 47, 48, 73, 92, 116, 117, 118; grille pattern, 51, 97; v does not = hasti-hasta, 41. *See also* altar; balustrade; platform; railing

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Venkatasubbiah, A., *The Kalas*, 84

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ventilation, 51. *See also* screen; *jāla*; verandah; window

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verandah: as gallery, *14.22*, 28; inner v, 79n; lower v, 37, *42.20*, 43n, 47, 61, 107n; no v, 75; upper v, 15. *See also* terrace

c10.166

Viennot, O.: *Temples de l'Inde centrale et occidèntale*, 104n

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*vihāra*: excavated, 41, 48; structural, 90, 105; v as Buddhist temple, 105, 112, 114, *114.15*; v as single cell, 105-106, 110, *110.8-9*

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*Vikramacarita*, 43, 80

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village (*grāma*), 105; architecture, 108, 109, 122; construction, 87, 90

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*vimāna*, 98; *dibha-v* of Indra, 32.1, 57; palace of gods, 32.4, 33; *v-dvāra*, 38; v with pavilions, 43, 47, 48. *See also* mansion; *pāsāda*; palace; *prāsāda*

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*Vinaya*, 5, 106, 108

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*Viṣṇudharmottara*, 72, 89, 94

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*Visuddhi Magga* (Vsm.) (Buddhagosa), 33n, 35, 37, 41, 45, 47, 106, 107

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*vīthi*. *See* street

c10.175

Vitruvius, 129

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Vogel, J. Ph.: *Catalogue of the Archaeological Museum, Muttra*, 55, 59; *Catalogue of the Museum of Archaeology at Sarnath* (with Sahni), 74, 87, 122; *Indian Serpent-lore*, 120, 122, 123; *La Sculpture de Mathura* (Vogel), 120, 121; *The Sign of the Spread Hand …*, 23n

c10.177

wall: brick w, 2.1-3, 17, 38, 51, 57; binding of w, 37; city w, *4-8.4-16*, 7, *11/13.A-C*, 16-19; hand-mark on w, 91; house/palace w, 15, 25, 33, 35, 43, 53.37-40, 58.45-49, 59, 63, 80; latticed w, 48, 51, *52.34*, 63; niched/painted w, 37, 55, 57; *pākāra*, 21, 33; party-w, 106-107; protection of w, 92; un-w'd shrine, *109.6*, 114-115, *115.17*, 117-118; wood/wattle/straw w, 4.4, *11.A*, 15, 47, 51, 106, *106.2*; w-plates, 96, 115; w'd *bodhi-ghara*, *22.31*, *26.40*, 27, 29; w'd *kūṭāgāra*, 32.2-3, 45, 51, 57. *See also* fence; rampart; *pākāra*

c10.178

Watters, T.: *On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India*, 75

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wattle and daub, 51, 90, 106. *See also kuḍḍa*

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well, 3, 41; room for w, 13, 15

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wheel, 35

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white ant, 37, 95

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whitewash, 51, 78, 106. *See also* house, white

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Whitney, W. P., 75, 95

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window, 16; arched w (*candraśālā*; *gavākṣa*), development of, 47-48, 51-57, 75-76, 117; bay/dormer w (*sīhapañjara*) 47, 91; "chaitya w," 48, 75-76, 109; face in w, 76, 79, 80; "French w" (*mahāvātapāna*), *14.22*, *18-20.25-28*, 25, 27, 110, *110.8-9*; hut w, 121, *127n*; *kūṭāgāra* w, 43, *47.51*, 86; latticed w, *52.34*, *60.60*, *61.61/66*, 63-65, 97; *nāga-bandha* w, 89; shuttered w, 53.37, *56.47-49*, 63-65, *115.17*, 116; slit w, 9; temple w, 33n; *vedikā*-patterned w, *56.45-46*, 63-65; w above door, 74. *See also candraśālā*; *gavākṣa*; *mahāvātapāna*;

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*pañjara*; *sīhapañjara*; *vātapāna*; ventilation

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wood/timber, 51, 90; altar, 74; as metaphor, 126, 129; central pillar, 38, 52.36; construction, 19n, 37, 95-96, 106; decorated w, 78, 90, 92, 97; floor, 41; protection against white ants, 37, 95; superstructure, 33n, 37, 38, 47, 108; turning of, 87-88, 97; w architecture, "exquisite example," 117, *117.20. See also* carpenter

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Yajur Veda, 98

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Yakṣas, 23, 89, 104

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