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History of Indian and Eastern Architecture v2.c35: Index

History of Indian and Eastern Architecture v2.c35

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English

Contents

Index

v2.c35.1

ABHAYADÂNA pagoda, near Pagân, Burma, ii. 343, 353 Abhayagiri dâgaba, Anurâdhapura, i. 227, 229, 232-233 Abhaya Tissa, Sinhalese king (A.D. 290-298), i. 235 *note* Âbû, Mount, Jaina temples on, i. 313, 315, ii. 5, 36; Temple of Vimala, 36; Temple of Tejahpâla, 40 Âdil Shâhi dynasty of Bijâpûr, ii. 189, 268f. Âdinah mosque, Gaur, ii. 257-259 Âdiswar temple, Satrunjaya, ii. 27f. Afghanistan, topes in, i. 84; Caves, 129 Agra, ii. 287; Red Palace or Jahângîr Mahall, 292f, 308; I'timadu-d-daulah's tomb, 305; Tâj Mahall, 313-317; Motî Masjid, 317 Ahalyâ Bâî's ghât at Maheswar, ii. 182 Ahin-posh stûpa, i. 89-90, 93 Ahmadâbâd: Jaina temple of Seth Hathîsingh at, plan, ii. 64; view, 65; Style and character of the architecture, 69, 190, 223, 230; Jâmi' Masjid, 230; Queen's mosque, 232; Sarkhej mosque, 233; Muhâfiz Khân's and Rânî Sîprî's, 236; Sidi Sayyid's, 237; Tombs, 238 Ahmadnagar style, ii. 190 Aihole, old temple at, i. 319; plan, 320; view, 321; Meguti Jaina temple, 356, ii. 20; Jaina cave, 18; Saiva cave, 119 Ajantâ, rock-cut Tee (or *Htî*) at, i. 70; Chaitya Cave No. 10, 148; view of the interior, 149; cross section, 149; Cave 9, 150; Cave 19, 150; plan, 151; view of façade, 152; Rock-cut dâgaba, 153; Pillars, 154, 192, 194-196, 208; Caves at, 179-181; Vihâras, 188-197; Paintings, 196, 215; Chaityas, ii. 121 Âjîvika sect, i. 130, 132; Caves, 176, 177 Ajmîr, mosque at, ii. 68, 210-214, 241; plan, 211, 212; great arch, 213 Ajmîrgadh, ii. 91 Akbar, Emperor (A.D. 1556-1605), ii. 95, 165, 167, 172, 176, 222; architectural glories of, 288-302; His tomb at Sikandara, 298; plan, 299; section, 300; view, 301 Alexander the Great, pillars ascribed to, i. 61; Invasion of India, 86, 109, ii. 186 'Alâî Darwâza, Old Delhi, ii. 201, 210; Minâr, 201, 206 'Alâu-d-Dîn's tomb and buildings, ii. 201 'Alî Masjid, stûpas at, i. 92, 216 Allahâbâd, lât or pillar at, i. 57; Hall in palace at, ii. 298 Altamsh, emperor, ii. 196; Tomb, 207, 209 Alwâr, tomb of Râja Bakhtâwar Singh, ii. 168 *Amalaka*, i. 322, 323 *note*, ii. 75, 119, 138, 140, 150; *Amalasilâ*, i. 323, ii. 114, 129, 136, 147, 159 Amarakantak, ii. 91 Amarâvatî, stûpa, i. 22, 34, 36, 59, 80-82, 102, 186; Rail at, 112, 119-123, 164, 221; Dâgaba, 122; Date, 122; Art, 222, ii. 102; Dhânyakataka, i. 294 and *note*; ii. 127, 358 Ambâ cave-temple, ii. 131 *note* ——, a Devî and a Yakshinî, ii. 28 Ambarnâth temple, ii. 147 Ambasthâla dâgaba, Ceylon, i. 238 Ambêr, palace at, ii. 176 Amoy, p'ai-lu at, ii. 475 Amritsar, Golden Temple at, ii. 161; history, 162 Amsuvarman, Lichchhavi king, i. 276 Amwâ, Hindû temple, ii. 57; view, 56 Ânanda, statue of, i. 244 and *note* —— temple at Pagân, ii. 351, 352-354, 360; plan, 361 Ananta, cave, Khandagiri, i. 178, ii. 15; Serpent, 349 Ancyra temple, i. 220 Andher, stûpas or topes at, i. 71 Andhra dynasty, i. 8, 21-23, 34 Angkor Thom, old capital of Cambodia (founded A.D. 812), ii. 374-375, 378, 380; Palaces and public buildings, 392, 394, 396, 399-401 —— Vât, temple, ii. 374-376, 377, 380-392; Plan, 381; Elevation, 382; views, 384, 385, 387, 389; 400, 402

v2.c35.2

Animals on pillar bases, i. 215 Ankai, Jaina caves at, ii. 19 Annigeri, Jaina temples at, ii. 23 Anurâdhapura, ancient capital of Ceylon, i. 228; present state of the city, 228-229; Topes or Dâgabas, etc., 229-242; The sacred Bo-tree Mahâ-Vihâra, 243; Great Brazen Monastery, 238-239; pillars, 239 Arab invasion, ii. 186-187 Arakan pagoda, near Mandalay, ii. 352 Arch, objection of Hindûs to, i. 310; Indian examples, 311; In Burma, ii. 353, 354, 357. *See* Gateways. Architecture, Buddhist, i. 51; Stambhas or lâts, 56-61; Stûpas, 62-66; Topes, 66-101; Rails, 102-124; Chaitya halls, caves, 125-169; Vihâra caves or monasteries, 170-207; Gandhâra monasteries, 209-223; Ceylon, 224-250 ——, Chalukyan, i. 420; temples, 423-450 ——, China, ii. 446-485; Japan, 486-502 ——, Civil; Dravidian, i. 411-419; Northern or Indo-Aryan, ii. 164-185 ——, domestic: in China, ii. 476-482 ——, Dravidian, i. 302; Hindû construction: arches, 310; domes and roofing, 312; plans, 319; sikharas, 322; Rock-cut temples, 327-349; Mâmallapuram raths, 327-339; Kailâs, Elûrâ, 342-346; Temples, 350-410; Palaces, 411-419 ——, Further India: Burma, ii. 339-370; Cambodia, 371-403; Siam, 404-413; Jâva, 414-444 ——, in the Himâlayas, i. 251; Kashmîri temples, 255-272; in Nepâl, 273-286; Wooden temples, 286-288, ii. 333-335; in Tibet and Sikhim, 290-296 ——, Indian Saracenic, ii. 186; Ghaznî, 191-195; Pathân, 196; Delhi, 198-210; Ajmîr, 210-214; later Pathân, 214-221; Jaunpur, 222-228; Gujarât, 229-245; Mâlwâ, 246-252; Bengal, 253-261; Kulbarga, 262-267; Bijâpûr, 268-279; Sindh, 280-282; Mughal, 283-323; Wooden, 333-335 ——, Indo-Aryan or Northern, ii. 84: Temples, 89-116; Brahmanical rock-cut temples, 117-131; temples in Central and Northern India, 132-163; Cenotaphs, palaces, ghâts and dams, 164-185 ——, Jaina, ii. 3-83; Arches, i. 311-313; domes and roofing, 313-318; plans, 319-322; Caves, ii. 9-22; Northern temples, 24-57; Towers, 57-61; Modern temples, 62-68; converted to mosques, 68; Southern Indian temples, 23, 24, 70-81; Colossal statues, 71; Bastis, 74; Tombs, 79; Stambhas, 80 Ardhanârîsa, form of Siva, i. 42 Arjuna’s rath at Mâmallapuram, i. 331; ‘Penance’ sculpture, 341 Arjuna temple (Chandi), Java, ii. 432 Aryans or Âryas, their migration into India and position, i. 9-15, 28; The dominant race before the rise of Buddhism, 47, 53; Âryâvarta, 85, 87 Âsâm monoliths, i. 288, 289 Asoka, Emperor (B.C. 263-226), patron of Buddhism, i. 19; his edicts, 32, 33, 56, ii. 31; his connection with Indian architecture, i. 51, 56, 59; his connection with Sânchi, 67, 68, 75, 77, 86, 102, 109, 117, 129, 130, 132, 133, 148; his missionaries to Ceylon, 243; to Nepâl, 270, 275; chaityas in Nepâl, 277; Lâts, i. 56-59, ii. 82; missionaries to Burma, 357, 391 Atala Masjid, Jaunpur, ii. 226 Athara Nalâ bridge, Orissa, ii. 113 Aurangâbâd Buddhist caves, i. 203, 205; Tomb of Rabia Daurâni, ii. 190, 322 Aurangzîb or ’Âlamgîr, ii. 187, 269; his buildings, 320-323; destroyed Hindû shrines at Benares and Mathurâ, 321; Mosque at Lâhor, 321; his wife’s tomb, and his own, 322 Austin or Augustin de Bordeaux, ii. 306 *note* Avadaiyâr Kôvil, cornice at, i. 396 Avalokitesvara, figure at Kanheri, i. 200 Avantipur, temples at, i. 264; fragment of pillar at, 265 Ayodhyâ, i. 9, 16, ii. 405 Ayuthiâ or Dwâravatî, old capital of Siam, ii. 404, 405, 409

v2.c35.3

BÂBAR, Mughal emperor, i. 219, ii. 175, 176, 197; his works, 285 Babylonia, architectural synonyms in Burma, ii. 365, 369 Bâdâmi, Bijâpûr district: Brahmanical caves at, i. 34, 306, 421, ii. 120-125; plan and section, 127, 128; sculptures, i. 340; Mâlegitti temple, 356; Jaina cave, ii. 9, 18, 73 Bâgh, caves at, i. 129; Great Vihâra, 182, 197-199, ii. 19; plan, i. 198; Paintings, 198 Bahmanî dynasty, style of, ii. 189 Bahulârâ temple, near Bâukurâ, i. 15 Baijnâth or Kîragrâma temples, i. 297-301 Bakariyâ kund buildings, ii. 87-88, 216, 227 Bakheng pyramidal temple, south of Angkor Thom, ii. 399

v2.c35.4

Baktria, kingdom of, i. 29, 37, 52, 86, 209, 223

v2.c35.5

Balagâmve or Balagâmi in Mysore: stambha, i. 348; temples, 441-442

v2.c35.6

Banavâsi, or Vanavâsi, i. 19, 303 *note*

v2.c35.7

Bands or Dams, ii. 183

v2.c35.8

Bangkok, Great Tower, ii. 410, 411; Hall of Audience, 411, 412

v2.c35.9

Bânkurâ, Hindû temple near, i. 15.

v2.c35.10

Bânteaï Kedei temple, Cambodia, ii. 375, 396, 397

v2.c35.11

Baolîs or step-wells, ii. 183, 239

v2.c35.12

Bapuon, temple in Angkor Thom, ii. 375, 376, 398

v2.c35.13

Bârâbar, near Gayâ, caves at, i. 130, 176

v2.c35.14

Barâ-Dewal or Vimâna, ii. 93, 99, 109

v2.c35.15

Bârâmûla, temple at, i. 262

v2.c35.16

Bârbâti fort destroyed, ii. 95

v2.c35.17

Bardisanes, i. 42

v2.c35.18

Barikot Tope (Uttarasena Stûpa), i. 93

v2.c35.19

Baroli, temples at, ii. 133; view and plan, 134; ornamented pillar, 135

v2.c35.20

Bassak temple, ii. 397, 398, 400

v2.c35.21

Bastian, Dr. Adolph, Cambodian explorations of, ii. 372

v2.c35.22

Bastîs or Basadis, Jaina temples, ii. 71, 74

v2.c35.23

Batwâ, tomb at, ii. 240

v2.c35.24

Baubaugyî-payâ, pagoda at Prome, ii. 342, 360

v2.c35.25

Bayley, E. C., sculptures brought from Jamâlgarhî, i. 209

v2.c35.26

Bayon temple in Angkor Thom, ii. 374, 376, 379, 380, 392-394; plan, 393; tower, 394; 396, 398-400

v2.c35.27

Bêbê temple at Prome, ii. 354, 356

v2.c35.28

Bedsâ, chaitya cave, i. 138; plan, 138; and capital of pillar, 139; view on verandah, 140, 168; Vihâra, 179, 186

v2.c35.29

Begam Kothî, Lucknow, ii. 326; view, 327

v2.c35.30

Belûr, in Mysore, great temple at, i. 428, 437, 439; plan, 439; view of porch, 440; view of pavilion, 441; ii. 128

v2.c35.31

Benares, view and diagram of temples at, ii. 90, 152; Visveswar temple at, 151, 153, 321; View of balcony at the observatory, 178; Ghuslâ Ghât, 181, 182

v2.c35.32

Bengal: Caves, i. 175; Its architecture and local individuality of its style, ii. 189, 253; Form of roofing, 159, 169; example, 161; type, 254

v2.c35.33

Beng Mêaleâ temple, ii. 377, 380, 394-396; plan, 395; view, 396; 400

v2.c35.34

Besnagar caves, i. 129

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Bessho, Japan, octagonal pagoda at, ii. 497, 499

v2.c35.36

Bettas, hill sacred places of the Jains, ii. 71

v2.c35.37

Bhâja, chaitya cave: plan, i. 134; façade, 135; emblems in, 136; Dâgaba, 137, 148, 213; Small early cave at, 177; Capital, 178, 196; Sûrya, 178, 180

v2.c35.38

Bhagavat Gîtâ, i. 223

v2.c35.39

Bhamti or close corridor, ii. 30, 43, 47

v2.c35.40

Bhangarh temples, ii. 55

v2.c35.41

Bhaniyâr or Buniâr temple, near Naushahra, i. 266; view of court, 266

v2.c35.42

Bharatpur Râja’s cenotaph, ii. 169

v2.c35.43

Bharaut, stûpa, i. 20, 36; Rail at, 7, 102-109, 113, 117, 119, 123; Round temple and part of a palace, 158, 159; Sculptures, 36, 52 *note*, 222, 336 *note*; square and oblong cells from a relief at, 173; Torana, 259 *note*, ii. 136, 426, 444

v2.c35.44

Bharoch, mosque at, ii. 241

v2.c35.45

Bhatgâon, Nepâl: i. 273, 276; Bhawânî temple at, 280; Palace doorway, 282, 285; ii. 483

v2.c35.46

Bhâttiprolu stûpa, i. 34, 83

v2.c35.47

Bhaumajo or Bumaza cave, i. 268, 272 *note*

v2.c35.48

Bhikshugrihas, monks’ cells, ii. 9

v2.c35.49

Bhilsâ topes, i. 66-68

v2.c35.50

Bhîma’s Rath, Mâmallapuram, i. 331, 332

v2.c35.51

Bhîma temple (Chandi) on Dieng Plateau, Jâva, ii. 431, 432, 441

v2.c35.52

Bhîmakesava temple, i. 268 *note*

v2.c35.53

Bhîmesvara temple, Mukhalinga, ii. 114

v2.c35.54

Bhoga-mandir, refectory, ii. 93, 99, 109

v2.c35.55

Bhojpur, topes at, i. 71

v2.c35.56

Bhutesa temples at Wâniyat, i. 267

v2.c35.57

Bhuvaneswar temple, i. 325, ii. 92; Great or Lingarâja temple at, 99; plan, 99; view of, 100; Great Tower, 102; Râjarânî, temple at, 103; doorway in, 104; Principal temples, 116, 117, 119

v2.c35.58

Bîdar, Bahmanî capital, ii. 189, 266; buildings at, 267

v2.c35.59

Bihâr caves, i. 130-133

v2.c35.60

Bijanagar. *See* Vijayanagar

v2.c35.61

Bijâpûr, ii. 189, 190; its architecture, 268; Jâmi’ Masjid at, 269; plan, 270; sections, 271; Tomb of Ibrâhîm, 272; Of Muhammad, 273; pendentives, 274; section, 275; Audience Hall, 278; Mihtarî Mahall, 278, 279

v2.c35.62

Bimeran, tope at, i. 91

v2.c35.63

Bintenne, relic and dâgaba, i. 63

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Birs Nimrûd, ii. 365

v2.c35.65

Bîr-Singh-deva Bundelâ, ii. 175, 321

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Blitar, tomb at, Jâva, ii. 442

v2.c35.67

Bodh - Gayâ temple, rail at, i. 20, 36, 102-104, 109, 113, 117, 118, 250; Burmese inscriptions, 77; Bas-relief from, 134; Temple or Stûpa, 76-79, 170, 295, 322, 325, ii. 119, 353 *note*, 362 *note*, 364; Sacred tree, i. 243

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Bodhi-tree, i. 77, 109; in Ceylon, 103, 229, 240, 242-243

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Bodhisattwas, i. 221, ii. 426, 428, 441

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Bodhnâth temple, Nepâl, i. 278, 279

v2.c35.71

Boro-Budur, Jâva, ii. 374, 383, 386, 391, 416, 417; erection, 420, 422; plan, elevation, and section, 423; sections of domes, 424; view of central entrance and stairs, 429 Bot, in Siam, the temple proper, ii. 406, 407, 409 Bracket construction in China and Japan, ii. 454, 495 Brahmâ faces on Cambodian temples, ii. 378, 392, 397, 398, 401, 408 Brâhman caste, i. II Brahmanical rock-temples, ii. 120 Brahmanism, i. 308 Brindâban, ii. 155; plan of Govindadeva temple at, 156; view, 157; balcony in temple, 158; Plan of temple of Jugal Kishor at, 158, 176 Buchhanapalli temple, i. 435; view of, 436 Buddha, i. 9; period of his life, 16, 17; previous Buddhas, 41; apportionment of his remains, 62-64; Relic at Bintenne, 63, 64; Images of, 221, 222; Footprints, 223; Colossal figures of, 245 and *note*, 263 *note*, 272 *note*; Nirvâna figures, 248; his tooth, its sanctity, shrines, and migrations, 63, 64; his begging pot, 64, 65; Relics at Rangoon, 63, ii. 347; Previous Buddhas, i. 41, 63, ii. 347 Buddhagosha, monk, i. 162 Buddhavarsha era, or of the religion, ii. 359 *note* Buddhism, its founder, i. 16, 17; its history, 17-20; missions, 19, 41, 52, ii. 357; in Southern India, 307; in Cambodia, ii. 375 Buddhist architecture, earliest traceable date, i. 51; style, 53; monuments in Southern India, 33; Classification, 54; rail patterns, 136, 146; Buddhist rail in Ceylon, 242; Monasteries in Tibet, 293; Vihâra at Dambal, 431, 432; Temples in China, ii. 461-464; Monastery in Pekin, 462. *See* Architecture Bukhârâ, ii. 187, 196 Bumazu temple, Kashmîr, i. 268, 272 *note* Bundi palace, ii. 173 Buniâr or Bhaniyâr temple, i. 266 Bu-payâ, pagoda at Pagân, ii. 341 Burma, architecture in, ii. 339; Chaityas and circular pagodas, 341; Square temples, 352; Thatôn or Thahtûn, 357; Prome, 359; Pagân, 360; Monasteries, 365-369 Byzantine domes, i. 316

v2.c35.72

CAMBAY or Kambhat, Jâmi' Masjid and tomb at, ii. 241 Cambodia (ancient Kambuja), relations with Ceylon, i. 246; Architecture in, ii. 371; French, German and English researches in, 372; traditions, immigrants, history, 373-375; Temples, 376; temple of Angkor Vât, 380; temple of Bayon, 392; temple of Beng Méaleâ, 394; other temples, 396; Pyramid temples, 398; palaces, 399; Civil architecture, 401; Causeways, 402; remarkable evidences of mechanical skill and civilisation, 402, 403 Canton, P'ai-lu near, ii. 473 —— river, 'Second Bar Pagoda' on the, ii. 470 Capitals and columns, Tirhut and Sankisa, i. 58; Kârlê, 60; Bedsâ, 139; Kanheri, 164; Bhâjâ, 178; Nâsik, 188; Pâtnâ, 207; Ajantâ, 208; Jamâlgarhî, 214; Perso-Indian, 215; Anurâdhapura, 235, 236; Kashmîr, 257; Hindu-Corinthian, 299; Gupta, 301 Caves, i. 20, 125; numbers, 128; geographical distribution, 129; Ajantâ, 148, 154, 180; Bâdâmi, ii. 121, 127; Bâgh, i. 182, 197; Bârâbar, 130; Bedsâ, 138; Bengal, 175-177; Bihâr, 130; Bhâjâ, 134-137; Dhamnâr, 164, 179, 200; Elûrâ, 159, 201, 342, ii. 19, 120; Guntupalle, i. 128, 155, 167; Junâgadh, 181, ii. 31; Junnar, 155, 168; Kalugumalai, 22; Kanheri, i. 162, 176, 182; Karhâd, ii. 124; Kârlê, i. 142, 161; Kholvi, 129, 166, 200; Kondânê, 134, 148, 179; Kondivtê, 131, 199; Orissa, ii. 9; Pitalkhorâ, i. 134, 137, 148, 169; Sânâ and Talâjâ, 179; Mode of ornamentation, 170 Cenotaphs, ii. 164-169 Ceylon, Buddhist relics in, i. 63; Chronology, 224; Its ancient architecture, 226-250. *See* Anurâdhapura Chaityas, i. 55; Chaitya halls, Buddhist temples, 124-129; at Sânchi, 126; at Têr, 126; at Chezarla, 127; windows, 216, 217; Nepâl, 277; Burma, ii. 341. *See* Caves *Chaityângana* or *pradakshina*, i. 295 Chakdarra, Stûpa at, i. 93, 217 *note* Chakpat stûpa, i. 91, 92, 97 Châlis Sitûn at Allahâbâd, ii. 298 Chalukya, Western dynasty, i. 26, 27, 34; architecture, 420-450; kingdom, ii. 22. *See* Architecture Chambâ, wooden temples in, i. 286, 287 Châmpânîr Jâmi' Masjid, ii. 242 Champâdesa, Annam, ii. 373 *note* Champâs of Cochin China, ii. 375 Chandragiri palace, i. 417, 418 Chandragupta Maurya (B.C. 320-286), Sandrokottos of the Greeks, i. 8, 18, 109 Chandragupta I. (*cir.* A.D. 320), i. 23

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Chandragupta II. (*cir.* A.D. 412), i. 23, 24, ii. 208 Chandrâvati in Gujarât, pillars at, ii. 43; near Jhâlrâpathan, temple or porch at, 132; Plan, 133; 140 Chaultrîs or Chawadîs, i. 309; Tirumal Nâyyak’s, 386 Chaumukh pillars, i. 347, ii. 21, 28; Temples at Pâlitânâ, 28, 61 Chaurâsi Gumbaj, tomb at Kalpi, ii. 219 *note* Chausath Joginî temples at Khajurâho, ii. 51, 141; at Rânîpur Jhariâl, 51 Cheras of Kerala, i. 32, 34, 303, 305-306 Chergâon, wooden temple at, i. 287 Chezarla, Buddhist structural chaitya, i. 34, 127, 128, 319, 336 Chhattîsgarh, province, ii. 91 Chhattras, i. 66, 278; chhatris or cenotaphs, ii. 164, 165 *Chhattrâvalî*, i. 279 Chidambaram or Chillambaram, temple at, i. 307, 373; plan, 375; Porch of hall, 376; section of porch, 377; View of ruined temple, 378, 388 China, deficiency of information, ii. 446; divergence between its people and the Egyptians, 447; causes of the absence of certain classes of buildings, 448-450; development of Chinese buildings, 451; Roofs, 452-454; I’rimoya roofs, 455; materials employed, 456; Temple of the Great Dragon, 459; Buddhist temples, 461; Tombs, 465; T’ais or Pagoda towers, 468; P‘ai-lus, 472; Palaces, and domestic architecture, 476-485 Chitor or Chitorgadh, Srî Allata or Khaitan Rânî’s Jaina tower, ii. 57-59; Kumbha Rânâ’s Jayastambha, 59-60; buildings, 88, 165; Mîrâ-Bâî’s temple, 150-151; Palace of the Mori or of Ratnasingh, 170; of Kumbha Rânâ, 171; of Bhîma and Padminî, 172 Chodaganga of the Ganga dynasty, ii. 95, 108 Chok Gargyar (now Kohker), temporary capital of Cambodia, ii. 375 Chola kings, i. 27, 32, 34; dynasty and kingdom, 304-307 Chorten, Tibetan dâgaba, i. 290 *note*, ii. 463 Chronology of India, i. 9 *note*; of Ceylon, 18, 224 Chûlâmani or Tsûlâmani pagoda, ii. 354, 363 Circular relic shrines in Ceylon, i. 247 *and note* Civil Architecture: Dravidian, i. 411-419; North Indian, ii. 164-185; Cambodian, 401; Chinese, 476; Japanese, 501

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Colombo, Hindu temple at, i. 339-340 Colossal statues, Buddhist, i. 245 *note*, 263 *note*, 272 *note*; Jaina, ii. 49, 55, 72 *note* Confucius, temples of, ii. 456 Conjivaram or Kânchîpuram, Pallava capital, i. 34; Temples at, 357; Vaikuntha Perumâl temple, 359; Ekâmranâtha temple and gopuram, 360, 374 *note*; Varadarâjaswâmi temple, 360; Kâmâkshi temple, 361 Converted temples, ii. 68 Corinthian capitals from Gandhâra, i. 214, 215, 217, 258 Cosmas Indikopleustes, i. 31 Councils, Buddhist, i. 17, 19, 22, 68, 87, ii. 359 *and note* Court, M. Topes opened by, i. 92, 94 Cowie, Rev. A., Kashmirian explorations, i. 252 Crystal palace, Sydenham, Major Gill’s copies of Indian frescoes, i. 196 *note*; Sculptures, 210 Cunningham, Gen. Sir A., Eastern Archæological Explorations of, i. 58, *et seqq.*

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DACCA, a capital of Jahângîr, ii. 304 Dâgabas, i. 54, 65; Amarâvatî, 122; Rock-cut at Bhâjâ, 137; Kârlê, 145; Ajantâ, 153; Anurâdhapura, 229-241; Circular of Burma, ii. 341; Bu-payâ at Pagân, and others, 341; Kaung Hmaudau, 345; Shwe-Hmaudau, 346; Rangoon, 348; Sinbyume at Mingûn, 349; Mingûn-payâ, 351 Dakhan monastery of Fah Hian and Hiuen Tsiang, i. 171, 241, 408-409 Daladâ Mâligawâ, or Tooth relic shrines, i. 235, 241 *note*, 247 *note*; misnamed, 248 Dalai Lâma, worship paid to, i. 292, 293 Dambal temple of Dodda Basavanna, i. 431 Dambulla rock-temples, i. 248 Dams or Bands, ii. 183-185 Dârantâ, Jalâlâbâd, topes at, i. 89, 90 Darya Daulat pavilion at Seringapatam, ii. 323 Dasaratha, inscriptions of king, i. 132 Das Avatâra, Hindû cave, Elûrâ, ii. 121-124 Dastûr Dînâr, ii. 268 Dasyus, aborigines of Northern India, their civilization, i. 13-15, 17, ii. 85 Datiyâ palace, ii. 173 Daulatpur stûpa, Sindh, i. 100 Delhi, Lât at, i. 56; Jaina temple, ii. 66-67; Palace of Shâh Jahân, 309-312; Jâmi‘ Masjid, 318-319; Modern pavilion, 328 ——, Old, mosque, ii. 197; section, arches, and minâr of the Qutb, 202- Delhi, Old—(*continued*)—210; Iron pillar, 207; Interior of tomb, 209; view of tomb, 217; Pendentive from mosque, 220 Depung monastery, Tibet, i. 294 Devânampiya Tissa, Sinhalese king (B.C. 247-207), i. 63, 224 *note*, 235, 238 Dhamek stûpa at Sârnâth, i. 71-75 Dhammayangyî temple at Pagân, ii. 361-362 Dhammayazika pagoda, ii. 342 *note* Dhamnâr, caves at, i. 164-166, 179, 200, 204, ii. 21; rock-temple at, 129-130 Dhânyakataka, early Andhra capital, i. 22, 294 Dhâr, Jâmi' Masjid, ii. 201, 246; Iron pillar at the Lât Masjid, 247 Dhârâsinva, Jaina caves at, i. 182, ii. 19 Dharmachakra, 'Wheel of the Law,' i. 75 Dharmadhâtu-Mandala, i. 280 Dharmarâja, rath at Mâmallapuram, i. 172, 332-335 Dharmasâla at Mandû, ii. 250 Dhârwâr, temples, i. 352-357, 424, ii. 92, 117; Dîpdâns, i. 347 Dholkâ mosques, ii. 243 Dhundiya, Jaina sect, ii. 27 *note* Dhwajastambhas at Kailâs, i. 346-348 Dhyâni, Buddhas, i. 230 and *note*, 245, 277, 279, ii. 436 Dieng plateau in Java, group of temples on, ii. 417, 430-433, 441 Dîg, garden palace at, ii. 169, 178; Hall, 179; View from central pavilion, 180 Digambara Jains, ii. 3, 4, 7; Caves, 21 Diguva Ahobalam, unfinished mantapam at, i. 404 Dikpâlas, sculptures of, i. 428 Dîmâpur, monoliths at, i. 288, 289 Dîpawansa, Sinhalese chronicle, i. 7, 8, 224 Dîpdân pillars, at Dhârwâr, i. 347-348; in South India, ii. 81 Domes, Hindû, i. 312-319, ii. 56, 135; Indian Saracenic, 271; constructive diagram, 276; Boro-Budur, 424 Domestic architecture: Chinese, ii. 476; Japanese, 501 Don-Thal or Dukhya-garh, a Buddhist vihâra, Elûrâ, i. 203 Doorways, i. 428; sloping jambs, 217 *note*; Nepâl, 282; Hanamkonda temple, 423; Bhuvaneswar, ii. 104; Fathpur-Sîkrî mosque, 297 Doric pillars, in Kashmîr, i. 256-258, ii. 129 Draupadî rath, Mâmallapuram, i. 330 Drâvida-desa, i. 303, ii. 84 Dravida-Munda race, i. 46 Dravidian people, i. 12, 28, 31-33, 42, 45-49, 52: Style, its extent, 302; historical notice, 303-307; Religions, 307; Rock-temples, 327; Temples, 350-410; Civil architecture, 411-419; Dravidian and Indo-Aryan temples, ii. 89 *Dubika*, ii. 357 Dukkantein temple, Mrohaung, ii. 354 Dumar Lenâ, Elûrâ rock-cut temple, ii. 124, 127; Plan, 128 Durgâ, goddess, i. 42; in Nepâl, 277 Dutthaghâmini, Sinhalese king (B.C. 100-77), i. 63, 224, 230, 238, 243 *note*

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EKLÂKHI Masjid at Gaur, ii. 259 Eklinga temples, ii. 148 Elâla Sohona mound, Anurâdhapura, i. 229 Elâpura temple (Elûrâ), excavated by Krishna I., Râshtrakûta, i. 348 Elephanta cave-temple, ii. 124, 127-129 Elliot, Sir Walter, i. 207 *note* Elûrâ, Buddhist caves at, i. 159; Visvakarma cave, 159; Vihâras, 201-205; Kailâs, 303, 342-346; Jaina caves, ii. 19-24; Brahmanical caves, 120-124; Dumar Lenâ cave, 127, 128 Epigraphy, i. 8, 9; 'Epigraphia Carnatica,' 33 *note* Eran, boar at, i. 24; Lât, 60; pillars, 301, 348; Remains at, ii. 132 Etruscan tombs, i. 312, ii. 465 European tombs at Lucknow and Surat, i. 330

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FAÇADES, Bihâr, i. 131, 135; Burma, ii. 367 Fah Hian, Chinese pilgrim, i. 23, 80, 222, 227, 239, 241, 242, ii. 373, 391, 419 Fathpur-Sîkrî, ii. 177, 190, 293; carved pillars in, 294; Mosque at, 295, 320; southern gateway, 296 Firozâbâd, ruins of, ii. 198 Firoz Shâh, lât re-erected by, i. 56 Foucher, M. Alf., Mission of, to report on Buddhist remains, i. 89 and *note*, 93, 210 *note*, 213, 223

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GABLETS on stûpas, i. 216, 258 Gadag temples, i. 427 Gajabâhu I., Sinhalese king (A.D. 173-185), i. 230 Galaganâth temple in Dhârwâr, i. 432, ii. 89 Galpota or stone book, Polonnaruwa, i. 246, 247 Gal Vihâra sculptures, Ceylon, i. 244, 248 Gândan Monastery, Tibet, i. 294 Gandhakûtî temple, i. 75 Gandhâra art, i. 37 *note*; Topes, 84-89; Monasteries, 209-223; Sculptures, 209-211, 218; gablets, 216, 258; inscriptions, 221, 257; Vihâra roofs, 269; ii. 415, 425, 427

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Ganesa caves at Junnar, i. 159 *and note* —— cave, Udayagiri, ii. 12-15; pillar in, 13; sculpture, 14 —— rath, Mâmallapuram, i. 333, 337 Ganges, the, and its Ghâts, ii. 181 Garuda, winged bearer of Vishnu, i. 282, ii. 111, 409, 443 Gate-pyramid or Gopuram, at Kumbakonam, i. 395 Gateways and Torans, i. 114; Sânchi, 115; Vijayanagar, 311; Jhinjhuwâdâ, 312; Worangal, 434; Vadnagar, ii. 136; Nâgdâ, 149; Jaunpur, 224; Fathpur-Sîkrî, 296; Pekin, 462, 474; Japan, 492, 497 Gaudama or Gautama, the Buddha, i. 63, ii. 347; image, 352 Gaudaupalin temple at Pagân, ii. 363, 364 Gauhati, ruins of, i. 290 Gaur, ii. 189, 223, 253; peculiar form of roof in, 253, 254; Mosques, 256; their defects, 259; Minâr, 259; Gateways, 260 Gautamîputra Sâtakarni, Andhra king (*cir.* A.D. 125), i. 22, 30, 113, 185 —— cave, Nâsik, rail at, i. 113; cave, 159, 164; pillar, 185 Gautamiswâmin or Gômata, images of, ii. 28 *note* Gayâ, i. 73. *See* Bodh-Gayâ. Gelugpa, yellow-cap Buddhists in Tibet, i. 293-294 Ghantasâlâ, ruined stûpa, i. 34, 83, 84 Ghâts or landing-places, ii. 181; Ghuslâ, Benares, 182 Ghaznî, style of architecture, ii. 188, 189; Buildings of Mahmûd and his nobles, 191; Minâr at, 192, 206; Ornaments from the tomb of Mahmûd at, 193 Ghuslâ Ghât, Benares, ii. 182 Ghyâsu-d-dîn Tughlak, i. 276 Gill (Major R.), copies of Ajantâ paintings by, i. 196 *note* Girnâr Hill Stûpa, i. 101 *note*, ii. 31; shrine of the Jains, 5, 30; Temple of Neminâth, i. 262, ii. 32; Vastupâla's temple, 34 Go-ku-pea tower at Tashi-lhun-po, i. 294 Golkonda tombs, ii. 189, 279, 280 Gômata, Gomatesvara or Dorbali, Jaina image, ii. 21, 72, 73 Gondophernês or Guduphara, king in Gandhâra (*cir.* 45 A.D.), i. 30, 221, 222 Gopâl-ganj, temple at, ii. 161 Gopura, i. 309, 330-346; at Kumbaconam, 395; of Cambodian temples, ii. 379 Govardhan, temple of Harideva at, ii. 159; cenotaphs, 169 Græco-Baktrians, i. 37 Greek art in Gandhâra sculpture, i. 37, 219-221, 257

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Griffons, ii. 137, 443 Gudivâda ruined stûpa, i. 34, 83 Guduphara. *See* Gondophernes Gujarât, Saracenic architecture, ii. 188; Historical account, 229-246 Guntupalle rock-temples, i. 34, 128, 129, 155, 158 *note*, 167-169 Gupta dynasty (320-540 A.D.), i. 11, 23, 24, 30; Capital, 300, 301; ii. 114, 136 Gurkhâs, i. 276 Guruvâyankeri dhwajastambha, i. 348, ii. 81; pavilion at, 79 Gwâliar, Jaina rock images, ii. 48; temples, 137; Chaturbhuj temple, 137, 140; Sâs-Bahû, 137, 138; Teli-ka Mandir, 139, 140; Temple or dargah of Sindia's mother, 153; view, 154; Mân Singh's palace, 175; Tomb of Muhammad Ghaus, 291; view, 292 Gyan-tse, Tibet, golden temple at, i. 294 Gyâraspur, temple at, ii. 54, 55

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HADÂ or HIDDÂ, stûpas at, i. 89 Haibatgrâm stûpa in Top-darra, i. 93 Halebid in Mysore, temple at, i. 35, 241, 384; Kedaresvara temple, 442; view, 443; Hoysalesvara temple, plan, 444; restored view of the temple, 445; its varied design, 446; view of central pavilion, 447; succession of animal friezes, 448; ii. 386 Hanamkonda or Anamkond, great temple of, i. 432; view of doorway, 433 Haramukh shrine, Kashmîr, i. 267 Harsha-Sîlâditya, king, i. 25, 26, 320, ii. 121 Hashtnagar inscription, i. 222 Hâthî-gumphâ inscription of Khâravela, ii. 10, 11 Hemadpantî temples, ii. 148 *and note* Heta-Da-ge vihâra at Polonnaruwa, i. 248 Hiddâ or Hadâ tope, i. 89, 91 *note* Himâlaya, Buddhist missions to, i. 68, 86; Architecture, 251-301 Hindû five religious sects, i. 178 *note* —— temple at Bânkurâ, i. 15 History of India, i. 6-9 Hiuen Tsiang, Chinese pilgrim, i. 25, 58, 76, 93, 103; at Amarâvatî, 123; in South India, 206, 239, 241, 270, 272, 275; in Âsâm, 289; 292, 308, 319, 357, 421, ii. 11 *note*, 31, 121 Hokujo temple, near Nara, Japan, ii. 499 Ho-nan, China, Buddhist temple, ii. 461 Honeysuckle ornament, i. 57, 58 Hôriuji temple, Japan, ii. 486-489, 493, 496; plan of pagoda, 497; section, 498 Hoysala Ballâla kings, i. 35

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Htî or “Tee” of stûpas, i. 66, 70 and *note*, 145, ii. 344, 346, 347, 352, 360, 364 Huchchhimallîgudi temple, at Aihole, ii. 119 Humâyûn Shâh, tomb of, at Old Delhi, ii. 290 Hûnas, Ephthalites, i. 24, 31, 222 Hushkapur vihâra, i. 263 *note* Huvishka, Kushan king, i. 77, 93

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IBRÂHIM ’ADIL SHÂH, mosque and tomb of, at Bijâpûr, ii. 272 Ike-gami temple, near Tôkio, Japan, ii. 491-493, 499 Images, worship of, i. 222 Imâmbâra, at Lucknow, ii. 328, 329 Immigrations, i. 27-31 India, inducements to the study of its architecture, i. 3-6; its history, 6-31; sculpture, 35; mythology, 38; statistics, 45 ——, Southern, unsatisfactory records, i. 31 ——, Western, its architecture, ii. 117-131 ——, Central and Northern, ii. 132 ——, Further, Burma, ii. 339-370; Cambodia, 371-403; Siam, 404-413; Jâva, 414-445 Indian Saracenic styles, ii. 186; divisions of styles and their boundaries, 188-190. *See* Architecture —— early school of art, i. 222 Indo-Aryan or Northern style, ii. 84; reasons for the term, 85. *See* Architecture Indra Sabhâ cave, Elûrâ, ii. 18-21 Inlaid marble (*pietra dura*) work, ii. 306, 307, 316 Ionic pillar from Shâhdherî, i. 218; order, ii. 129 I'rimoya roofs in China, ii. 455, 456, 464, 478, 486, 488, 500 Iron pillar at Meharauli, Old Delhi, ii. 107, 199, 207-209; at Dhâr, 247; iron beams at Kanârak, 107 Ishpola tope, i. 92 Isurumuniya rock-temple, Anurâdhapura, i. 242, 248 I'timadu-d-daulah's tomb, Agra, ii. 305-307 Ittagi, Saiva temple at, i. 424, 425

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JABANG (Chandi) temple, Jâva, ii. 433 Jaga-Mohan or Mandapa, ii. 93, 99, 102, 103, 105, 107, 108, 110, 117 Jagannâth temple, i. 64, ii. 94, 108-110; tower, 110, 115 Jaggayyapeta stûpa, i. 34, 82, 83 Jago temple (Chandi), Jâva, ii. 440; plan, 441, 443 Jahângîr, emperor, ii. 176; his buildings at Lâhor, 303; desecration of his tomb, 304, 305 Jaina architecture, ii. 3; allied to Buddhist, 6; region dominated by the style, 7. *See* Architecture —— remains in Kalinga and Orissa, i. 84; Stûpa at Mathurâ, 102; Jaina temple in Ceylon, 229; diagram of Jaina porch, 317; temple at Pattadakal, 355; at Aihole, 356; at Tiruppadikunram, 362; Jaina caves, 179, 180, 181 *note*, 182, ii. 9; symbols, 11; temples in Dhârwâr and Bijâpûr districts, 23; at Pâlitânâ, 24; Girnâr, 30; Mount Abu, 36; Rânpur temple, 45; Jaina images at Gwâliar, 48; temples at Khajurâho, 49; tower at Chitor, 58, 59; modern style, 62; Jains in Southern India, 70; temples at Nâgdâ, 150; at Kundalpur, 161 *note* Jains, i. 25, 41, 42, 46, 308, ii. 3, 44 Jâjpur, in Orissa, ii. 95; pillar at, i. 348, ii. 111; bridge, 113 Jakanâcharya, reputed architect, i. 442 Jalâlâbâd topes, i. 89, 91 Jamadagni temple at Baijnâth, i. 298 Jamâlgarhi sculptures, i. 123; monastery, 209, 210; plan, 212; Corinthian capitals from, 214; cell façades, 216, 241 Jambukesvara temple, Trichinopoly, i. 373, 374 *note*, 394 Jâmi’ mosque, Jaunpur, ii. 224; Ahmadâbâd, 230; plan and elevation, 231; Châmpânîr, plan, 242; Mandû, plan, 248; courtyard, 249; Kulbarga, 263; plan, 264; elevation section and view, 265; Bijâpûr, 269; plan, 270; section of dome, 271; Fathpur-Sîkrî, 294; plan, 275; Delhi, 318; view, 319 Japan, architecture of, ii. 486; temples, 490; roofs, 494; palaces, 499 Jarâsandha-kâ-baithak at Râjgir, i. 75; at Giriyek, 76 Jaunpur, style adopted at, ii. 188, 190, 222; plan and view of the Jâmi’ Masjid, 224; Lâl Darwâza mosque, 225; Atala Masjid, 226; Tombs and shrines, 228 Jâva, ii. 414; history, 418; Boro-Budur, 422-428; Mendut, 428; Dieng plateau, 430; Bhîma, 431; Jabang, 433; Prambânan, 433; Sewu, 435; Lumbang, 436; Sari, 437; Kali-Bening, 438; Suku, 439; Jago, 441; Panataran, 442 Jaya-stambhas, pillars of victory, ii. 194, 206, 209, 260 Jayavijaya cave at Udayagiri, ii. 15 Jayeshtha temple, Kashmîr, i. 267 Jetawanârâma dâgaba, Anurâdhapura, i. 230, 232; temple, Polonnaruwa, 245 Jhâlrapattan, remains at, i. 164

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Jhinjhuwâdâ gateway, i. 311, 312 Jogesvar, Brahmanical cave, i. 199, ii. 127 Jugal Kishor temple at Brindâban, ii. 158, 161 *note* Junâgadh caves, i. 179, 181 *note*, ii. 30, 31; tomb, 331, 332 Junnar, caves at, i. 155-159; plan and section of circular, 157; 168

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KÂBUL, Minâr Chakri, near, i. 61; topes near, 94 Kadphises (*cir.* 80 A.D.), i. 42; coins of, 93 Kailâs temple, Elûrâ, i. 327, 342-349; pillar in, 346; age of, 348, ii. 117, 121, 124, 126, 129 Kailâsanâtha temple at Conjivaram, i. 34, 307, 333, 357-359 Kakusanda, Kankasan, or Krakuchchhanda, 3rd Buddha before Gautama, i. 63, ii. 347 Kalân Masjid, Delhi, ii. 219 Kalasa, karka, or finial, i. 324 Kâlâsoka, Council under, ii. 359 Kali-Bening temple, Jâva, ii. 437; 438 Kalinganagara, an old capital, ii. 114; Kalingapatam, i. 64 Kalugumalai, rock-cut temple at, ii. 22 Kalyân, near Bombay, Ambarnâth temple, ii. 147 Kâmboja people, i. 30, ii. 415; Kambujadesa, 373 *note* Kanârak, Orissa, sun-temple, called the Black Pagoda at, i. 322; restored elevation, 323; diagram plan, and section, 324, ii. 93; filled up with stones and sand, 95; history, 105-107; iron bars in, 107, 208, 247 Kanauj, ii. 196; mosque at, 68, 69, 201, 228 Kânchî, Kânchîpuram, old name of Conjivaram, i. 305, 306, 357, 421 Kangra, i. 297; view of temple at Kiragrâma in, 299 Kanhar, Jaina caves at, ii. 19 Kanheri caves, i. 22, 213; great chaitya, 162; view of rail in front, 163; capital of stambha, 164; 'Darbâr Cave,' 182; cemetery, 213 Kanishka, Kushan king and patron of Buddhism, i. 22; his era, 29, 219, 222; dâgaba at Peshâwar, 64, 85, 86-88; coins, 93-95; 98 Kankâlî-tila excavations at Mathurâ, i. 83 *note* Kântanagar temple, ii. 159; view, 160; 257 Kânwâyana dynasty (*cir.* 70-35 B.C.), i. 21 Kâpadvanj, Kîrttistambha at, ii. 136, 137; tank, 182 Kapilavastu, Nepâl, i. 16 Kapurdigiri or Shâhbazgarhi, Asoka inscriptions at, i. 86 Karhâd, caves at, ii. 124 Kârkala, colossal Jaina statue at, ii. 72, 73 Kârlê, cave at, i. 59; capital of Lion pillar, 60; umbrella, 70; wooden screen, 134; chaitya, 142-148; 161; section and plan, 143; view of exterior, 144; of interior, 146; Lion pillar, 147; figures, 151, 163; ii. 344 Karna Chaupar cave, Bihâr, i. 130 Karnak temple at Thebes, ii. 382 Karûr, or Vanji, Ptolemy's 'Karoura,' ancient Chera capital, i. 306 Kashmir, its architecture, i. 251-272; writers thereon, 252; peculiar form of temples and pillars, 255; starting-point of its architectural history, 258; Temple of Mârtând, 259-264; Avantipur, 264; Bhaniyâr, 266; other examples, 267; temples near Pind Dâdan Khân, 270; Wooden architecture, mosque, ii. 105, 333-335 Kâsiâ, excavations at, i. 175 Kasyapa, Kassapa or Kathaba, the Buddha before Gautama, i. 63, ii. 347 Katak, in Orissa, sack of, ii. 95; Makund Deo's palace, 112 Katâs temple, Panjâb, i. 270 Kâthmândû, Nepâl, buildings, i. 274, 276 Kaung Hmaudau dâgaba near Sagaing, ii. 345 Kawasaki, Japan, belfry at, ii. 499 Kedâresvar temple at Halebid, i. 442; view, 443 Kesariya, Tirhut, ruins of a tope, i. 79, 147 Khairpur, near Delhi, mosque at, ii. 210; tomb, 217 Khajurâho, Jaina temples at, ii. 49-54; Ghantai temple, 52; 95-96, 103; Hindû temples, 140; Kandarya Mahâdeva temple, 141; view, 142; plan, 143 Khalifat, the, ii. 187, 191 Khandagiri, Jaina caves, ii. 6, 9; plan, 10 Khâravela, king of Kalinga, ii. 11 Kholvi, caves at, i. 129, 166, 167, 170 *note*, 200, 204 Khorsâbâd, Persia, architecture of, ii. 468, 481 Khosru II., king of Persia, i. 421 Khotan, Buddhist antiquities in, i. 85 Khurâsân minarets, ii. 205 Khwâja Jahân's mosque at Bijâpûr, ii. 269 Kidal temple, Jâva, ii. 441 Kîragrâma or Baijnâth temple, ii. 297-299 Kiri Dâgaba, Polonnaruwa, i. 245

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*Kîrttimukha* or Gorgon face, ii. 250, 355 Kîrtti-stambhas, at Worangal, i. 434, 435; at Baroli, ii. 136; Galaganâth, Pathari, Eran, Mudherâ, etc., 136, 137; at Râjnagar, 184 *note* Koil, minâr at, ii. 260 Kolhapur, relic box found at, i. 100 Konâgamana or Kanakamuni, in Burmese Gaunagon, the second Buddha before Gautama, i. 63, ii. 347 Kondânê chaitya cave, i. 134, 137, 148, 149, 158; Vihâra, 179, 180 Kondivtê, in Salsette, Buddhist caves, chaitya, i. 131 *note*, 199 Koravângula temple, Mysore, i. 441 *note*, 442 Korea, ii. 487, 497 Kosthakar, Nepalese, i. 279-280 Kotâ, mausoleum at, ii. 169 Kotila tomb, Delhi, ii. 217 Krishna, Andhra king, inscription of, in cave at Nâsik, i. 185-186 —— temple, at Patân, i. 282-283 Kshatrapas of Kâthiâwâd and Mâlwâ, i. 23, 30 Kublai Khân's invasion of Pagân, ii. 356, 360 Kudâ, Buddhist caves, Konkan, i. 205 Kujjatissârâma dâgaba, Anurâdhapura, i. 237 Kukkunûr, temples at, i. 426 Kulbarga, ii. 189, 262; mosque, 263; plan, 264; half elevation and view, 265; Bâzâr, etc., 266 *Kulikas*, cells, ii. 42 Kumbakonam, i. 394; Gopuram or gate-pyramid at, 395 Kunamoto, Castle at, Japan, ii. 501 Kundalpur, Jaina temples at, ii. 64 *note*, 161 *note* Kunkumahâdevî, built Buddhist temple at Lakshmesvar, ii. 70 *note* Kurugodu temple, i. 407 Kuruvatti temple, i. 429-431 Kushan kings, i. 30 Kusinârâ, where Sâkya-sinha died, i. 17 Kuthodaw or "thousand and one pagodas," ii. 352 Kyaukku temple, ii. 355, 363 Kyauk-taugyî temple at Amarapura, ii. 351-353 Kyaung or Burmese Monastery, ii. 357, 365-366

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LABRANG monastery, Lhâsa, i. 292 Lâhor, Jahângîr's buildings at, ii. 303; Badshâhi mosque, 304, 321 Lajji Tissa, Sinhalese king (59-49 B.C.), i. 237 Lakkundi, temple doorway, i. 428-429; Jaina temple at, ii. 23, 24 Lakshmesvar temples, i. 428

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Lakshmî or Srî goddess of fortune, i. 50, ii. 428 Lâl Darwâza mosque, Jaunpur, ii. 225 Lalitâditya-Muktâpîda, king of Kashmîr (725-760 A.D.), i. 26, 263-264, 267, 270, 272 Lamasaries in Tibet, i. 292 Lankârâma dâgaba, Anurâdhapura, i. 233-237; capital, 236 Lankesvara temple at Kailâs, Elûrâ, pillar in, ii. 126 Lâts, or Buddhist inscription pillars, i. 54; examples, 56-60 Lauriyâ Navandgarh lât, i. 57-58 Lemyet-hna temple at Prome, ii. 352, 354, 356, 360 *Lena*: cave, ii. 9 *note* Lhâsa, i. 290; monastery of Potalâ at, 292 Lingarâja or Great Temple at Bhuvanesvar, ii. 99-105, 109 Lion pillar at Kârlê, i. 147 Loha Mahâpâya monastery, Anurâdhapura, i. 238-239 Lokânanda pagoda, Pagân, ii. 343 Lomas Rishi cave, Bihâr, i. 131; façade, 131; plan, 132; 133, 148, 169 Lonâr Hemâdpantî temple, ii. 148 Lophaburi, temples at, Siam, ii. 411 Loro-Jonggrang temples, Jâva, ii. 433, 436 Lucknow architecture, ii. 324; The Martinière, 325; Begam Kothi, 326; view, 327; Imâmbâra at, 328; plan, 329 Lumbang temple, Jâva, ii. 436

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MACHANPONTIH, Serpent temple at, ii. 444 Mackenzie, Col. Colin, Indian researches and drawings by, ii. 415 Madan Mohan temple at Brindâban, ii. 157, 161 *note* Madras, prevailing style in the presidency, i. 418-419 Madurâ, i. 34; conquest of, 305; Perumâl temple at, 338-339; History, 385; plan of Tirumalai Nâyyak's chaultrî, 387; pillar in, 387; view in the hall, 389; Plan of the great temple, 391; palace, 412; plan, 413; hall in palace, 414 Mahâbhârata, i. 10-12, 39 Mahâbodhi temple, i. 78; imitations, 280; (Mahâbaudi), ii. 364 Mahâd caves, i. 206 Mahâdeva temple at Patân, Nepâl, i. 282, 283 Mahârâshtra, the Marâtha country, ii. 117 Mahâ-satî or Necropolis, ii. 164; at Udaypur, 165 Mahâsena's pavilion, Anurâdhapura, i. 241 Mahâseya stûpa at Mihintale, i. 238 Mahâ-vihâra of the Bo-tree, i. 243

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Mahâvîra, last Jaina Tîrthankara, i. 41, 130, ii. 5 Mahâwansa, or Buddhist history of Ceylon, i. 7, 224; accounts of structures in it, 63, 229, 238, 239, ii. 357 Maheswar, ghât at, ii. 182 Mahinda and Sanghamittâ, missionaries to Ceylon, i. 67, 113, 238, 243 Mahipâla, inscription of, at Sârnâth, i. 75 Mahishâsura, a demon, ii. 125 Mahmûd of Ghaznî, Somnâth temple destroyed by, ii. 35; Sacked Mathurâ, 191; Tomb, 193, 194 Mahmûdâbâd, Tomb of Mubârak Sayyid, near, ii. 243, 244 Majapahit, ancient city in Jâva, ii. 439 Makunda Deva's palace at Katak, ii. 112 Malabar, snake-worship in, i. 43 *note*. Malay peninsula, ancient Malaya-desa, ii. 374 *note* Malot. *See* Mûlot Mâlwâ, architecture of, ii. 188, 246-252 Mâmallapuram or 'Seven Pagodas,' i. 34; Raths at, 124 *note*, 171-172, 217, 248, 327-338; Shore temple, 361, 362, ii. 111 *note*; Bas-relief, i. 341, ii. 125; Pavilion and stambha at, 79; Roof, 140 Mâna-stambha at Sravana Belgola, ii. 75 Mandalay, monastery at, ii. 368 Mandapas, Mandapams, i. 309 Mandapeswar Brahmanical caves, i. 199 Mandû, capital of Mâlwâ, its architecture, ii. 188, 246; Jami' Masjid, 248; Palaces, 250 Mangalacheti pagoda, Burma, ii. 356 Mânikyâlâ topes, i. 88, 90, 94-99, 257; Relic casket, 99 Manjûsrî, a Bodhisattwa, i. 175 Mânmoda chaitya cave, i. 156-157 Mânsingh II., chief of Amber, ii. 177 Markat Kesari, Orissan king, ii. 112 Mârtând, temple of, i. 254, 255, 259-264, 269, ii. 106; Plan, i. 259; view, 260; central cell of court, 261; date, 262-263; Niche with figure, 263; Soffit of arch, 264 Martinière, the, at Lucknow, ii. 324-326; View, 325 Mashita (Mschatta), Palace of Khosru Parvîz at, ii. 198 Masson, Mr. C., exploration of the Jalâlabad topes, by, i. 89-91 Mâthiâ or Lauriyâ Navandgarh Lât, i. 57 Mathurâ, Jaina stûpa and rail at, i. 110; Sculptures, 118, ii. 6; Krishna worship, seat of, ii. 108; Sacked by Mahmûd of Ghaznî, 191; Temple destroyed by Aurangzîb, 321 Mâtrîs, images of, at Jâjpur, ii. 111

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Maurya dynasty (320-180 B.C.), i. 18-21 Mechanical skill of the Cambodians, ii. 433 Media, wooden architecture of, ii. 369 Megasthenes, ambassador of Seleukos to Chandragupta Maurya, i. 19 Meharauli iron pillar, Old Delhi, i. 60, ii. 207, 208 and *note* Mendang Kamûlan, now Prambânan, Jâva, ii. 433 Mendut temple, Jâva, ii. 429, 430 Meru, Mount, ii. 29, 349 Mihintale, Ceylon, dâgabas at, i. 238 Mihirakula, Hûna king, i. 24, 222, 272 Mihrâbs or Qiblas in mosques, ii. 197, *et passim* Mihtari Mahall, gateway, Bîjâpûr, ii. 278-279 Minârs and minarets: Surkh and Chakri near Kâbul, i. 61; Ghaznî, ii. 192, 194; Qutb, 205; Of mosques, 205, 214, 220, 225, 237; Gaur, 259; Samara, 469 Mingûn, circular pagoda at, ii. 349; view, 350; Mingûn-pâya, 351, 425 Mirisaveti dâgaba, Anurâdhapura, i. 230 *note*, 231-232 Modherâ, Sun temple at, ii. 57, 106, 136, 182, 230 Moggalâna or Maudgalyâyana, relics of, i. 68, 71, 117. Monasteries or Vihâras, i. 170; Gandhâra, 209; Tibet, 291; Burma, ii. 365-369; view, 368; Pekin, 462 Monoliths at Dîmâpur, i. 288 Moonstones, — *ardhachandra* — thresholds, i. 240, 241 *note*; 430 Mori palace of Ratnasingh, at Chitorgadh, ii. 170 Mortar, non-users of, ii. 432 Mosques: Adînah, ii. 257; Agra, 317; Ahmadâbâd, 230; Ajmir, 210; Bharoch, 241; Bîjâpûr, 269; Cambay, 241; Châmpânîr, 242; Delhi, 318; Dhâr, 246; Dholkâ, 244; Fathpur-Sîkrî, 295; Gaur, 257; Jaunpur, 224; Kalân Masjid, 219; Kashmir, 333; Kulbarga, 264; Mandû, 248; Mirzapur, Ahmadâbâd, 232; Muhâfiz Khân's, 236; Qutb, 200; Sarkhej, 233 Motî Masjid, Agra, ii. 317, 320; View in courtyard, 318 Motisâh temple, Satrunjaya, ii. 30 Mouhot, M., Researches in Cambodia, ii. 371 Mûdabidri, Jaina temples at, ii. 75-77; Pillars, i. 289, ii. 78, 82; Tombs, 80 Mughal architecture, ii. 283; Originality of the buildings, 284; Works of Sher Shâh, 286; Akbar, 288-302; Jahângîr, 302-307; Shâh Jahân, 307-320; 'Alamgîr, 320-323; Mysore and Oudh, 323-329

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Muhammad Ghaus, tomb of, at Gwâliar, ii. 291 Muhammadan, population, i. 46, 48; Architecture, styles of, 188, 189; Qiblas in Jaina temples, ii. 28; Destruction of temples, ii. 87, 88, 321 Mukandwârâ, pillars at, ii. 55; Châwadi, remains of, 132 Mukhalingam, temples at, ii. 114 Mukhtagiri, Jaina temples at, ii. 45, 62, 64 Mukteswara temple of, at Bhuvaneswar, ii. 97-98, 105 Mûlot, in the Salt range, temple at, i. 270 Mycenae, tomb at, i. 265; Treasury, 312-313, 325 Mylassa, tomb at, i. 313, 314, ii. 167 Mysore, Hindû temples, i. 437-450; Architecture, ii. 190, 323 Mythology of the Hindus, i. 35, 38-45

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NÂGA, people, i. 11, 43, 110; Snake divinities, 44, 49, 64, 122, 180, ii. 12, 104; In Ceylon, i. 227, 242, 247; Kashmîr, 272; Nâga-râja, 156, 341, 355; Nâgas associated with Buddha and Vishnu, ii. 127; In Cambodia, 378, 386, 391, 397, 401; Jâva, 444 Nagarahâra stûpa, i. 90 *note* Nagarakatakam, ancient capital, ii. 114 Nagarangana Vihâra, i. 235 Nâgârjuna, Buddhist reformer, i. 23, 87, 173 Nâgârjuni, hill and caves in Bihâr, i. 132, 177 Nagâyôn temple, near Pagân, ii. 354, 355 Nâgdâ (Nâgahrad), temples at, ii. 148 Nagoya, Japan, soldiers’ barracks at, ii. 500 Nahapâna, king, i. 158; Cave at Nâsik, 164, 185-186; Pillar in, 185 Nakhon Thom (the Great City) Cambodia, ii. 380; Nakhon Vât, 382. *See* Angkor Thom and Angkor Vât Nâlanda, Buddhist monastery, i. 170 *note*, 173-174, 293 Nânder, Sikh Dehra at, ii. 163 Nandisvara-dwîpa temple at Satrunjaya, ii. 29 Nan-Gûngi, colossal statue, ii. 55, 72 Nan-kau pass, archway in, near the Great Wall of China, i. 282, ii. 483-484 Nankin, porcelain tower at, ii. 469-470 Nan Payâ temple, ii. 354-355, 363 Narasingh I., king of Orissa, ii. 105-106 Nâsik, Buddhist caves, i. 14, 22; Chaitya cave at, 140-142; 148, 150, 155, 156, 184; Vihâras, 158, 159, 180, 183-188, 193; Capital, 421 Nâta-mandir, or dancing hall, a Sabhâ-mandap, at Bhuvaneswar, ii. 93, 99, 102, 103, 109 Nathlaung-gyaung temple, ii. 353 Nathukottai Chettis, their injuries to temples, i. 376, 380 Navagraha sculpture at Kanârak, ii. 95, 106 Nâyyak dynasty at Madurâ, i. 386 Nayyars of Malabar, i. 276 *note* Negapatam, Buddhist tower at, i. 33 *note*, 206-207, 307, 308 Neminâth temple, on Girnâr, i. 262, ii. 32-33 Nepâl, i. 273; Its architecture, 274-275; History, 275-277; Stûpas or chaityas, 277; Kosthakar, 280; Temples, 280-285, ii. 369; Imagined connection with Kanara, i. 286, ii. 76-77, 83 Ngakwe Nadaung-payâ in Myingyan province, ii. 342 Niglîva Lât, i. 59 Nikkô, entrance gateway of temple, ii. 489, 496; Mausoleum of Ieyasu, 497; temple at, 499 Ning-po, seven-storeyed tower at, ii. 469 Nirvâna of Buddha, i. 62; date of, 224 Nishi Hongwanji temple, Japan, ii. 493 Nissanka-Malla, Sinhalese king (1187-1196 A.D.), i. 246, 247, 248 Nûr Jahân, her tomb, ii. 305 Nyagrodha or Sudâma, Bihâr cave, i. 130

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OBSERVATORY at Benares, ii. 177-178 Old Delhi, ruins at, ii. 200ff. Orders, Classical, misapplied, ii. 324-329 Orissa, fragment of a column from a temple in, i. 301; Jaina caves, ii. 9; History, 94; Temples, 97-110, 116; Bridges, 113 Ornament, honeysuckle, at Allahâbâd, i. 57; From the tomb of Mahmûd at Ghaznî, ii. 193 Osiâ, temples at, ii. 56 Otantapuri Buddhist monastery, i. 293 and *note* Oudh, architecture in, ii. 190, 323-325 Oxenden’s tomb at Surat, ii. 329-330

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PADMANÂBHA, a name of Vishnu, ii. 137 Paestum, Doric order at, i. 256 Pagân, Burma, ruins of, ii. 355, 356, 359, 360; Ânanda temple, 361; Thatpyinnyu, plan, 362; section, 363; Gaudapalin, 363; and Tsûlâmani, 362; view, 364 Pagodas, Hindû, i. 322; Burmese payâs, ii. 341-352; Siamese, 405-411; Chinese, 468-472, 474; Japanese, 497 P'ai-lus or P'ai-fangs, ‘Honorary portals’ of the Chinese, i. 105, 118, ii. 456, 472; Near Canton, 473; At P'ai-lus (*continued*)— Pekin, 462, 473-474; At Amoy, 475; Japanese, Tori-i, *q.v.* Paithan, Andhra capital, i. 22 Palaces, ii. 169; Allahâbâd, 298; Ambêr, 177; Bundi, 173; Chitor, 171; Chandragiri, i. 417; Delhi, ii. 309; Dattiyâ, 173; Dîg, 178; Gwâliar, 175; Lâhor, 303; Madurâ, i. 412; Pekin, ii. 476, 482; Udaypur, 172; Urchâ, 174 Pa-li Chwang pagoda, Pekin, ii. 464, 469 Pâlitânâ, the Jaina sacred hill Satrunjaya near, ii. 24, 25-30 Pallava dynasty of Kânchî, i. 305-307, 357 Panataran temples, in Jâva, ii. 442; Serpent temple, 444 Panchalingams, i. 374 *note* Panchâlesvara temple, near Poona, i. 130 Pândavas, the, i. 11, 32 Pândrethan temple, Kashmîr, i. 262, 267-268 Pandu *Kallus*, menhirs, i. 42 Pândyas of Southern India, i. 31, 303-304, 308, 385-386 Pantheon, dome of the, i. 313, ii. 273-274 Pâpanâth temple at Pattadakal, i. 107 *note*, 321, ii. 117-120 Pârâkrama Bâhu I., king of Ceylon (1153-1196 A.D.), i. 224, 228, 235, 244, 245, 247 Pârasnâth Hill, Bengal, Jaina temples on, ii. 44, 45 Parasurâmesvar temple, at Bhuvanesvar, ii. 96-97, 105, 114-115, 118, 119, 155 Parihâsapur Vihâra, Kashmîr, i. 263 *note*, 264-265, 272 *note* Parinirvâna figure of Buddha, at Ajantâ, i. 101; At Polonnaruwa, 245 Pârsvanâth, 23rd Jaina Tîrthankara, ii. 5; Colossal image at Elûrâ, 21; Temple at Khajurâho, 49 Pârtha, Kashmîr king (906-921 A.D.), i. 267 Pasupatinâth temple, near Kâthmândû, i. 282, 284 Pâtaliputra, Maurya capital, i. 19, 64; Now Pâtnâ, 207 *note*. Pâtan, Anhilawâda, ii. 230 Patân, Nepâl, chaityas at, i. 275, 277; Temples of Mahâdeva and Krishna at, 283 Pathân style, ii. 196-214; Later Pathân, 214-221 Pathâns, the, ii. 196, 210 *note*; Their architectural glories and career, 197; Examples, 202-221. *See* Delhi Pathâri, Râshtrakûta Lât, i. 60; Temples, ii. 133

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Patothamya, temple, Myingyan district, ii. 354, 356 Pattadakal, temple of Pâpanâth at, i. 321, ii. 117-118, 120; Great Virûpâksha temple of, i. 327, 352-355, ii. 121; Other temples, i. 355, 421; Jaina temple, 319, 355-356, ii. 23 Pavilions: Ceylon, i. 240; Vijayanagar, 417; Bêlûr, 441; Halebid, 447; Guruvâyankeri, ii. 79; Sarkhej, 235; Pekin, 480 Pâwâpuri, Jaina tîrtha in Bihâr, i. 130 Payagyî and Payama, pagodas at Prome, ii. 342, 360 Payâtaung temple, Old Prome, ii. 353 Payer, Kashmiri temple, i. 255, 268; View, 269 Pegu (Hansâwatî), ii. 358; Shwe-Hmaudau pagoda at, 343, 344, 346 Pekin, ii. 451; Temple of Confucius at, 456, 474; Temple of Great Dragon, 458-460; Buddhist monastery at, 461; Temples, 463, 481; Summer palace, near, 463-464, 480; Pagoda at, 471; Buddha's halls and Wut'a - Ssû halls, 464; Tombs, 467; Pa-li Chwang pagoda near, 469, 472; Palaces, 476; Tzu-chin-cheng or Forbidden city, 476; T'ai-ho-t'ien hall, 476-478; Winter palace, 482 Pemiongchi, Sikkim, porch of temple at, i. 297; view, 296 Pendants to domes, i. 317; In Tejahpâla's temple, ii. 42 Pendentive, from mosque at Old Delhi, i. 220-221; Bijâpûr, ii. 274 Persepolitan capitals, i. 138, 178, 215, 300, ii. 18; Architecture, 369-370 Perumâl kings of Kerala or Chera, i. 34, 306 Perumâl or Vishnu, ii. 359 *note*; Perumâl temple at Madurâ, i. 339 Perûr, near Koimbatûr, date of porch, ii. 397; Compound pillar at, 399 Petleik-payâ, pagoda in Burma, ii. 342 Phimêanakas, temple at Angkor Thom, ii. 374, 376, 399, 400, 402 Phnom Chisor, Brahmanical temple, Cambodia, ii. 380, 397, 400 —— Penh, capital of Cambodia, ii. 376 Phra, a stûpa, in Siam, ii. 407, 409 Phra-chedi, 407, 408 Phrabat, Buddha's footprint, in Siam, ii. 408 and *note* Phra Pathom, temple of, ii. 407 'Pietra dura' work at Agra, ii. 306 and *note* 'Pigeon Monastery' of Chinese pilgrims, i. 171, 408-410 Pillars: Ajantâ, i. 192, 194, 195; Amarâvatî, 121; Avantîpur, 265; Baroli, ii. 135; Ceylon, i. 235, 236; Chandrâvati, Pillars (*continued*)— ii. 43; Delhi, 207; Elephanta, 129; Elûrâ, 126; Eran, i. 301; Fathpur-Sikrî, ii. 294; Hanumkonda, i. 435 and *note*; Jâjpur, ii. 111; Katak, i. 304; Kashmîr, 256; Madurâ, 387; Mâmallapuram, 332; Nâsik, 185, 188; Perûr, 399; Srînagar, 257; Tanjor, 366; Vellor, 399 Piprâhwa stûpa, i. 79 Pitakat-Taik, or library, Pagân, ii. 356, 357 Pitalkhorâ Chaitya cave, i. 134, 137-138, 148, 149; Sphinx capitals, 169, 250 Polonnaruwa, Ceylon, i. 228, 244; Extent and epoch of its temples, 244-245; Examples, 245-249 Poona, Saiva rock-temple near, ii. 130 Porches: Amwâ, ii. 56; Chidambaram, i. 376; Delhi, ii. 67; Jaina, i. 317, 318 Potala monastery, Lhâsa, i. 292 *Pradakshina*, circumambulatory passage in a temple, i. 237, 322, 427, ii. 50, 54, 150 Prah-khan temple, Cambodia, ii. 374-375, 379, 397, 400 Prah Vihear, temple of, ii. 380 Prambânan temples, Jâva, ii. 33, 129, 418-420, 433 Prasat temples of Cambodia, i. 246 Priênê capitals, i. 220 Prome, Pyî or Prî, early capital of Burma, ii. 359 Propylons, ii. 225-227 Prudung, Jâva, brick temples at, ii. 442 Pulastipura, old name of Polonnaruwa, i. 244 Pulikesin I. and II., Chalukya kings, i. 421 Puliyan-kulama, ruins of, near Anurâdhapura, i. 229 *note* Pulumavi, Andhra king, i. 147 Pundarîka, Jaina temples of, ii. 28 Purâna literature, i. 8 —— Kilâ Masjid, Old Delhi, ii. 286 Purî, a shrine, i. 298 Purî, ii. 94-95, 105-106; Plan of Jagannâth temple at, 108; View of tower, 110 Pyâtthat, spire of a Burmese pagoda, ii. 352, 357, 368, 369

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