India as Known to Panini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashtadhyayi c10.s1.48

c10.s1.48

(2) *Rise (Udaya) and Expansion (Pratishṭhā)*—A *Charaṇa* was not necessarily bound to a place. For instance, the Kaṭha and Kālāpa *Charaṇas* spread from village to village by their popularity, as Patañjali informs us (*Grāme grāme Kāṭhakaṁ Kālāpakaṁ cha prochyate*, IV.3.101; II.315). Pāṇini mentions that the compound names of *Charaṇas* were used in singular when *anuvāda*, ‘restatement’, was implied (*Anuvāde Charaṇānām*, II.4.3). The *Kāśikā* says that *anuvāda* is repetition of an already well-known fact (*pramāṇāntrāvagatasẏārthasya śabdena saṁkīrtana-mātram anuvādaḥ*). Kātyāyana explains that the linguistic forms intended by Pāṇini anticipated only the roots *sthā* and *iṇ* in past tense. For this Patañjali cites the forms *udagāt* and *pratyashṭhāt*, referring to the rise (*udaya*) and expansion, (*Pratishṭhā*) of two *Charaṇas* jointly, like Kaṭha-Kālāpa, Kaṭha-Kauthuma, Mauda-Paippalāda (*Bhāshya*, II.4.3; I.474). A person who already knows the fact of the spread of these schools remarks in the course of conversation, ‘The Kaṭha-Kālāpa *Charaṇas* have made such progress and have established themselves so well’. This statement was of the nature of an *anuvāda*, i.e. restating what was already a known fact about the popularity of these two schools. The Vedic schools were expanding both geograpically and in their scholarly activities, or subjects of learning included within their fold, which is the background of the present *sūtra*.