India as Known to Panini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashtadhyayi c12.s1.37

c12.s1.37

Pāṇini mentions some other subordinate officers, *e.g.* *gopāla*, cowherds; *tantipāla*, goatherds; and *yavapāla*, guards of barley fields (*Go-tanti-yavaṁ pāle*, VI.2.78). *Tantipāla* is mentioned also in the Virāṭaparva (XI.8) having other *pāla* officers working under him. The *Pālas* of Pāṇini (*Pāle*, VI.2.78) form a class of officers, of whom Kauṭilya mentions *nadīpāla*, *dravyapāla*, *vanapāla*, *nāgavanapāla*, *antapāla*, *durgapāla*, and the *Mahābhārata* refers to *sabhāpāla* (Ādi., 222.16), in addition to *gopāla* and *tantipāla*, known also to Pāṇini. The *Sasa Jātaka* refers to *khettapāla* and *Khettagopaka* (*Jāt.*, III.54) and the *Sīhachamma Jātaka* to *khettarakkhakā*, those watching barley and rice fields (II.110), which corresponds to Pāṇini's *yavapāla*. Later we get *vihārapāla*, *ārāmapāla* and *dhammapāla* in the Buddhist tradition.