Pramāṇa · Search · About · API

The Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts of the Bombay Presidency from the Earliest Historical Times to the Musalman Conquest c8.s6: Section XV. The Yadavas of Devagiri. Later History

The Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts of the Bombay Presidency from the Earliest Historical Times to the Musalman Conquest c8.s6

Language
English

Section XV. The Yadavas of Devagiri. Later History

c8.s6.2

We have seen that the Hoysaḷa Yâdavas of Haḷebîḍ in Maisur were becoming powerful in the time of Tribhuvanamalla or Vikramâditya II. and aspiring to the supreme sovereignty of the Dekkan, and Viṣṇuvardhana, the reigning prince of the family at that period, actually invaded the Châlukya territory and encamped on the banks of the Kṛṣṇâ-Veṇâ. But those times were not favourable for the realization of their ambitious projects. The Châlukya prince was a man of great ability, the power of the family was firmly established over the country, its resources were large, and the dependent chiefs and noblemen were obedient. But the state of things had now changed. Weaker princes had succeeded, the Châlukya power had been broken by their dependents the Kalachuris, and these in their turn had succumbed to the internal troubles and dissensions consequent on the rise of the Liṅgâyata sect. At this time the occupant of the Hoysaḷa throne was Vîra Ballâḷa, the grandson of Viṣṇuvardhana. He fought with Brâhma or Bomma, the general of the last Châlukya prince Somesvara IV., and putting down his elephants by means of his horses defeated him and acquired the provinces which the general had won back from Vijjaṇa.¹

c8.s6.3

¹ Ind. Ant., Vol. II., p. 300.

c8.s6.4

The Yâdavas of the north were not slow to take advantage of the unsettled condition of the country to extend their power and territory. Mallugi seems to have been engaged in a war with Vijjaṇa. A person of the name of Dâdâ was commander of his troops of elephants and is represented to have gained some advantages over the army of the Kalachuri prince. He had four sons of the names of Mahîdhara, Jahla, Sâmba, and Gaṅgâdhara. Of these Mahîdhara succeeded his father and is spoken of as having defeated the forces of Vijjaṇa.² But the acquisition of the empire of the Châlukyas was

c8.s6.5

² Introduction to Jahlâṇ's Sûktimuktavali, now brought to notice for the first time:

c8.s6.6

तस्यान्वयेऽभूत्कविृन्दनाथो दादाः सदादाननिदानभूतः ।
यस्येक्षणाद्विज्जणभूपसैन्यं दैन्यं गतं संयति विक्रमेण ॥ ५ ॥

चत्वारस्तस्य संजातास्तनया नयशालिनः ।
भुजा इव हरेः शश्वद्विक्रमश्रीविभूषिताः ॥ ६ ॥

चतुर्लमुलोद्गीर्णनिगमा इव ते बभुः ।
ख्याता महीधरो जल्हः साम्बो गङ्गाधरस्तथा ॥ ७ ॥

उपायैरिव तैः काले चतुर्भिः सुपयोजितैः ।
मे (मै) लुगिक्षोणपालस्य राज्यं जातं सदोन्नतम् ॥ ८ ॥

विज्जणबलजलराशिं विमथ्य भुजमंदरेण यः कृतवान् ।
वीरश्रियम्डस्थां स न कस्य महीधरः स्तुत्यः ॥ ९ ॥

c8.s6.7

The full introduction will be published elsewhere.

c8.s6.8

Foundation of Devagiri.

c8.s6.9

Contests between the rivals.

c8.s6.10

Jaitrapâla.

c8.s6.11

completed by Mallugi's son Bhillama. He captured a town of the name of Śrîvardhana from a king who is called Antala, vanquished in battle the king of Pratyandaka, put to death the ruler of Mangalveshtaka, (Mangalvedhem), of the name of Villana, and having obtained the sovereignty of Kalyâna, put to death the lord of Hosala who was probbaly the Hoysala-Yâdava Narasimha, the father of Vîra Ballâla.¹ The commander of his elephants was Jahla, the brother of Mahîdhara, and he is represented to have rendered Bhillama's power firm. He led a maddened elephant skilfully into the army of the Gûrjara king, struck terror into the heart of Malla, frightened the forces of Mallugi, and put an end to the victorious career of Muñja and Anna.² When in this manner Bhillama made himself master of the whole country to the north of the Krishnâ, he founded the city of Devagiri³ and having got himself crowned, made that city his capital. This took place about the Śaka year 1109.

c8.s6.12

¹ Appendix C. I., stanza 38. Mangalvedhem is near Pandharpur. It was probably the capital of a minor chief.

c8.s6.13

² Intr. Jahl. Sukt. :—

c8.s6.14

³ Appendix C. I., st. 39.

c8.s6.15

Bhillama then endeavoured to extend his territory farther southwards, but he was opposed by Vîra Ballâla, who, as we have seen, had been pushing his conquests northwards. It was a contest for the possession of an empire and was consequently arduous and determined. Several battles took place between the two rivals, and eventually a decisive engagement was fought at Lokkigundi, now Lakkundi, in the Dhârvâd District, in which Jaitrasimha, who is compared to "the right arm of Bhillama" and must have been his son, was defeated and Vîra Ballâla became sovereign of Kuntala. The inscription in which this is recorded bears the date Śaka 1114 or A.D. 1192;⁴ and Vîra Ballâla who made the grant recorded in it was at that time encamped with his victorious army at Lokkigundi, from which it would appear that the battle had taken place but a short time before. The northern Yâdavas had to put off the conquest of Kuntala or the Southern Marâthâ Country for a generation.

c8.s6.16

⁴ Ind. Ant., Vol. II., p. 300.

c8.s6.17

Bhillama was succeeded in 1113 Śaka by his son Jaitrapâla or Jaitugi. He took an active part in his father's battles. "He assumed

c8.s6.18

विजित्य विज्जणं याते सुरलोकं महीधरे।
निनाय भिल्लंमं जहो राजतां क्षयवर्जिताम् ॥ ११ ॥
गूर्जरभृट्टकटके कण्टकविषमेऽतिदुर्गमे येन।
भगदत्तकीर्तिभाजा दृष्टगजः स्वेच्छया नीतः ॥ १२ ॥
मल्लः पञ्चवितोरुभीतिरमितस्वस्थहलो मैलुगि-
मुञ्जः पिण्डितविक्रमस्त्रिभुवनत्रज्ञा किल ब्राह्मणः।
अन्त्रो तुन्नपराक्रमो विधुतभूभूप्रणप्राङ्गणे
येनाकारि मुरारिविक्रमभृता किं किं न तस्योजितम् ॥ १३ ॥

c8.s6.19

The Mallugi mentioned here must have been one of the enemies of Bhillama. He probably belonged to a minor branch of the Yâdava family.

c8.s6.20

the sacrificial vow on the holy ground of the battle-field and throwing a great many kings into the fire of his prowess by means of the ladles of his weapons, performed a human sacrifice by immolating a victim in the shape of the fierce Rudra, the lord of the Tailangas, and vanquished the three worlds.¹ This same fact is alluded to in the Paithan grant, in which Jaitugi is represented to have killed the king of the Trikalingas in battle. He is there spoken of also as having released Ganapati from prison and to have placed him on the throne.³ The Rudra therefore whom he is thus represented to have killed on the field of battle must have been the Rudradeva of the Kakatîya dynasty whose inscription we have at Anamkond near Worangal, and the Ganapati, his nephew³ who was probably placed in confinement by Rudradeva. In other places also his war with the king of the Andhras or Tailangas and his having raised Ganapati to the throne are alluded⁴ to, and he is represented to have deprived the Andhra ladies of the happiness arising from having their husbands living.⁵ Lakshmidhara, the son of the celebrated mathematician and astronomer Bhaskaracharya, was in the service of Jaitrapala and was placed at the head of all learned Pandits. He knew the Vedas and was versed in the Tarkasastra and Mimamsa.⁶

c8.s6.21

¹ Appendix C. I., st. 41. Just as the fruit of a horse sacrifice is the conquest of the whole world, the fruit of a man-sacrifice is supposed here to be the conquest of the three worlds. Jaitrapala performed metaphorically such a sacrifice; and that is considered to be the reason, as it were, of his having obtained victories everywhere, i. e. in the usual hyperbolic language, of his having succeeded in vanquishing the three worlds.

c8.s6.22

³ Ind. Ant., Vol. XIV., p. 316.

c8.s6.23

³ Ind. Ant., Vol. XXI., p. 197.

c8.s6.24

⁴ Jour. B. B. R. A. S., Vol. XV., p. 386, and Epigraphia Indica, Vol. III., p. 113.

c8.s6.25

⁵ Jour. R. A. S., Vol. I., N. S., p. 414.

c8.s6.26

⁶ Ib. p. 415.

c8.s6.27

Jaitrapala's son and successor was Singhana, under whom the power and territory of the family greatly increased. He ascended the throne in 1132 Saka.⁷ He defeated a king of the name of Jajjalla and brought away his elephants. He deprived a monarch named Kakkula of his sovereignty, destroyed Arjuna who was probably the sovereign of Malva, and made Bhoja a prisoner. Janardana, the son of Gangadhara, who was Jahla's brother, is said to have taught Singhana the art of managing elephants which enabled him to vanquish Arjuna.⁸ He had succeeded to the office of commander of elephants held by Jahla and after him by Gangadhara. "King Laksh-

c8.s6.28

⁷ Jour. R. A. S., Vol. IV., p. 5.

c8.s6.29

⁸ Intr. Jahl, Sukt. :-

c8.s6.30

आसीद्रुद्राधरस्तस्य भ्राता गङ्गाधरोपमः ।
एकानबन्ध यो व्यालान्मुमोचान्यच्छया ॥ १६ ॥
तस्याभवत्सुनरुनसत्त्वो जनार्दनः करिवाहिनिशः ।
समुद्रवयो भुवनं बभार सह श्रिया चित्रमशेषमेतत् ॥ १८ ॥
सिंहोऽप्यध्यापितस्तेन गजशिक्षां तदद्भुतम् ।
यजार्जुनं लसतपत्रं समलमुदमूलयत् ॥ २० ॥

c8.s6.31

mîdhara, the lion of Bhambhâgiri, was reduced, the ruler of Dhârâ was besieged by means of troops of horses, and the whole of the country in the possession of Ballâla was taken. All this was but a child's play to King Singhaṇa.”¹ Jajjalla must have been a prince belonging to the eastern branch of the Chedi dynasty that ruled over the province of Chhattisgarh, for that name occurs in the genealogy of that dynasty.² The name Kakkûla I would identify with Kokkala which was borne by some princes of the western branch of the family, the capital of which was Tripura or Tevur. The kings of Mathurâ and Kâsî were killed by him in battle, and Hammîra was vanquished by but a boy-general of Singhaṇa³ In an inscription also at Tilivalli in the Dhârvâḍ District, he is represented to have defeated Jajalladeva, conquered Ballâla the Hoysaḷa king, subdued Bhoja of Panhâḷâ, and humbled the sovereign of Mâlava.⁴ He is also spoken of as “the goad of the elephant in the shape of the Gûrjara king.”⁵ We have an inscription of his at Gaddaka dated 1135 Śaka, which shows that Vîra Ballâla must have been deprived of the southern part of the country before that time.⁶ Singhaṇa is represented as reigning at his capital Devagiri.⁷

c8.s6.32

¹ Appendix C. I., st. 43 and 44. Ind. Ant., Vol. XIV., p. 316.

c8.s6.33

² General Cunningham’s Arch. Reports, Vol. XVII., pp. 75, 76 and 79.

c8.s6.34

³ Jour. R. A. S., Vol. I., N. S., p. 414.

c8.s6.35

⁴ Jour. B. B. R. A. S., Vol. IX., p. 326.

c8.s6.36

⁵ Major Graham’s Report on Kolhapur, Ins. No. 13.

c8.s6.37

⁶ Ind. Ant., Vol. II., p. 297.

c8.s6.38

⁷ Major Graham’s Report, Ins, No. 10.

c8.s6.39

The Bhoja of Panhâḷâ spoken of above was a prince of the Śilâhâra dynasty, and after his defeat the Kolhâpur kingdom appears to have been annexed by the Yâdavas to their dominions. They put an end to this branch of the family as later on they did to another which ruled over Northern Konkan. From this time forward the Kolhâpur inscriptions contain the names of the Yâdava princes with those of the governors appointed by them to rule over the district. An inscription of Singhaṇa at Khedâpur in that district records the grant of a village to the temple of Koppeśvara in the year 1136 Śaka.

c8.s6.40

Singhaṇa’s invasions of Gujarât. Singhaṇa seems to have invaded Gujarât several times. In an inscription at Ambem a Brâhmaṇ chief of the name of Kholeśvara of the Mudgala Gotra is spoken of as a very brave general in the service of the Yâdava sovereign. He humbled the pride of the Gûrjara prince, crushed the Mâlava, destroyed the race of the king of the Âbhîras, and being like “wild fire to the enemies” of his master, left nothing for Singhaṇa to be anxious about. His son Râma succeeded him, and a large expedition under his command was again sent to Gujarât. Râma advanced up to the Narmadâ, where a battle was fought, in which he slew numbers of Gûrjara soldiers, but he himself lost his life.⁸ From this it would appear that Gujarât was invaded by Singhaṇa on two occasions at least, if not more; and this is borne out by what we find stated in the authorities for the history of Gujarât. Somadeva, the author of the Kîrtti-kaumudî, which gives an account of the minister Vastupâla and his masters the princes of the Vâghelâ branch of the Chaulukya family, describes an invasion of Gujarât by Siṅhaṇa in the time of Lavaṇaprasâda and his son Vîradhavala. "The capital of Gujarât trembled with fear when the advance of Siṅhaṇa's army was reported. Being afraid of this foreign invasion no one among the subjects of the Gûrjara king began the construction of a new house or stored grain, and the minds of all were restless. Neglecting to secure the grain in their fields they showed a particular solicitude to procure carts, and as the army of the enemy approached nearer and nearer, the people with their fears greatly excited removed farther and farther. When Lavaṇaprasâda heard of the rapid advance of the innumerable host of the Yâdava prince, he knit his brow in anger; and though he had but a small army, proceeded with it to meet that of the enemy, which was vastly superior. When the forces of Siṅhaṇa arrived on the banks of the Tâpî he rapidly advanced to the Mahî. Seeing, on the one hand, the vast army of the enemy and, on the other, the indomitable prowess of the Chaulukya force, the people were full of doubt and could not foresee the result. The enemy burnt villages on their way, and the volume of smoke that rose up in the air showed the position of their camp to the terrified people and enabled them to direct their movements accordingly. The Yâdavas overran the country about Bharoch while the plentiful crops were still standing in the fields; but the king of Gujarât did not consider them unconquerable."¹ In themean while, however, four kings of Mârvâḍ rose against Lavaṇaprasâda and his son Vîradhavala, and the chiefs of Godhâ and Lâṭa, who had united their forces with theirs, abandoned them and joined the Mârvâḍ princes. In these circumstances Lavaṇaprasâda suddenly stopped his march and turned backwards.² The Yâdava army, however, did not, according to Someśvara, advance farther; but he gives no reason whatever, observing only that "deer do not follow a lion's path even when he has left it."³ But if the invasion spread such terror over the country as Someśvara himself represents, and the army of Siṅhaṇa was so large, it is impossible to conceive how it could have ceased to advance when the Gûrjara prince retreated, unless he had agreed to pay a tribute or satisfied the Yâdava commander in some other way. In a manuscript discovered some years ago of a work containing forms of letters, deeds, patents, &c., there is a specimen of a treaty with the names of Simhaṇa and Lavaṇaprasâda as parties to it, from which it appears that a treaty of that nature must actually have been concluded between them.⁴ The result of the expedition, Second Invasion.

c8.s6.41

⁸ Arch. Surv, of W. I., Vol. III., p. 85.

c8.s6.42

¹ Kîrttikaumudî IV., stanzas 43 - 53.

c8.s6.43

² Ib., st. 55 - 60.

c8.s6.44

³ Ib., st. 63.

c8.s6.45

⁴ This work is entitled Lekhapañchâśikâ, and the manuscript was purchased by me for Government in 1883. The first leaf is wanting and the colophon does not contain the name of the author. The manuscript, however, is more than four hundred years old, being transcribed in 1536 of the Vikrama Saṃvat. For the variable terms

c8.s6.46

therefore, was that Lavaṇaprasâda had to submit and conclude a treaty of alliance with Siṁhaṇa.

c8.s6.47

This invasion of Gujarât must have been one of the earlier ones alluded to in the Ambem inscription, and Kholes'vara himself must have been the commander of the Yâdava army on the occasion. For Lavaṇaprasâda is said to have declared himself independent of his original master Bhîma II. of Anahilapattana about the year 1276 Vikrama,¹ corresponding to 1141 S'aka, which was about the ninth or tenth year of Siṁhaṇa's reign, and the work in which the treaty mentioned above occurs was composed in 1288 Vikrama, i. e. 1153 S'aka. But the expedition under the command of Râma, the son of Kholes'vara, must have been sent a short time before S'aka 1160, the date of the Ambem inscription. For Râma's son is represented to have been a minor under the guardianship of that chief's sister Lakshmî, who governed the principality in the name of the boy. Râma, therefore, had not died so many years before S'aka 1160 as to allow of his boy having attained his majority by that time. On the occasion of this expedition Vîsaladeva, the son of Vîradhavala, was the sovereign of Gujarât. For in an inscription of his he boasts

c8.s6.48

¹ Ind. Ant., Vol. VI, p. 190.

c8.s6.49

in the forms given by the author, he often uses the usual expression amuka, meaning "some one" or "such a one." This general expression, however, is not used to indicate the date, and we have in all the forms one date, viz. 15 Sudi of Vais'âkha,² in the year of Vikrama 1288, except in one case where it is the 3rd Sudi. This probably was the date when the author wrote. Similarly, when giving the form of a grant inscribed on copper-plates, the author in order probably to make the form clear, uses real and specific names. He gives the genealogy of the Chaulukya kings of Anahilapattana to Bhîma II. and then introduces Lavaṇaprasâda, whom he calls Lâvaṇyaprasâda and styles a Mahâmaṇḍales'vara, as the prince making the grant. Similarly, in giving the form of a treaty of alliance called yamalapattra, the persons who are introduced as parties to it are Siṁhaṇa and Lâvaṇyaprasâda and the form runs thus:—

c8.s6.50

² [^cont]:

c8.s6.51

संवत् १२८८ वर्षे वैशाखशुदि १५ सोमेऽद्येह श्रीमद्विजयकटक महाराजाधिराजश्री- मत्सिंहणदेवस्य महामण्डलेश्वरराणकश्रीलावण्यप्रसादस्य च । संराज(साम्राज्य or सम्राट्) कुलश्रीश्रीमत्सिंहणदेवेन महामण्डलेश्वरराणकश्रीलावण्यप्रसादेन पूर्व्वस्त्वात्मीय २ (i.e., आत्मीय again) देशेषु रहणीयं । केनापि कस्यापि भूमी नाक्रमणीया।

c8.s6.52

"On this day the 15th Sudi of Vais'âkha, in the year Saṁvat 1288, in the Camp of Victory, [a treaty] between the paramount king of kings, the prosperous Siṁhaṇa and the Mahâmaṇḍales'vara Râṇaka, the prosperous Lâvaṇyaprasâda. Siṁhaṇa whose patrimony is paramount sovereignty, and the Mahâmaṇḍales'vara Râṇaka the prosperous Lâvaṇyaprasâda should according to former usage confine themselves, each to his own country; neither should invade the country of the other."

c8.s6.53

The treaty then provides that when either of them is taken up by an enemy, the armies of both should march to his release; that if a prince from either country ran away into the other with some valuable things, he should not be allowed quarter, &c. Now, it is extremely unlikely that the author of the work should introduce these persons in his form unless he had seen or heard of such a treaty between them. Siṁhaṇa is but another form of Siṁhaṇa, and he is spoken of as a paramount sovereign. The treaty, it will be seen, was concluded in the "victorious camp," which is a clear reference to the invasion described by Some'svara.

c8.s6.54

In रहणीयं we have, I think, the vernacular root रह "to remain," "to live." For further details see my Report on the search for manuscripts during 1882-83, pp. 39 and 225.

c8.s6.55

of his having been "the submarine fire that dried up the ocean of Singhaṇa's army,"¹ and he must have succeeded his father about the year 1292 Vikrama corresponding to Śaka 1157,² though he obtained possession of the throne at Anahilapattana in Vikrama 1302, corresponding to Śaka 1167 and 1246 A.D. The foundation of his boast was probably the fact of Rāma's having been killed in the battle. What the ultimate result was, however, the inscription does not inform us.

c8.s6.56

¹ Ind. Ant., Vol. VI., pp. 191 and 212. ² Vīradhavala, it is said, died not long before Vastupāla. The death of the latter took place in Vikrama 1297. Vastupāla was minister to Visaladeva also for some time. We might, therefore, refer the accession of the latter to Vikrama 1292. Ind. Ant., Vol. VI., p. 190. ³ Jour. B. B. R. A. S., Vol. XV., pp. 386-7, and Vol. XII., p. 43. ⁴ *i. e.* "of the race of Vishnu." ⁵ Graham's Report, Ins. No. 10, and Jour. B. B. R. A. S., Vol. XII., p. 7. ⁶ तत्साभूतनयः प्रभूतविनयः श्रीसोढलः प्रौढधीर्येन श्रीकरणप्रवष्टविभवं भूवल्लभं भिल्लमम् । आराधयत्लिलोकशोकशमनी कीर्तिः समासादिता जैत्रे जैत्रपदं न्यधायि महती श्रीसिङ्घणे श्रीरपि ॥ Then follows one verse in praise of Singhaṇa and two in praise of

c8.s6.57

Singhaṇa appointed one Bichaṇa or Bīcha, the son of Chikka and younger brother of Malla, to be governor of the southern provinces and his viceroy there. He fought with his master's enemies in the south as Kholeśvara did in the north and kept them in check. Bīchaṇa is represented to have humbled the Raṭṭas who were petty feudatories in the Southern Marāṭhā Country, the Kadambas of Konkan, *i. e.* of Goa, the Guttas sprung from the ancient Guptas, who held a principality in the south, the Pāṇḍyas, the Hoysaḷas, and the chiefs of other southern provinces, and to have erected a triumphal column on the banks of the Kāverī.³ The date of the grant in which all this is recorded is Śaka 1160 or A.D. 1238.

c8.s6.58

It thus appears that the Yādava empire became in the time of Singhaṇa as extensive as that ruled over by the ablest monarchs of the preceding dynasties. The full titles of a paramount sovereign are given to Singhaṇa in his inscriptions, such as "the support of the whole world," "the lover of the earth (*Prithvīvallabha*)," and "king of kings." Since Kṛishṇa, the eighth incarnation of Vishṇu, is represented in the Purāṇas to have belonged to the Yādava family, the princes of Devagiri called themselves *Vishṇuvaṃśodbhava*;⁴ and as Kṛishṇa and his immediate descendants reigned at Dvārakā, they assumed the title of *Dvāravatīpuravarādhīśvara*, "the supreme lord of Dvāravatī, the best of cities."⁵ In the reign of Singhaṇa as well as of his two predecessors the office of chief secretary or *Śrīkaraṇādhipa*, which in a subsequent reign was conferred on Hemādri, was held by a man of the name of Soḍhala. He was the son of Bhāskara, a native of Kaśmīr who had settled in the Dekkan. Soḍhala's son Sārṅgadhara wrote in this reign a treatise on music entitled *Saṃgītaratnākara* which is extant.⁶ There is a commentary

c8.s6.59

on this work attributed to a king of the name of Siṅga who is represented as a paramount sovereign of the Andhra circle. This Siṅga appears in all likelihood to be Siṅghaṇa; and the commentary was either written by him or dedicated to him by a dependant, as is often the case.¹ Châṅgadeva, the grandson of Bhâskarâchârya and son of Lakshmîdhara, was chief astrologer to Siṅghaṇa; and also Anantadeva, the grandson of Bhâskarâchârya’s brother Śrîpati and son of Gaṇapati. Châṅgadeva founded a Maṭha or college for the study of his grandfather’s Siddhântaśiromaṇi and other works at Pâṭṇâ in the Châlisgamv division of the Khândes district, and Anantadeva built a temple at a village in the same division and dedicated it to Bhavânî on the 1st of Chaitra in the S’aka year 1144 expired.²

c8.s6.60

¹ My Report on MSS. for 1882-83, pp. 37, 38 and 222.

c8.s6.61

² Jour. R. A. S., Vol. I., N.S., p. 415, and Epigraphia Indica, Vol. III., p. 113.

c8.s6.62

Jaitrapâla, Siṅghaṇa’s son, died before him.

c8.s6.63

Siṅghaṇa’s son was Jaitugi or Jaitrapâla, who “was the abode of all arts, and was thus the very moon in opposition, full of all the digits, that had come down to the earth, to protect it. He was death to hostile kings and firm in unequal fights.”³ But if he protected the earth at all he must have done so during the lifetime of his father as *Yuvarâja*, for the latest date of Siṅghaṇa is Śaka 1169, and in a copper-plate inscription of his grandson and Jaitugi’s son Kṛishṇa, S’aka 1175, *Pramâdi-Saṃvatsara*, is stated to be the seventh of his reign, so that Kṛishṇa began to reign in S’aka 1169 corresponding to 1247 A.D.⁴ And in the longer of the two historical introductions to the Vratakhaṇḍa, Jaitugi is not mentioned at all. After Siṅghaṇa, we are told that his grandsons Kṛishṇa and Mahâdeva came to the throne, of whom the elder Kṛishṇa reigned first.⁵ Kṛishṇa’s Prâkrit name was Kanhâra, Kanhara, or Kandhâra. He is represented to have been the terror of the kings of Mâlava, Gujarât, and Konkan, to have “established the king of Teluṅga,” and to have been the sovereign of the country of the Chola king.⁶ In the Vratakhaṇḍa also he is said to have destroyed the army of Visala, who we know was sovereign of Gujarât at this time and who had been at war with Siṅghaṇa, and, in general terms, to have “conquered a great many enemies in bloody battles in which numbers of horses and elephants were engaged, reduced some to captivity and compelled others to seek refuge in forests, and, having thus finished the work of vanquishing the series of earthly kings, to have marched to the heavenly world to conquer Indra.”⁷ Laksh-

c8.s6.64

³ Appendix C. II., st. 7.

c8.s6.65

⁴ Jour. B. B. R. A. S., Vol. XII., p. 42.

c8.s6.66

⁵ Appendix C. I., st. 45.

c8.s6.67

⁶ Jour. B. B. R. A. S., Vol. XII., p. 38.

c8.s6.68

⁷ That is, “left this world,” “died”, Appendix C. II., st, 11.

c8.s6.69

Kṛishṇa.

c8.s6.70

Soḍhala in which he is represented to have pleased Siṅghaṇa by his merits and to have conferred benefits on all through the wealth and influence thus acquired; and then we have तस्माद्गुधाम्बुधेर्जितः शार्ङ्गदेवः सुधाकरः । उपर्युपरि सर्व्वन्यः सदोदारः स्फुर- त्करः ॥ Introduction to Saṅgītaratnâkara, No. 979, Collection of 1887--91, Dekk. Coll. इति श्रीमदनविनोदश्रीकरणाधिपतिश्रीसोढलनन्दननिःशङ्कश्रीशार्ङ्गदेवविरचिते सङ्गीतरत्नाकरे प्रकीर्णकाध्यायस्तृतयः समाप्तः fol. 122a.

c8.s6.71

mîdeva, son of Janârdana, is represented by his wise counsels to have helped Krishna to consolidate his power and to have by his sword subdued his enemies.¹ Krishna performed a great many sacrifices and thus "brought fresh strength to the Vedic ceremonial religion which in the course of time had lost its hold over the people." In a copper-plate grant dated Saka 1171, found in the Belgaum Tâluka, Malla or Malliseṭṭi is spoken of as the elder brother of Bîcha or Bîchaṇa, the viceroy of Singhaṇa in the south, and was himself governor of the province of Kuhuṇḍi. He lived at Mudugala, probably the modern Mudgala, and gave, by the consent of Krishna, his sovereign, lands in the village of Bâgevâḍi to thirty-two Brâhmaṇs of different Gotras.² Among the family names of these it is interesting to observe some borne by modern Mahârâshṭra Brâhmaṇs, such as Paṭavardhana and Ghaisâsa, prevalent among Chitpâvanas, and Ghaisâsa, Ghaḷisa, and Pâṭhaka, among Desasthas. The name Trivâḍi also occurs; but there is no trace of it among Marâṭhâ Brâhmaṇs, while it is borne by Brâhmaṇs in Gujarât and Upper Hindustan. In another grant, Chauṇḍa the son of Bîchaṇa, who succeeded to the office and title of his father, is represented to have personally solicited king Krishna at Devagiri to permit him to grant the village mentioned therein.³ Jahlana, son of Lakshmîdeva who had succeeded his father, assisted Krishna diligently by his counsels in conjunction with his younger brother. He was commander of the troops of elephants and as such fought with Krishna's enemies. He compiled an anthology of select verses from Sanskrit poets, called Sûktimuktâvali, which is extant.⁴ The Vedântakalpataru, which is a commentary on Vâchaspatimisra's Bhâmatî

c8.s6.72

¹ Intr. Jahl. Sukt. :— विश्वत्राणपरायणः स्फुरदुस्वर्णाचिंतात्यैव्रज- स्तस्मादद्भुतविक्रमः समभवच्छ्रीलक्ष्मिदेवः सुधीः । मन्त्रैर्निर्जितदेवमन्त्रधिषणैर्ज्ञाप्रयप्रक्रमै राज्यं कृष्णमहीपतेर्विकलं दत्वा स्थिरं योऽव्यधात् ॥ २१ ॥ अगस्त्य इव यस्यासिर्न्यञ्चितक्षितिभृद्धमौ । चित्रं सोप्यकरोन्नत्यकबन्धसमरार्णवम् ॥ २२ ॥

c8.s6.73

² Jour. B. B. R. A. S., Vol. XII., p. 27. Ind. Ant., Vol. VII., 304. Kuhuṇḍi corresponds to a part of the modern Belgaum district.

c8.s6.74

³ Jour. B. B. R. A. S., Vol. XII., p. 43.

c8.s6.75

⁴ Intr. Jahl, Sukt. :— तस्यास्ते तनयो नयोदधिविधुर्धुन्धुधुनां सुधीः सारासारविचारणासु चतुरः श्रीजह्लणस्यः क्षितौ ॥ २६ ॥ मत्पिना दत्तमास्मै प्रतिहतबलहृष्टिसर्गोपसर्गे राज्यं प्राज्यप्रभावप्रथितगुणभृता कृष्णराजाय भक्त्या । तन्निर्व्वीहं मयेति द्विगुणितधिषणाशक्तिभक्तिर्व्वधत्ते सर्व्वं यः स्वाधि (मि) कार्य हितमनयधता भावुकेतानुजेन ॥ २७ ॥ ध्रुवं यस्यास्ति हस्ताब्जे मदान्धा करिवाहिनी । दानोदकमवाहोत्र दृश्यते कथमन्थथा ॥ २८ ॥

c8.s6.76

Mahâdeva.

c8.s6.77

which itself is a commentary on Śamkarâchârya’s Vedântasûtra-bhâshya, was written by Amalânanda in the reign of Kṛishṇa.¹

c8.s6.78

¹ Transactions Ninth Congress of Orientalists, Vol. I., p. 423.

c8.s6.79

Kṛishṇa was succeeded by his brother Mahâdeva in 1182 Śaka or 1260 A.D. “He was a tempestuous wind that blew away the heap of cotton in the shape of the king of the Tailaṅga country, the prowess of his arm was like a thunderbolt that shattered the mountain in the shape of the pride of the swaggering Gûrjara, he destroyed the king of Konkan with ease, and reduced the arrogant sovereigns of Karṇâṭa and Lâṭa to mockery.”² The Gûrjara here mentioned must be Vîsaladeva noticed above, as Mahâdeva is represented in the Paiṭhan grant to have vanquished him;³ and the king of Karṇâṭa was probably a Hoysaḷa Yâdava of Haḷebîd. “King Mahâdeva never killed a woman, a child, or one who submitted to him; knowing this and being greatly afraid of him, the Andhras placed a woman on the throne; and the king of Mâlava also for the same reason installed a child in his position, and forthwith renouncing all his possessions practised false penance for a long time. He took away in battle the elephants and the five musical instruments of the ruler of Tailaṅgaṇa, but left the ruler Rudramâ as he refrained from killing a woman.”⁴ In a work on Poetics called Pratâparudrîya by Vidyânatha there occurs a specimen of a dramatic play in which Gaṇapati of the Kâkatîya dynasty, the same prince who is represented in the Paiṭhan grant to have been released from confinement by Jaitugi, is mentioned as having left his throne to his daughter, whom, however, he called his son and named Rudra, and who is spoken of as “a king” and not queen. She adopted Pratâparudra, the son of her daughter, as her heir. This, therefore, was the woman spoken of above as Rudramâ and as having been placed on the throne by the Andhras.⁵ “Soma, the lord of Konkan, though skilled in swimming in the sea, was together with his forces drowned in the rivers formed by the humour-trickling from the temples of Mahâdeva’s maddened elephants.” “Mahâdeva deprived Someśvara of his kingdom and his life.”⁶ We have seen that Kṛishṇa fought with the king of Konkan, but it appears he did not subjugate the country thoroughly. His successor Mahâdeva, however, again invaded it with an army consisting of a large number of elephants.

c8.s6.80

² Appendix C. I., st. 48, and II., st. 13.

c8.s6.81

³ Ind. Ant., Vol. XIV., p., 316.

c8.s6.82

⁴ Appendix C. I., st. 52, and II., st. 14 and 15.

c8.s6.83

⁵ एवमेतत् । अन्यथा कथमीश्वरप्रसादादते निरुङ्कुशं स्त्रीव्यक्तिविशेषस्य लोकाधिपत्यम् । एवं मातृषम्भुना गणपतिमहाराजेनाभ्यन्तरस्थाद्भावस सदृशमत्र पुत्र इति व्यवहारः कृतस्तदत्युगुणा च रुद्र इत्याख्या । Poona lithographed edition of Śaka 1771, fol. 29. See also Dr. Hultzsch’s paper, Ind. Ant., Vol. XXI., pp. 198, 199.

c8.s6.84

⁶ Appendix C. I., st. 49, 50, and II., st. 17.

c8.s6.85

तेनेयं क्रियते वीक्ष्य सत्सुभाषितसंग्रहान् । सूक्तिमुक्तावलीकण्ठकन्दलीभूषणं सताम् ॥ ३८ ॥

c8.s6.86

Soma or Someśvara was completely defeated on land and his power broken, whereupon he appears to have betaken himself to his ships. There somehow he met with his death,¹ probably by being drowned, for it is said that "even the sea did not protect him" and that "he betook himself to the submarine fire," thinking the fire of Mahâdeva's prowess to be more unbearable.² Konkan was thereupon annexed to the territories of the Yâdavas. Hence it is that the country was governed by a viceroy appointed by the Devagiri king during the time of Mahâdeva's successor, as we find from the Thânâ plates published by Mr. Wathen.³ The Someśvara whom Mahâdeva subdued belonged to the Śilâhâra dynasty of Thânâ that had been ruling over that part of Konkan for a considerable period. He is the last prince of the dynasty whose inscriptions are found in the district, and his dates are Śaka 1171 and 1182.⁴ Mahâdeva like his predecessors reigned at Devagiri, which is represented as the capital of the dynasty to which he belonged and as situated in the country called Seuṇa on the borders of Daṇḍakâraṇya. "It was the abode of the essence of the beauty of the three worlds and its houses rivalled the peaks of the mountain tenanted by gods, and the Seuṇa country deserved all the sweet and ornamental epithets that might be applied to it."⁵ At Paṇḍharpur there is an inscription dated 1192 Śaka, Pramoda Saṃvatsara, in which Mahâdeva is represented to have been reigning at the time. He is there called Prauḍhapratâpa Chakravartin, or "Paramount sovereign possessing great valour." The inscription records the performance of an Aptoryâma sacrifice by a Brâhmaṇ chief of the name of Keśava belonging to the Kaśyapa Gotra.

c8.s6.87

¹ Appendix C. I., st. 49.

c8.s6.88

² Ib. I., st. 51, and II., st. 18.

c8.s6.89

³ Jour. R. A. S. (old series), Vol. V., p. 177.

c8.s6.90

⁴ Bombay Gazetteer, Vol. XIII., Part II., p. 422.

c8.s6.91

⁵ Appendix C. II., st. 19 and 20. "The mountain tenanted by gods" may be the Himâlaya or Moru. In this epithet there is a reference to the etymology of Devagiri which means "a mountain of or having gods."

c8.s6.92

The immediate successor of Mahâdeva was Âmaṇa⁶ who appears to have been his son; but the sovereign power was soon wrested from his hands by the rightful heir Râmachandra, son of Kṛishṇa, who ascended the throne in 1193 Śaka or 1271 A.D. He is called Râmadeva or Râmarâja also. In the Thânâ copper-plate grants he is spoken of as "a lion to the proud elephant in the shape of the lord of Mâlava," from which it would appear that he was at war with that country. He is also called "the elephant that tore up by the root the tree in the shape of the Tailaṅga king." This must be an allusion to his wars with Pratâparudra the successor of Rudramâ, which are mentioned in the work noticed above. Several other epithets occur in the grants; but they are given as mere birudas or titles which were inherited by Râmachandra from his predecessors, and do not point to any specific events in his reign. His inscriptions are found as far to the south as the confines of Maisur, so that the empire he ruled over was as large as it ever was. There is in the Dekkan College Library a manuscript of the Amarakosa written in Konkan on Tâla leaves during his reign in the year 4398 of the Kaliyuga corresponding to Saka 1219 and A.D. 1297. His viceroy in Konkan in Saka 1212 was a Brâhman named Krishna belonging to the Bhâradvâja Gotra, whose grandfather Padmanâbha first acquired royal favour and rose into importance in the reign of Singhana. One of the Thânâ grants was issued by him, and the other dated 1194 Saka by Achyuta Nâyaka, who was also a Brâhman and who appears to have been a petty chief and held some office which is not stated. Where he resided is also not clear. By the Paithan copper-plate charter, which was issued in Saka 1193, Râmachandra assigned three villages to fifty-seven Brâhmans on conditions some of which are rather interesting. The Brâhmans and their descendants were to live in those villages, not to mortgage the land, allow no prostitutes to settle there, prevent gambling, use no weapons, and spend their time in doing good deeds.¹

c8.s6.93

⁶ Paiṭhaṇ grant, Ind. Ant., Vol. XIV., p. 317.

c8.s6.94

¹ Ind. Ant., Vol. XIV., p. 319.

c8.s6.95

Hemâdri, the minister of Mahâdeva and Râmadeva.

c8.s6.96

Hemâdri, the celebrated author, principally of works on Dharmasâstra, flourished during the reigns of Mahâdeva and Râmachandra and was minister to both. In the introduction to his works on Dharmasâstra he is called Mahâdeva's Srikaranddhipa or Srikarana-prabhu. In the Thânâ copper-plate of 1194 Saka also, he is said to have taken upon himself the adhipatya or controllership of all karana. This office seems to have been that of chief secretary or one who wrote and issued all orders on behalf of his master and kept the state record. Hemâdri is also called Mantrin or counsellor generally. In his other works and in the Thânâ plate Râmarâja instead of Mahâdeva is represented as his master. Mahâdeva's genealogy and his own are given at the beginning of his works on Dharma. Sometimes the former begins with Singhana, sometimes with Bhillama, while in the Dânakhanda the exploits of Mahâdeva alone are enumerated. The description of the several princes is often couched in general terms and consists of nothing but eulogy. But the Vratakhanda, which was the first work composed by Hemâdri, contains, as we have seen, a very valuable account of the dynasty from the very beginning, and by far the greater portion of it is undoubtedly historical.

c8.s6.97

Hemâdri's Works.

c8.s6.98

Hemâdri was a Brâhman of the Vatsa Gotra. His father's name was Kâmadeva, grandfather's, Vâsudeva, and great-grandfather's, Vâmana.² He is described in terms of extravagant praise; and the historical truth that may be gleaned from it appears to be this. Hemâdri was very liberal to Brâhmans and fed numbers of them every day. He was a man of learning himself, and learned men found a generous patron in him. He is represented to be religious and pious, and at the same time very brave. He evidently possessed a great deal of influence. Whether the voluminous works attributed to him may well be questioned; but the idea at least of reducing the religious practices and observances that had descended from times immemorial to a system must certainly have been his, and must have been carried out under his supervision.

c8.s6.99

² Pariséshakhanda, Ed. Bib. Ind., pp. 4-5.

c8.s6.100

His great work is called the *Chaturvarga Chintâmaṇi*, which is divided into four parts, viz., (1) *Vratakhaṇḍa*, containing an exposition of the religious fasts and observances; (2) *Dânakhaṇḍa*, in which the several gifts to which great religious importance is attached are explained; (3) *Tîrthakhaṇḍa*, which treats of pilgrimages to holy places; and (4) *Mokshakhaṇḍa*, in which the way to final deliverance is set forth. There is a fifth *Khaṇḍa* or part which is called *Parîśeshakhaṇḍa* or appendix, which contains voluminous treatises on (1) the deities that should be worshipped, (2) on *Śrâddhas* or offerings to the manes, (3) on the determination of the proper times and seasons for the performance of religious rites, and (4) on *Prâyaśchitta* or atonement. All these works are trepele with a great deal of information and innumerable quotations. They are held in great estimation, and future writers on the same subjects draw largely from them. A commentary called *Âyurvedarasâ-yana* on a medical treatise by Vâgbhaṭa and another on Bopadeva’s *Muktâphala*, a work expounding Vaishṇava doctrines, are also attributed to him.

c8.s6.101

This Bopadeva was one of Hemâdri’s protegees and the author of the work mentioned above and of another entitled Harilîlâ, which contains an abstract of the Bhâgavata. Both of these were written at the request of Hemâdri as the author himself tells us.¹ Bopadeva was the son of a physician named Keśava and the pupil of Dhaneśa. His father as well as his teacher lived at a place called Sârtha situated on the banks of the Varadâ. Bopadeva, therefore, was a native of Berâr. Bopadeva, the author of a treatise on grammar called *Mugdhabodha*, appears to be the same person as this, since the names of the father and the teacher there mentioned are the same as those we find in these works. A few medical treatises also, written by Bopadeva, have come down to us.

c8.s6.102

¹ विद्वज्जनशिष्येण भिषकेशवसुतुना । हेमाद्रिबोधपदेवेन मुक्ताफलमचीकरत् ॥ श्रीमद्भागवतस्कन्धाध्यायार्थादि निरूप्यते । विदुषा बोपदेवेन मन्विहेमाद्रितुष्टये ॥ Dr. Râjendralâl’s notices of Skr, MSS., Vol. II., pp. 48 and 200.

c8.s6.103

Hemâdri has not yet been forgotten in the Marâṭhâ country. He is popularly known by the name of Hemâḍpant and old temples throughout the country of a certain structure are attributed to him. He is said to have introduced the Moḍi or the current form of writing and is believed to have brought it from Laṅkâ or Ceylon. As chief secretary he had to superintend the writing of official papers and records, and it is possible he may have introduced some improvements in the mode of writing.

c8.s6.104

The great Marâṭhâ *sâdhu* or saint Jñâneśvara or Dnyâneśvara as his name is ordinarily pronounced, flourished during the reign of

c8.s6.105

Conquest of the country by the Mussalmans.

c8.s6.106

Râmachandra. At the end of his Marâthî commentary on the Bhagavadgîtâ he tells us: "In the Kali age, in the country of Mahârâshtra and on the southern bank of the Godâvarî, there is a sacred place five *kos* in circuit, the holiest in the three worlds, where exists Mahâlayâ, who is the thread that sustains the life of the world. There, king Râmachandra, a scion of the Yadu race and the abode of all arts, dispenses justice, and there a vernacular garb was prepared for the Gîtâ by Jñânadeva, the son of Nivrittinâtha, sprung from the family of Maheśa."¹ The date of the completion of the work is given as Saka 1212 or A. D. 1290, when we know Râmachandra was on the throne.

c8.s6.107

Râmachandra was the last of the independent Hindu sovereigns of the Dekkan. The Mussalmans had been firmly established at Delhi for about a century, and though they had not yet turned their attention to the Dekkan it was not possible they should refrain from doing so for a long time. Alla-ud-din Khilji, the nephew of the reigning king, who had been appointed governor of Karra, was a person of a bold and adventurous spirit. In the year 1294 A.D. or Saka 1216 he collected a small army of 8000 men and marched straight to the south till he reached Ellichpur, and then suddenly turning to the west appeared in a short time before Devagiri. The king never expected such an attack and was consequently unprepared to resist it. According to one account he was even absent from his capital. He hastily collected about 4000 troops, and threw himself between the city and the invading army. But being aware he could not hold out for a long time, he took measures for provisioning the fort and retired into it. The city was then taken by the Mahomedans and plundered, and the fort was closely invested. Alla-ud-din had taken care to spread a report that his troops were but the advanced guard of the army of the king which was on its way to the Dekkan. Râmachandra, therefore, despairing of a successful resistance, began to treat for peace. Alla-ud-din, who was conscious of his own weakness, received his proposals with gladness and agreed to raise the siege and retire on condition of receiving from the king a large quantity of gold. In the meantime, Râmachandra's son Śamkara collected a large army and was marching to the relief of the fort, when Alla-ud-din left about a thousand men to continue the siege and proceeded

c8.s6.108

ऐसें युगों परि कळीं । आणि महाराष्ट्र मंडळी ।
श्रीगोदावरीच्या कूळीं । दक्षिणलीं ॥ १ ॥
त्रिभुवनपवित्र । अनादि पंचक्रोशक्षेत्र ।
जेथ जगाचें जीवनसूत्र । श्रीमहालया असे ॥ २ ॥
तेथ यदुवंशविलास । जो सकळकळानिवास ।
न्यायातें पोषी क्षितीश । श्रीरामचंद्र ॥ ३ ॥
तेथ महेशान्वयसंभूतें । श्रीनिवृत्तिनाथसुतें ।
केलें ज्ञानदेवें गीते । देशीकार लेणें ॥ ४ ॥

c8.s6.109

with the rest to a short distance from the town and gave battle to Śamkara’s forces. The Hindus were numerically superior and forced the Mahomedans to fall back; but the detachment left to observe the movements of the garrison joined them at this time, and Śamkara’s followers thinking it to be the main army that was on its way from Delhi were seized with a panic, and a confusion ensued which resulted in the complete defeat of the Hindus.

c8.s6.110

Râmachandra or Râmadeva then continued the negotiations, but Alla-ud-din raised his demands. The Hindu king’s allies were preparing to march to his assistance, but in the meanwhile Râmachandra discovered that the sacks of grain that had been hastily thrown into the fort really contained salt; and since the provisions had been well nigh exhausted he was anxious to hasten the conclusion of peace. It was therefore agreed that he should pay to Alla-ud-din “600 maunds of pearls, two of jewels, 1000 of silver, 4000 pieces of silk, and other precious things,” cede Ellichpur and its dependencies, and send an annual tribute to Delhi. On the receipt of the valuable treasure given to him by the Devagiri prince Alla-ud-din retired.

c8.s6.111

Some time after, Alla-ud-din assassinated his aged uncle and usurped the throne. King Râmachandra did not send the tribute for several years, and to punish him the Delhi monarch despatched an expedition of 30,000 horse under the command of Malik Kafur, a slave who had risen high in his favour. Malik Kafur accomplished the long and difficult march “over stones and hills without drawing rein,” and arrived at Devagiri in March 1307 A.D., or about the end of Śaka 1228. A fight ensued in which the Hindus were defeated and Râmadeva was taken prisoner.¹ According to another account, Malik Kafur came laying waste the country about Devagiri, and the Hindu king observing the futility of resistance surrendered himself. Râmachandra was sent to Delhi, where he was detained for six months and afterwards released with all honour. Thenceforward he sent the tribute regularly and remained faithful to the Mahomedans. In Śaka 1231 or A.D. 1309, Malik Kafur was again sent to the Dekkan to subdue Tailangana. On the way he stopped at Devagiri, where he was hospitably entertained by the king.

c8.s6.112

¹ Elliot’s History of India, Vol. III., p. 77.

c8.s6.113

Râmadeva died this year and was succeeded by his son Śamkara. He discontinued sending the annual tribute to Delhi and Malik Kafur was again sent to the Dekkan in Śaka 1234 or A.D. 1312 to reduce him to submission. He put Śamkara to death, laid waste his kingdom, and fixed his residence at Devagiri.

c8.s6.114

In the latter years of Alla-ud-din his nobles, disgusted with the overwhelming influence which Malik Kafur had acquired over him, revolted. In the meantime Alla-ud-din died and was succeeded by his third son Mubarik. The opportunity was seized by Harapâla, the son-in-law of Râmachandra, who raised an insurrection and drove away some of the Mahomedan governors. In 1240 Śaka or A.D. 1318 Mubarik marched to the Dekkan in person to suppress the revolt. He took Harapâla prisoner and inhumanly flayed him alive.

c8.s6.115

Thus ended the last Hindu or Marâthâ monarchy of the Dekkan, and the country became a province of the Mahomedan empire.

c8.s6.116

*Genealogy of the later Yâdavas or the Yâdavas of Devagiri.*

c8.s6.117

Mallugi.

c8.s6.118

1. BHILLAMA (Śaka 1109-1113 or A.D. 1187-1191.)

c8.s6.119

2. JAITRAPÂLA or Jaitugi. (Śaka 1113-1132 or A.D. 1191-1210.)

c8.s6.120

3. SINGHANA (Śaka 1132-1169 or A.D. 1210-1247.)

c8.s6.121

Jaitrapâla or Jaitugi.

c8.s6.122

| . . . . .
| |

c8.s6.123

4. KRISHNA, Kanhâra or Kandhâra. 5. MAHÂDEVA (Śaka 1169-1182 or A.D. 1247-1260.) (Śaka 1182-1193 or A.D. 1260-1271.)

c8.s6.124

6. RÂMACHANDRA or Râmadeva. Âmana. (Śaka 1193-1231 or A.D. 1271-1309.)

c8.s6.125

7: ŚAMKARA (Śaka 1231-1234 or A.D. 1309-1312.)

c8.s6.126

Brother-in-law, Harapâla, killed in Śaka 1240 or A.D. 1318.

Linked texts (21)