The Foundation of Muslim Rule in India: A History of the Establishment and Progress of the Turkish Sultanate of Delhi, 1206–1290 A.D. c13.45

c13.45

The northwestern frontier region, as a result of these repeated invasions, was thus in a state of utmost confusion. In the north the Salt Range tribes were emboldened to exploit their adversaries' weakness. They not only occupied the whole of the northern Doab but also spread further east and even beyond the Beas² to menace Lahore which they took the earliest opportunity to sack and plunder. West of the Indus, the area known to the contemporary writers as Baniyan³ formed part of Hasan Qarlugh's dominions who precariously held whatever portion he could of his master's appanage of Ghazni. To the south was the territory of Qubachah with a rapidly declining hold on the outlying districts like Sehwan and Debal. Between all these was Uzbek Pai, who, till 627/1220, remained in the Sind Sagar Doab and the Punjab and possibly in control of Multan as well⁴.