Ancient Indian Colonies in the Far East (Vol. I: Champa; Vol. II: Suvarnadvipa) v2.c22: Index

Ancient Indian Colonies in the Far East (Vol. I: Champā; Vol. II: Suvarṇadvīpa) v2.c22

Language: English

Index

v2.c22.1

Abu Zayd Hasan 30 Acheh 145 Ādigama 2 Ādiparva Kidung 89 Ādipurāṇa 77 Adiśvara 81 Ādityavarman 123, 154 Agama 3 n. Agastyaparva 77 Agni 105 Airlangga 79, 101, 122, 291, 314, 316-7 Ajaṇṭā 248 Ajar Pikatan 85 Aji Dharma 88 Aji Jayanagara 45 Al Fakih 29 n. Amahai 152 Amarakośa 64 Amaramālā 64, 101 Amarāvatī 324, 346 Anda 81 Angkavijaya 98 Angulipraveśa 81 Anuṣanātha 257 Arabs 29 Arjuna Pralabda 38 Arjuna Sasrabāhu 71 Arjuna Vijaya 71, 75, 80 Arjunavivāha 57, 67, 80, 89, 266, 279 Aṣṭaguṇa 76 Aṣṭāviṁśati Tattva 45 Atīśa Dīpaṁkara 117

v2.c22.2

Badut 252 ff. Bagus Diyarsa 90 Bajang-ratu 269 Bajrajināparamitāpura 271 Bale 311 Bali 5 ff, 41 ff, 55 ff, 137 ff, 306 ff., 351 Banda 37 Bangkok 146 Banka 47 Banolakṣaṇa 80 Bara 291, 299 Barabuḍur 193 ff., 233 ff 246, 347 Basra 29 Batu Layang 229 Batur Lelavasan 83 Batu-rong 228 Batu-ruma 229 Bedulu 310, 313 Begus Umbara 93 Belahan 257, 291, 316 Bendasari Ins. 3 Bengal 58, 320 Benuvang 145 Berbek Ins. 16, 45 Besakih 312 Besuki 252 ff Bhairava 132-3, 290 339 ff. Bharatayuddha 57, 68, 72, 80, 98 Bharatayuddha Kidung 89 Bhaṭāra-Guru 105, 152, 223, 254, 256, 262 Bhīmasvarga 87, 98 Bhītargaon 348

v2.c22.4

Bhomakāvya (Bomantaka) 6, 70, 80, 98 Bhreng Kahuripan 45 Bhuvanakośa 157-8 Bhuvanapurāṇa 78 Bhuvanasaṃkṣepa 158 Biara Si Pamutung 145 Biaro Bahal 327 ff Biaro Si Mangambat 327-328 Biaro Si Topajan 327-8 Billiton 37 Bima 152 Bimasuci 75 Bimasvarga 89 Borneo 37, 38, 46, 47, 50, 150-1, 333 ff. Bradah 80 Brahmā 75, 78-9, 99ff., 139ff., 104 ff, 114 ff, 119, 176, 215-6, 223-4, 243, 255-6 285, 290, 303, 311, 318, 326 Brahmāṇḍapurāṇa 57, 75, 76 Brahmayaśa 71 Bratajuda 68 Brataśraya 72 Bṛhaspati-saṃhitā 7, 18 Bṛhaspati-tattva 159 Brunei 154 Buddha (Buddhism) 104, 116 ff, 138-9,145ff, 156, 234ff, 248, 288ff., 303, 324ff., 329, 334, 339 ff, 345, 347ff. Buddhaveda 157 Bugi 152 Buvang Sakti 92

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Caiya 339 ff. Calon Arang 79, 89 Cāṇakya-śataka 73

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Caṇḍakiraṇa 73 Canda-Purāṇa 69 Caṇḍi 167, 299 Caṇḍi Abang 212 Caṇḍi Angsoka 323 Caṇḍi Arjuna 172 Caṇḍi Asu 226-7 Caṇḍi Bangli 288 Caṇḍi Banon 206, 248-9 Caṇḍi Bima 174, 349 Caṇḍi Bloran 271 Caṇḍi Dvaravati 172 Caṇḍi Ghaṭotkaca 172 Caṇḍi Gunung Gangsir 254 Caṇḍi Jabung 270 Caṇḍi Jadi 278 Caṇḍi Jago 262 ff, 287 ff., 292, 295, 304, 352 Caṇḍi Javi 268 Caṇḍi Kalasan 178 ff., 185-6, 221-2, 247, 342 Caṇḍi Kedaton 272 Caṇḍi Kidal 257 ff. Caṇḍi Lumbung 184 Caṇḍi Mendut 187 ff., 248 Caṇḍi Merak 227, 247-8 Caṇḍi Nga-Kula Sadevo 172 Caṇḍi Ngawen 206-7, 227, 247 Caṇḍi Ngrajeg 206 Caṇḍi Panataran (See Panataran) Caṇḍi Pari 272 Caṇḍi Parikesit 172 Caṇḍi Pavon 191 ff , 247 Caṇḍi Plaosan 208-10, 248-9 Caṇḍi Popoh 268-9 Caṇḍi Pringapus 177, 247 Caṇḍi Puntadeva 172-3 Caṇḍi Pūrvapatapan 262 Caṇḍi Reja 226

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Caṇḍi Rimbi 292 Caṇḍi Sajivan 208, 210-11 Caṇḍi Sari 182, 247 Caṇḍi Semar 172 Caṇḍi Sembadra 172 Caṇḍi Setan 226 Caṇḍi Sevu 184 ff, 247, 351 Caṇḍi Singhasāri 261 ff., 352 Caṇḍi Srikaṇḍi 172 Caṇḍi Sumbernanas 255 Caṇḍi Suravana 271, 288, 352 Caṇḍi Tigavangi 272, 288 Caṇḍi Tumpang 263 Caṇḍi Vringin Brañjang 278 Caṇḍi Vurung 206, 249 Candra (Soma) 106, 139, 156, 224 Candra Kiraṇa 85, 86 Candra Verava 88 Cangal Ins. 100 Caṇṭakaparva 81 Canton 28 Carita Parahyangan 6 Caturpakṣopadeśa 136 Cave Temples 150, 228 ff. 279 ff Cawnpore 348 Celebes 152, 345 Ceram 37 Ceta 283 Ceylon 24, 28 Chau Ju-kua 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 38, 47, 48, 149, 153-4 Chāyā-nāṭaka 59 Covak 90 Cupak 91

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Dakṣa 217 Ḍangḍang Hireng 85 Ḍangḍang Peṭak 85 Darma Sembada 90

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Darmayati 88 Daśaratha 243-4 Ḍeḍes 292 De Gunati 90 Deogarh 348 Devadaṇḍa 3 n., 7 Devāgama 2 Devaśāsana 160 Dharma-lakṣaṇa 96 Dharmapāla 117 Dharmasavita 73 Dharmaśūnya 73 Dharmavamśa teguh Ananta-Vikramadeva 2 Dharmaya 69, 80 Dharmopapatti 3 n., Dieng (Sculptures) 231 ff Dieng (Temples) 166, 171ff. Dignāga 127 Dinaya 253 Drama Upapati 3 n., Dreman 94 Durgā (Pārvatī etc.) 102-3, 119, 139, 143, 151, 156, 158, 176, 223, 226, 233, 253-4, 262, 282, 290-2, 303, 304, 316, 334 Durma 88 Duṣṭakalabaya 3 n. Dūṭāngada 58 Dva-pa-tan 55

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Edrisi 30 Egypt 284 Ekalabya 81 Eṇḍer 92

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Fa-hien 24 Fei Hsin 35

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Gajah Mada 2, 82 Gamelan 51, 54 Gandhāra 324, 337 Gaṇeśa 103, 119, 145, 149, 151, 156, 176, 223, 226, 228, 254, 262, 282, 285, 289, 291, 299, 315, 334-5, 338-9 Garuḍa 104, 110, 112, 243, 256-8, 282, 285, 291, 321, 343 Garuḍeya mantra 73 Gedong Sanga 177 Genung Kombeng 333 ff. Ghaṭotkacāśraya 68, 80 Gladiatorial Combat 49 Goa Gaja 306 ff, 315 ff Goa-Garba 309 Gopuram 227-8, 269 Graeco-Buddhist 324 Guṇakaya 96 Guṇapriyā Dharmapatni 44 Gunung Gangsir 349 Gunung Ijo 212 Gunung Kavi 306, 308-9, 316 Gunung Tebasan 229 Gupta 234, 247, 347 ff. Guwa Pasir 288

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Halmaheiro 153 Hari-Hara 292 Hariśraya 72, 75 Hāritī 106, 293, 315 Harivaṃśa 68 Harivijaya 72 Haussa 284 Hayagrīva 119 Hayam Wuruk 71, 83, 271 292 Heruka 119-20, 122, 328 Hikayat Chekel Waneng Pati 98 Hikayat Jaran Kinanti Asmarandana 98

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Hikayat Maharaja Boma 98 Hikayat Naya Kusuma 98 Hikayat Pāṇḍava 98 Hikayat Pañji Kuda Sumirang 98 Hikayat Pañji Susupan Mesa Kelana 98 Hikayat Seri Rāma 97 Hitopadeśa 86 Ho-Ling 27 Ho Phra Isuon 149 Hsing-Cha Sheng-lan 46

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Indra 71, 105, 114, 119, 139, 221 Indragiri 145 Indravijaya 71 I-tsing 27, 28

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Jailolo 153 Jajava 268 Jalatuṇḍa 256, 288 Jambenagara 95 Jambi 145, 326 Jambudvīpa 76, 135, Japatvan 92 Jayabhaya 68, 122 Jayapattra 16 Jaya Prameya 88 Jayasabha 79 Jayavarṣa 67 Jedong 273 Jeh Pulu 319 Jitendra (king of the Śailendra Dynasty) 64

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Kabayan 91 Kahuripan 85 Kakawin 70 ff. Kalah (Kalahbar) 29, 30, 38, 39, 46 52, 55

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Kāla-Makara 169, 170, 179-80, 183, 188, 190, 215, 218, 221, 231, 241, 252, 259, 261-2, 270, 297, 302, 310, 349 Kālayavānantaka 72 Kalayu 271 Kāli 139 Kali Tepus 229 Kāma 69, 106, 139 Kāmeśvara I 86 Kāmeśvara II 69, 70 Kandampat 91 Kano 80 Kaṇva 79 Kāraka-saṃgraha 96 Karimata 37 Karimun islands 146, 331 Karnak 284 Kārtikeya (Kumāra) 103, 158, 291, 334 Kasturi 134 Kaṭāha-dvīpa 147 Kauṭilya 7, 19 Kavi 63 Keddah (Ka-cha, Kie-cha) 27ff., 147 Kediri-script 309, 316 Kerta Sima 3 Kerta Sima Subak 3 Kesiman 312 Ketapang 145 Kg. Penjabungan 325-6 Khao Khuha 148 Khordādzbeh 29 n. Kia Tan 29 Kidung 82 ff, 87 ff. Kidung Anacaraka 90-1 Kidung Dina 91 Kidung Harṣa-Vijaya 84 Kidung Paksi 96

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Kidung Rangga Lawe 84 Kidung Sorandaka 84 Kidung Sunda 83 Kirttimukha 170 Koravāśrama 74 Kota Bangun 151, 335 ff. Kota Penang 145 Kranjingan 285 Kṛṣṇa 67, 68, 70, 72, 104, 224, 266, 285 Kṛṣṇantaka 70 Kṛṣṇāyaṇa 67, 80 Kṛtabasa 81 Kṛtanagara 70, 122, 124, 267, 268, 292 Kṛtarājasa 292 Kṛtasamaya 88 Kṛtayaśa 71 Kṛtopapati 2 Kumārasambhava 69 Kuñjarakarṇa 162, 266 Kunti-Yajña 87 Kusumapura 272 Kuta-Arja 228 Kuṭāra-mānava 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 18 Kutei 335 Kutri 316 Kuvera 105-6, 114, 119, 139, 145, 221

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Lakṣmaṇa 245 Lakṣmī 104, 139, 224, 258 Lambang Salukat 73 Lang-Kia-su (Lengkasuka) 27, 28, 38, 48, 50 Lara-Jongrang 101, 212 ff., 225, 241 ff. Lavu 281, 283 Ligor 146, 149

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Limbur 90 Lingga Peta 95 Linggapurāṇa 161 Ling-Wai-tai-ta 30, 36 Lombok 43 Lubdhaka 69-70, 80

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Macanputih 285 Madura 37 Mahābhārata 60, 66 ff. 74 ff., 79, 98, 104, 311 Mahakam R. 151 Mahampu Palyat 133 Mahānāṭaka 58, 60 Mahāyāna 117 Ma Huan 32, 33, 35, 36 Majapahit 167 Makara 149, 326, 349 Makassar 152 Malacca 39, 149 Malat 85 Malay Peninsula 146 ff., 339 ff., 347, 350 Malayu 27 Māmallapuram 349-50 Manava-dharmaśāstra (Mānava-Śāstra, Manu-Saṃhitā, Manu, Manu-Śāsana) 2, 5-7, 9, 10, 13-16, 19, 20, 22, 23, 40, 46 Maṇḍala 130, 132-3 Mangku 140 Mañjuśrī 303, 305, 332 Mantri Java 93 Mantri Koripan 93 Mantri Malaka 93 Mantri Wadak 85 Mascat 29 Mas'ūdi 30 Mataram 43, 313

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Mathurā 324 Matsya 104 Ma-Tuan-lin 36 Ma-yi-tung 46 Megantaka 93 Menankabau 146 Menur Wilis 85 Merbabu 281 Meru 311 Mexico 283 Middle-Javanese Literature 62-3, 81ff Mindanao 345 Misa Gagang 85 Molucca Is. 37 Monaguṇa 67, 79-80 Muara Kaman 335 Muara Takus 145, 331-2

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Nachna 348 Nāga 297 Nāgara-Kṛtāgama 71, 268, 271 Naiṛṛta 105, 249 Nakhon Śri-Thammarat 149, 343-4 Nālandā 350 Nalig 96 Nārada 13, 16, 18, 19 Naraka-vijaya 70 Narasimha 104, 111, 224, 320 Navaruci 74, 87 Navaruci Kidung 75 Negapatam 28 Neling 96 New Guinea 153 New Javanese Literature 62, 63 Nicobar islands 29 Nirartha 80, 82 Niskalavastu Kañcana 6 Nitibrata 161

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Nitisāra 73 Nitiśāstra-Kawin (Nitisāra) 73 Old-Javanese Literature 62 ff., 154 Oman 29, 30

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Pabratan 161 Padaṇḍa 41ff., 56, 140, 142, 144 Padang, 145 Padang Lawas 145, 327, 329 Pagan 351 Pahang 154 Paharpur 351 Pajajaran 230 Pakang Raras 93 Pāla art 293, 304, 351 Palembang 32, 323 Paloura 350 Pamañcangah 69, 83 Pamañcangah Manik Angkeran 90 Pamañcangah Maospahit 90 Panataran 273 ff., 287-8, 295-6, 352 Panataran Sasih 310 Pan Bongkling 92 Pan Brayut 92 Pañcatantra 73, 74, 86 Pāṇḍava Jaya 98 Pāṇḍava Lima 98 Pāṇḍavavira 80 Pāṇini 96 Pañji 84 ff. Pañji Margasmara 88 Pañji Vijayakrama 84 Panulisan 314, 316 Panuluh (Panulung) 68, 80 Pararaton 82, 84 Paraśurāma 5,

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Pārthavijaya 72 Parthayajña 72, 80, 266 Pasir Panjang 146 Pāśupata 132 Pasvara 3 Patani 148, 150 Pejeng 310, 318 Penampihan 282-3 Persian Gulf 28 Philippines 152-3, 345 Phru No 339 ff. Phu Khao Chai 147, 150 Phu Khao Khrom 148, 150 Phu Khao Ngu 339 Po-li 48, 154 Pontianak 150 Porlak Dolok 329 Prajñāpāramitā 290, 292 Prambanan 166, 178 ff., 211 ff. Pra Narai 339 ff Prapañca 71 Prastuti Ning Kakawin 80 Pratasti Bhuvana 6, 161 Pṛtuvijaya Kakawin 76 Pulo Condore 29 Pu-ni 48 Pura Desa 310-11 Purāṇa 75, 76 Pura Pengkur 309 Pura Puser 318 Pura Santrijan 310 Pura Sukavana 314, 316 Purusādaśanta 6, 71, 85 Purva-āgama 2 Pūrvādhigama 2 Purvajati 93 Putrupasaji 163

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Quilon (Kulam-Male) 29

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Raden Saputra 94 Ragarunting 80 Raghunandana 45 Raghuvamśa 67 Rāhu 139 Rājapati Guṇḍala 70, 161 Rājapatni 44, 292 Rāma 104, 244 ff. Rāma Kidung 65, 89 Rāmavijaya 57, 72 Rāmāyaṇa 57, 60, 64-5, 75, 80, 97, 243, 272, 288, 311 Raṇayajña 163 Rara Vangi 92 Ratna Manik 94 Ratnavijaya 72 River-names (Indian) 144 Rock-cut temple (See caves) Romaharṣaṇa 76 Ṛṣi 132 Rsirangan 80 Ṛṣiśāsana 6, 160 Rukmiṇi 67, 68, 104

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Salihundan 328 Salukat 80 Sambharasūryāvaraṇa 122 Samudra (Sumudra) 33 San-fo-tsi 31ff, 39, 47, 48, 50, 52 Sanggau 151, 333 Sang hyang Kamahāyānan Mantranaya 125, 129 Sang hyang Kamahāyānika 64, 122, 126 ff. Sangrāmavijaya Dharmaprasādottunga devi 44 Sang Satyavan 88 Sapta-bhuvana 160

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Sārasamuccaya 1, 7, 74 Sarasvati 104, 139, 156 Sarawak 151 Sarnath 349 Saṣṭhi 293 Sastra Pasobaya 3 n., Sati 43 Satva 96 Satyabhāmā 104 Sāvitri 88 Sects, list of 132 Sedah 68, 80 Seguntang 323-4 Selagriya 225, 229 Selakelir 279 Selamangleng 279 Sepauk 333 Scram 152 Seri Rāma 65 Sikuning 293 Śilakrama 161 Simping 292 Siṇḍok 122, 125 Singha Langghyāla 162 Singhasāri 167, 289ff., 292, 295-6, 304 Singraja 312 Siraf 29 Sitā 244ff. Siti Jedog 229, 281 Śiva (Śaiva) 72, 99ff., 110ff, 119, 132, 139ff., 145, 148ff., 156, 158, 176, 206, 212, 214, 216ff, 232, 248, 282, 292-3, 303-4, 311, 318, 326, 333, 339ff. Śivarātri 70 Śivaśāsana 2, 161 Skandapurāṇa 69 Slavery 17ff, 43

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Smarabuvana 91 Smaradahana 69, 80 Smararacaṇa 81 Smaratantra 81 Smaravedana 85 Smaravijaya 85 Solok 326 Śri 104, 114, 139, 156 Śri Tanjung 87 Śri Varṣajaya 67 Śri-Vijaya 27, 28, 30, 323ff, 350 Srivisay 339 Stūpa 208 ,, Cupuvatu 208 ,, Palgading 207 Subhūti-tantra 122 Sudamala 282 Sudan 284 Sudhanakumāra 237, 267, 289. Suhitā 45 Sukuh 281ff., 295 Sulayman 29n Sulu 37 Sumanasāntaka 57, 67, 80 Sumatra 145ff., 323ff., 347, 350-1 Sumavaraṇa 80 Sumba islands 152 Sung-Shi 36 Surabaya 35 Sūrpanakhā 244-5 Sūrya (Saura, Sora) 106ff, 132, 139, 156, 224 Surya Alam 5 Sūrya Sevana 73, 106ff, 140-41 Sutasoma 71 Svara Jambu 2, 6 Svāyambhuva Manu 75 Svayamvara 45

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Takua Pa 149, 339ff. Takua Thung 146 Tampak Siring 308 Tāmralipti 24, 28, 350 Tanakung 69, 70, 79, 80 Tanjung Medan 145, 331. Tantri 86 Tantri Bali 96 Tantri Demung 86 Tantri Kāmandaka 86 Tantri Keḍiri 86 Tantrism 113, 120 ff., 154 Tantular 71, 80 Tantu Panggelaran 57, 113, 132-3 Tao-i Chih-lio 32, 33, 35, 36, 37 Tapanuli 145, 327 ff. Tāranātha 121 Tatas ing Varah 91 Tato 152 Tattvajñāna 75 Tattva Sang Hyang Mahājñāna 159 Tattva Savang-suvung 78 Tattva Sunda 83 Tatva-Ning-Vyavahāra 45 Teges ing Buvana 91 Ternate 153 Timor islands 37, 152 Tonjo 312 Topeng 53 Tower of Silence 278 Trailokyavijaya 119, 303 Trang 147 Triguṇa 80 Tṛṇavindu 77, 294. Tuloḍong 19 Tuñjung Biru 96

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Udayana 72 Uṇḍakan Pangrus 85 Ung Bañjar 95 Ung Buleleng 95 Ung Giañjar 95 Ung Kaḍiri 96 Ung Mangvi 96 Upaniṣad 156 Usada 81 Usana Bali 80, 82 Usana Java 82-3 Uttarakāṇḍa 75, 89 Uttara Mānava 3 n.,

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Vaiśampāyana 76 Vajrabodhi 28 Vajrayāna 130 Valajayakṛtaningrat 317 Valakati 147 Vāmana 224 Varāha 104 Vararuci 74 Vargasari 88 Variga Kidung 89 Varuṇa 105, 114, 139, 156, 221, 226. Vāsavadattā 72 Vāsuki 139, 156 Vat Han 147 Vat Kampheng Leng 343 Vat Keo 341 ff. Vat Maheyong 146 Vat Phra Tnat 149, 341 ff. Vāyu 156, 226 Vāyupurāṇa 92 Vedas 140, 156-7 Vieng Sra 149, 339 ff. Vighnotsava 72

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Vijātmaka (Vidyātmaka) 80 Virata ntra 89 Viṣṇu (Vaiṣṇava) 72, 78-9, 99ff., 103ff., 110 ff., 132, 139 ff., 148 ff., 156, 176, 178, 206, 214, 216 ff., 223-4., 233, 243, 255, 257, 291-3, 304, 311, 318, 326, 335, 339 ff. Viṣṇupurāṇa 72 Viṣṇuvardhana 263, 266-7 Viśvakarmā 96, 114 Votive Tablets 147-8, 313 Vratīśāsana 161 Vṛttasañcaya 57, 69, 73, 81, 89 Vṛttāyana 73 Vyāsa 7, 19, 75, 76

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Wangbang Astuti 88 Wangbang Wideha 85 Wariga 96 Wariga Garga 96 Waseng 85 Wawa, 16 Wawatekan 80 Wayang 53 ff., 57 ff ; 98, 287 Willis 281-2 Wit ing Tapabrata 161

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Yajña-Sadma 3. n. Yājñavalkya 7, 18, 19, 76 Yama 105, 114 139, 156, 221, 226 Yama Purvanasattva 90 Ying-yai Sheng-lan 48 Yogīśvara 65, 69, 80 Yucatan 283 Yudhiṣṭhira 172 Yugas (four) 161

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Zābag 30, 38

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OTHER WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR

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I. CORPORATE LIFE

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ANCIENT INDIA

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*Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged.*

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The book deals with Corporate activities in Ancient India in all possible directions, political, social, religious and economic. In particular it gives a detailed account of the mercantile and craft guilds called Śreṇis, the republican States and Village Communities, the Buddhist Church and the development of the caste system. Each of these topics is of absorbing interest to every student of Indian Antiquity, and the whole is dealt with in a scholarly manner with full reference to sources of information.

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TO BE HAD OF MESSRS BOOK CO. 4/4 A College Square, CALCUTTA.

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SELECT OPINIONS

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1. REVIEW IN J. R. A. S., 1920.

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BY F. E. PARGITER

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Corporate activities manifested themselves in trade and industry, in popular assemblies from the village council upwards, in religious bodies, and in the manifold development of caste. Mr. Majumdar deals with all these subjects under the heads of economic, political, religious and social life...... basing his treatment on materials, drawn from Sanskrit and Buddhist literature and inscriptions. ......Mr. Majumdar seeks to explain his subjects as Indian problems without bringing them into too close comparison with their English counterparts. Dr. Mookerji’s treatment is less satisfactory. ......Mr. Majumdar on the whole treats his subjects chronologically tracing their nature and modifications as far as possible with regard to historical sequence. But Dr. Mookerji throws historical consistency aside.....Both authors speak of the *popular* assemblies or councils as “democratic,” but the constitutions do not warrant that description. It is highly improbable that the lower classes ever had elective power along with the upper classes, especially after the Brahmans established their theories about the degradation of the lower castes. Even supposing, however, that the people generally did elect the members of those assemblies, the rules that defined the qualifications of members required a knowledge of sacred and legal books that could rarely have been found outside the Brahmans, and so must have given the Brahmans an assured preponderance in those assemblies. Brahmanic claims and real democracy would have been a strange couple.

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This brings us to a subject of essential importance. Mr. Majumdar treats of the castes historically, and offers evidence and makes many sound comments about them, and especially about the Brahmans and their claims, though he has hardly scrutinised popular corporate life with reference thereto...... This subject and the possible differences between Aryan and Dravidian require more elucidation. It seems that the northern evidence of marked corporate activities is most copious before Brahmanic power became supreme......... and fails about the time when Brahmanism finally established its sway in North India, and similar coincidences seem discernible in South India. This comment is not put forward as a definite assertion, but to suggest a line of further investigation. ......Mr. Majumdar’s book has the serious defect that it has no index*........nevertheless, it is certainly the better and more trustworthy treatise, written more sanely and with no political flavour.

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N. B—The portions marked with dots above refer to Dr. Mookerji's book on Local Governments in India, which was reviewed together with this book.

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2. REVIEW IN

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“THE ENGLISH HISTORICAL REVIEW”

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BY V. A. SMITH

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The treatise entitled Corporate Life in Ancient India by Mr. R. C. Majumdar, is written in a detached and historical spirit. The author knows German and has arranged his material in a German rather than an English fashion. Mr. Majumdar's discussion of the kingless states of ancient India in Chapter II is full and excellent. Such states were numerous in the Panjab at the time of Alexander's invasion in the fourth century B.C., and their existence in various parts of upper India may be traced until the fifth century after Christ. Some of them were oligarchical. The author appropriately illustrates the system of Government in the Lichchhavi state of Tirhut by comparison with the Cleisthenian institutions at Athens......Mr. Majumdar ascribes the decline and ultimate extinction of the republics to the effects of foreign invasions and the levelling enforced by the more powerful paramount dynasties which arose from time to time. These causes undoubtedly operated, but the gradual absorption of the large Mongolian element which existed in the early population of Northern India must have had much to do with the failure of the republican constitutions to survive or to become the source of further developments. The author justly observes that “it requires great effort to believe, even when sufficient evidence is forthcoming, that institutions, which we are accustomed to look upon as of western growth had also flourished in India long ago." Chapter IV, dealing with corporate activities in religious life, gives a valuable analysis of the constitution of the Buddhist Church, "one of the most perfect ever witnessed in any age or country." The weak point in the organisation was the lack of any effectual central authority, but that statement, generally correct, should be qualified by the observation that for a few years about 240 B. C. Asoka openly assumed the position of head of the Church. The examination of the theory of the evolution of caste in Chapter V is illuminating. The Vedic Brahmans were "not bound together by ties of birth," and "authentic texts repeatedly declare that it is knowledge, not descent, that makes a Brahman." The Vedic "guilds of priests" developed slowly into the close Brahman caste or, more accurately, group of castes, which has been so prominent in India during the last two thousand years. Marriages in princely families between Brahmans and ladies of other castes are recorded as late as in the ninth and tenth centuries after Christ. The author is to be congratulated on his freedom from the literary and other prejudices which have often obscured the story of the origins of the caste institution. In his concluding pages he quotes interesting passages which prove that the Indians of the olden time knew how to combine for charitable and social purposes, including public amusements. Mr. Majumdar's book gives promise of further well-designed researches calculated to throw much light upon the history of ancient India.

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∗ The Second Edition contains a comprehensive index.

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VINCENT A. SMITH.

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3. I am much indebted to you for your kind presentation copy of the admirable corporate life in Ancient India. I have read it through with the greatest interest and regard it as a very useful addition to our knowledge of Indian history, a field in which accuracy and certainty are difficult to obtain.

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E. WASHBURN HOPKINS.

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4. I am greatly obliged to you for your kindness in sending me your book on the corporations of ancient India. I have read it with much pleasure and profit, for it seems to me that you have handled your theme with skill and sound judgment. It is very gratifying to us to see the growth of a really scientific Historical method among Indian scholars.

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L. D. BRANETT.

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II. OUTLINE OF ANCIENT INDIAN HISTORY

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AND CIVILISATION

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( From the earliest times to the Muhammadan conquest P.P. 628 + XIV ).

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The book deals with the political history, as well as the religion, literature, society, trade, commerce, colonisation, art and industry of ancient India. Though based on the results of latest researches, it is free from abstruse discussions and written throughout with a view to the needs of general readers. A bibliography to each chapter is added at the end as an aid to further study. This is the first book of its kind, and no one desirous of having an accurate knowledge of ancient India should be without a copy.

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*Price Rs. 7-8*

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TO BE HAD OF

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CHUCKERVERTTY, CHATTERJEE & Co., Ltd.

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15, COLLEGE SQUARE, CALCUTTA.

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SELECT OPINIONS

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1. “This great work on Ancient Indian History and Civilisation presents a vivid picture both of the political and cultural history of India. As a native of India the author takes a thoroughly sympathetic view of the achievements of his countrymen in art and science, and objects to the stand-point of racial superiority of European writers on India. The chapters on religion and literature, art and architecture, education and society, trade and commerce are particularly interesting. The index is very copious and so are the bibliographical and geographical appendixes. The style is easy and fluent.”

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J. JOLLY

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2. “It seems to me excellent—well designed, well executed and certain to prove most useful to teachers and students.”

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L. D. BARNETT

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3. “It seems to me a very sound and useful work, and I hope that it may be widely used. A strong feature of the book is the rather full account which you give of the post-Harsha period, which, as one of the obscure parts of Indian history, deserves to be treated as completely as the available information allows. Southern India also receives due attention.

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I am pleased to possess a copy of the book, which is written with much knowledge and good sense and is not disfigured by fancies.”

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F. W. THOMAS

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4. "Professor Ramesh Chandra Majumdar's "Outline of Ancient Indian History and Civilisation" is a work of distinct merit and utility. The author surveys the chief events of Indian history from the earliest times down to about 1200 A.D. in a lucid style and with a scholarly spirit, including in his purview not only political events but also social, economic and literary developments. Unlike many of his countrymen, whose attitude towards the history of India may be described as a "worship of deified ancestors," Professor Majumdar writes fairly and critically, with a sound appreciation of modern historical research, and with a keen eye for the weaknesses of mediæval and modern Indian society. As a clear and generally sound introduction to the subject the book can be reccommended to all students."

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LUZAC'S ORIENTAL LIST AND BOOK REVIEW

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It is a sign of great hope that an accomplished and sober Indian scholar like Dr. Majumdar has come forward to write a manual of ancient Indian history and civilisation from the strictly historical point of view. He has managed to compress into this excellent handy volume precise information about the vast literature, the arts and cults ( both orthodox and heterodox ), the social systems and the politico-economic organisations of ancient India. In doing this he has not only indicated the claims of the Hindus as one of the foremost nations of antiquity, that could boast of a culture history, but he has at the same time, with commendable loyalty to Truth, pointed out the defects in our social structure and limitation of our historical outlook from age to age. The caste system and such other social iniquities that have ever stood in the way of a consolidated national India have received from Dr. Majumdar, an unerring judgment which will, let us hope, make our students of history think seriously about the vital problems of our country. Another very laudable feature of this book is its fine balancing of historical meterials which produced an organic picture of *India as a whole*, the much neglected South India and Dravidian contributions receiving as much attention as the North Indian episodes. We congratulate Dr. Majumdar on supplying a long-felt need and recommend his book to all educational institutions of India. The historical and geographical notes together with suggestions for further study and an exhaustive index have gone to increase the usefulness of the book both to general readers as well as to regular students of our Universities. The history of ancient Indian commerce and colonisation in Greater India receives the attention that was long overdue, enhancing the historical value of the book.”

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MODERN REVIEW

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Ancient Indian History has suffered from sectional attention. Archaeologists, epigraphists and numismatists have conspired with specialists in particular subjects or epochs, to exercise the spirit of historical development and organic unity from a study of Ancient India. It has also suffered from the bias of foreign origins and the reactionary prejudice of an all too national source of all-important culture traits. But the besetting sin of Ancient Indian historians has been their willingness to draw overwhelming conclusions from insufficient materials. What has been needed urgently is a historian with a “historic” sense, drawing guarded conclusions from materials which he has studied first-hand. In India, we will have to wait for a Mommsen. But in the meanwhile, Dr. Majumdar’s Outline will do duty. The special merit of the book is the array of information, accurately gathered and judiciously distributed through the pages. For authoritative pronouncement on nearly all the important topics in a short compass, it will be hard to beat this book. Under-graduate students will act wisely to depend on this book, and the post-graduate students will receive valuable help from the bibliographical and critical notes in Appendix I.

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RUPAM

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In the present work he intends to give a short survey of the various fates of India from the oldest times up to the Mohammadan Conquest about 1200 A.D., as well as a general conspectus of her civilisation and culture during that long period. We may well admit that Professor Majumdar’s work provides for much-needed want; it is especially useful for those readers who will perhaps find the critical and literary apparatus of Smith somewhat heavy.

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Let us confess at once that we have perused the book with considerable pleasure and found it generally useful and up to date in all the various fields of Indian historical research. It is not original and scarcely betrays any new and startling opinions; but it is sound and critical, and its author has apparently made a good and thorough use of the vast materials upon which he has had to draw in order to achieve his task in a satisfactory way. Professor Majumdar also seems to be rather reserved in his own judgments and seldom panders to Hindu patriotic sentiment; at times he seems a little touchy when the glories of his own native province, Bengal, are at stake, but we need scarcely take exception at that.

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JARL CHARPENTIER

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III. ANCIENT INDIAN COLONIES

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THE FAR EAST VOL. I CHAMPĀ

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PUBLISHED BY THE PUNJAB SANSKRIT BOOK DEPOT. LAHORE

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1. EXTRACTS FROM A LONG REVIEW

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( full five pages ) BY L. FINOT IN THE BULLETIN DE L' ÉCOLE FRANÇAISE D' EXTREME-ORIENT ( *Translated from original French* )

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We have too often deplored the indifference of the Hindus towards the history of their culture in the Far East not to welcome heartily the appearance of a work which marks the beginning of a new era. This book of Mr. R. C. Majumdar is the first of a series of volumes which will deal with what the author calls "colonial kingdoms"—Champa, Cambodge, Siam, Sumatra, Java, *etc.*

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Epigraphy occupies a prominent place in this book. Not only has Mr. M. relied upon it to a great extent to trace the history and civilisation of Champā, but he has, in the second part of his book, re-edited the Sanskrit inscriptions with the original Text and an English translation. Following in the footsteps of previous editors, he has endeavoured, and sometimes with success, to improve upon their results by corrections and new interpretations. Thus he has traced in two passages of Myson Inscriptions Nos. XII and XVI, an allusion to the eighteen Titles of Law in Manu Saṁhitā which escaped my notice.........

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All the inferences of Mr. M. are not equally covincing ........I am glad, however, to note that he has applied himself to the best sources of information and utilised them with care and discernment. His book constitutes for the English-knowing readers an excellent compendium of the history of Champā. The bibliography is very elaborate.

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In conclusion I again offer my felicitation to Mr. Majumdar for a work of great value which so brilliantly opens a new line, and which, we hope, will be followed by other contributions of equal value to the history of Indian Colonies in Eastern Asia.

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2. EXTRACTS FROM THE REVIEW IN "MODERN REVIEW"

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The history of the colonial culture of India will some day revolutionise our conception of Hinduism based as yet mainly on Indian records, ignoring the grand transformation in Asiatic culture brought about by India. It is a matter of congratulation to Dr. Majumdar, an Indologist of renown, to have published this sumptuous survey of the political, social, artistic, and religious life of the ancient Hindu colony of Champa. Scrupulously historical in his method and outlook as he is, Dr. Majumdar has based his monograph on a painstaking analysis of the original Sanskrit inscriptions of Champa and on the interpretation of the pioneer workers in the field, the French Savants, to whom he had with characteristic justice dedicated the work. It is to eminent French epigraphists and archaeologists like Barth and Bergaigne, Finot and Parmentier, Cabaton and Aymonier that we are indebted for the slow recovery of this chapter of our history from oblivion. But as all their publications are in French, they were sealed books to most of our scholars. Moreover the "made-in-England" books on Indian history and art (not excluding the Oxford History and the Cambridge History, *etc.*) betray a curiously unhistorical tendency to ignore this positive aspect of Indian cultural expansion. This has resulted in a lamentable lack of interest in the history of "Greater India," in most of our academic circles, not excluding the Universities. Thus Prof. Majumdar has rendered a great service to the cause of Indology by making the researches of foreign scholars accessible to our Indian archaeologists and epigraphists, who are sure to profit by this widening of their historical outlook. The survey of a single colony—Champa—has occupied over five hundred pages! So we can imagine the magnitude of the task that is lying before us and we congratulate Dr. Majumdar on having boldly come forward to grapple with it. The inscriptions have been printed in Devanagari script for the benefit of the Indian scholars and the price is very reasonable, when the cost of production is taken into consideration. The members of the Greater India Society will get a special concession rate for which application should be sent to the Society's Office, 91, Upper Circular Road, Calcutta.

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3. SELECT OPINIONS

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* * Generally the work may be said to be well planned and well executed. --BARNETT ( J. R. A. S. )

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"Dr. Majumdar's book is not a mere translation or rechauffé of the French Savants, it is a readable and well-connected presentation of the available data which are spread over numerous articles and essays." --RUPAM

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".....scholarly, engaging, comprehensive and discriminating in details." --INDIAN HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

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"Dr. Majumdar's book has entailed a vast amount of research, and we can heartily commend it to all interested in this subject." --LUZAC'S ORIENTAL LIST.

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IV. ANCIENT INDIAN COLONIES

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THE FAR EAST VOL. II. SUVARNADVIPA, PART I *Price Rs. 10*

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TO BE HAD OF MODERN PUBLISHING SYNDICATE 119 DHARAMTALA STREET, CALCUTTA

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EXTRACTS FROM REVIEWS.

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1. ORIENTAL LITERARY DIGEST

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Dr. R. C. Majumdar the learned author of the volume under review needs no introduction to the readers of the OLD. He took up the task of writing a series of studies on Indian Colonisation when the Greater India Society had not come into existence and when there were no works in the English language bearing on the subject. The first fruit of Dr. Majumdar's painstaking and pioneer work in this field of research made its appearance in 1927 in the form of Vol. I (*Champa*) in his projected series. Though every professor is judged by the quality of his own work we can also judge him by his capacity to instil in his students a zest for research work under proper guidance. We are happy to note that some of Dr. Majumdar's pupils have caught the spirit of their guru and published the results of their research.

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The volume under review is Part I of Vol. II in the series projected by Dr. Majumdar and deals with the political history and the system of administration of the Suvarnadvipa, a name used by the author to signify Malayasia comprising the Malay Peninsula and the Malay Archipelago (vide Chap. IV).

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Part II of Vol. II will deal with law, society, art, religion, literature and the economic condition of the Suvarṇadvīpa as the author informs us in his Preface. The present part is divided into four Books :—Book I dealing with the Dawn of Hindu Colonisation discusses such questions as Pre-Hindu Civilisation in Malayasia, Hindu Colonisation in Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and Bali. It also deals with Hindu civilisation in the Suvarṇadvīpa upto the end of the 7th century A. D. Book II dealing with the Śailendra Empire upto the end of the 10th century A. D. describes the struggle between the Śailendra's and the Coḷas as also the decline and fall of the Śailendra Empire. Book III dealing with the Rise and Fall of the Indo-Javanese Empire consisting of the Kingdoms of Matarām, Kaḍiri, the dynasty of Singhasāri etc. Book IV dealing with the downfall of Hindu Kingdoms in Suvarṇadvīpa, comprising Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo and the Bali island. Incidentally Dr. Majumdar discusses the political theory and public administration in Java (pp. 429-436) and refers to three old-Javanese prose texts on the political theory and public administration viz. (1) Kāmandaka, also known as Rājanīti in which characters from the Rāmāyaṇa and the Mahābhārata are cited as illustrations of the political principles, Yudiṣṭhira being held up as an ideal; (2) Indraloka, in which Bhagavan Indraloka gives lessons on politics to his pupil Kumārayajña; (3) Nitipraya describes the duties of a king towards his enemy. This book is in the form of a communication by Viṣṇu to Vyāsa. The high and noble political ideal contained in the above texts shows the influence of the Indian political theory but the actual system of administration could be determined only from the inscriptions which refer to a body of seven officials, five of whom were Śaivaite and two Buddhist. The administration though bureaucratic was highly organized and efficient as we know from the History of Sung Dynasty (960-1279 A. D.) which records the impressions of a foreign observer about the form of government then current.

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Space forbids us to indicate many important features of the present volume. Judging from his volume on the *Champa* and the present volume on the *Suvarṇadvīpa* in which he has utilized every important source of historical information and presented his materials with full documentation, we have no hesitation in saying that Dr. Majumdar has laid the foundations of research in this important branch of historical investigation in spite of the heavy pressure of administration and other duties and in particular inspite of the "general apathy and ignorance" in India "about this important branch of study." Dr. Majumdar expects to give us in the next few years to come his Third Volume dealing with Kāmboja (Cambodia and Siam) and his Vol. IV of the series containing a general view of Ancient Indian Colonies in the Far East. We trust that Indian scholars who have now been roused from their apathy and ignorance in many a branch of Oriental learning will enter in great numbers the uninvestigated fields of research laid bare by Dr. Majumdar and record more evidence from Indian and 'Greater-Indian' sources bearing on the history of the Ancient Indian Colonies and their relations to the mother country. The work done by Dutch Savants in unfolding the history of Ancient culture and civilisation of India being in a foreign tongue is not sufficiently known in this country.

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The volume under review is neatly printed and contains among other things a scholarly Introduction and an exhaustive Index of 16 pages with two maps for which we offer our grateful thanks to the publisher and the author.

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2. INDIAN CULTURE

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The early history of Malayasia, to which the Indian name Suvarṇadvīpa has been applied by the author, is wrapped up in obscurity. Prof. Majumdar, however, has marshalled the facts known from native and foreign ( specially Chinese and Arabic ) sources with wonderful skill. We congratulate the learned author for the keenness of his insight and the impartiality of his judgment. The account of the Śailendra emperors (p. 149ff.) is the most interesting section of the book, as is also that of the kings of Singhasāri (p. 292ff.) and of Majapahit (p. 308ff.). The Appendix (p. 204ff.) to Book II, in which some problems connected with Śrī-vijaya and with the Śailendras have been summarily discussed, is remarkable for the author's learning and clear vision.

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We have no doubt that the book dealing with a glorious chapter of ancient Hindu history will be favourably received by all interested in India's past.

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3. THE POONA ORIENTALIST

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Suvarṇadvīpa, like its predecessor, is a grert work of a truly great scholar.........

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Dr. Majumdar literally drowned himself in the task of rescuing India's past glory from disgraceful neglect. His published volumes speak for themselves about his unquestioned success in his investigation. The remaining volumes are eagerly waited for.

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Dr. Majumdar has placed the students of Indian history under a great debt of obligation by his remarkable publication. The book is thoroughly documented from original sources and references are indicated. Printing and publishing are up to the mark. The book is complete with two maps and an index.

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4. LUZAC'S ORIENTAL LIST AND BOOK REVIEW

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This very useful work does not make great claims to original research but presents to the English reader an account of the work done by Dutch Scholars in Further India, with the addition of the records of these parts from the Chinese and Arab historians and geographers, and of course the scanty but difficult classical references. The author has been at immense pains to collect and sift his material and present it as a consecutive narrative . . . . .

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The various stories and legends that throw light on the spread of Hinduism in Java, Borneo and Bali are then critically examined and the local inscriptions digested for the evidence they yield regarding a more historic period . . . . .

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Dr. Majumdar treats this [Sailendra Empire] with his usual fulness and care, and emphasises the increasing probability that the dynasty originally came from Kalinga and found their way to Malaya through Lower Burma.

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In view of the increasing importance of Further India as a field of research it is most important to have the present state of our knowledge so conveniently summarised for us.

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SELECT OPINIONS

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1. RABINDRANATH TAGORE

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"Uttarayan" SANTINIKETAN, BENGAL *March 30, 1937*

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I shall never forget the thrill I experienced at the sight of some of the glorious monuments of our cultural conquest and colonisation in the Far East. And I have never since ceased regretting the paucity of our knowledge of that golden period of our history when our culture transcended its narrow geographical limits and spread its light in the distant parts of the world. Dr. Ramesh Chandra Majumdar is one of the few reliable historians in India to have taken up this branch of research with all the earnestness that it demands and he has rendered a distinct service to the cause of Indological studies with his latest book on Suvarnadvipa. It is an interesting theme told in an interesting manner and I hope it will not fail to draw the attention of orientalists all over the world.

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RABINDRANATH TAGORE

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2. Mr. N. J. KROM

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( *The greatest living authority on the subject* )

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A first glance is sufficient to see how valuable a contribution to the ancient history of Java and Sumatra we owe once more to your great knowledge and acumen.

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the Lacedaemonians, who had been waiting for the signal, now attacked the city. The Plataeans, seeing the enemy already inside and their own men falling, and knowing nothing of the plot, were seized with panic and, thinking that the Thebans were far more numerous than they really were, surrendered at discretion. But when they discovered that the Thebans were few, they took heart and, resolving to attack them, closed the gates and fell upon them.

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The Thebans, finding themselves in a trap, began to defend themselves. Twice or thrice they repelled the attacks of the Plataeans, but when the women and slaves began to shout and throw tiles and stones from the houses, and a heavy rain began to fall, the Thebans, confused and blinded, broke and fled through the city. Most of them, not knowing the way in the darkness and rain, fell into the drains or were killed by the Plataeans, who knew the streets. The gate through which they had entered had been shut by a Plataean who had found a javelin-head and used it as a bolt, so that there was no way out. Pursued through the city, some climbed the wall and jumped down, most of them perishing; others reached the gate and, finding it shut, were cut down by the women and slaves. A small party, seeing a large building with an open door, rushed in, thinking it was a gate, and were captured.

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Meanwhile, the main body of the Thebans, who were to have arrived at daybreak to support the first party, had been delayed by the rain and the swollen river Asopus. When they heard of the disaster, they hurried to the city, intending to seize any Plataeans who might be outside the walls. The Plataeans, suspecting their intention, sent a herald to them, warning them not to harm the prisoners they had taken, and threatening to kill them if they did not withdraw from their territory. The Thebans, upon this, retired.

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The Plataeans, having thus cleared the city, collected their dead and the prisoners. The prisoners, numbering about one hundred and eighty, were executed the next day, despite a message from the Thebans claiming that they had surrendered on terms. The Plataeans denied this, asserting that they had promised to spare them only if they did not commit further acts of violence.

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Thus ended the attempt of the Thebans upon Plataea, an event which was the immediate cause of the war between Athens and the Peloponnesians. The Plataeans, having secured their city, sent a messenger to Athens with the news, and the Athenians, fearing for the safety of the Plataeans, sent a garrison to their aid and removed the women and children to Athens.