The Cambridge History of India, Vol. I: Ancient India v1.c15.212

v1.c15.212

It is not so easy to trace the relations between Brahmarshideça and the earlier Āryan settlements in the land of the Seven Rivers. It is possible that further invasions of which no record has been preserved may have disturbed both political and linguistic conditions in the North-West. We know nothing certain about the fate of this region until the latter half of the sixth century B.C., when Gandhāra (Peshāwar in the N.W. Frontier Province and Rāwalpindi in the Punjab) together with the province of the Indus—‘India’ properly so called—were included in the Persian empire of the Achaemenids.