The Early History of India, from 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan Conquest, including the Invasion of Alexander the Great c36: Index
The Early History of India, from 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan Conquest, including the Invasion of Alexander the Great c36
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Index
c36.1.1
Abastanoi, tribe, 103. Abbanes, legendary merchant, 246. Abdagases, Indo-Parthian king, 244. Ābhīra tribe, 225, 290, 302: irruption of, 226 *n.* Abhisāra, country in lower hills, 62, 64, 66, 92, 368 *n.* Abreas, defended Alexander, 101. Ābū, Mount, 428. Abū-Rīhān = Alberūnī, *q. v.*, 15 *n.* Academy of Madura, 472. Achaemenian dynasty, 66 *n.* Achalgaṛh, Pawārs at, 410, 428. *Āchārasāra*, 450 *n.* Achchhankovil Pass, 464. Achiravatī, river, 167 *n.* *Acts of St. Thomas* cited, 245. Adhirājendra Choḷa, 488. Ādisūra, king of Bengal, 412. Āditya, Choḷa king, 473, 484, 497. Ādityasena, of later Gupta dynasty, 332. Ādi Varāha, title of Bhoja, 394. Admiralty board of Chandragupta Maurya, 133. Adraistai clan, 78. Agalassoi, tribe, 97. Agathokleia, queen, 257. Agathokles, Indo-Greek king, 238, 257. Agesilaos, in Kanishka's inscription, 255 *n.*, 277 *n.* Agnikula clans, 428. Agnimitra, Śunga king, 210–12. *Agni Purāṇa*, used by Bāṇa, 23. Agra Province, 379. Agrammes, Nanda king, 42, 43 *n.* Agrianian light infantry, 54. Ahasuerus, king of Persia, 107 *n.* Āhavamalla, Chalukya king, 448. Ahichchhatra, city, 391: capital of Sapādalaksha country, 441 *n.* Ahinposh *stūpa*, 255 *n.* Ahmadābād, city, 333, 342. Ahōm tribe, 384. Ajantā, caves and frescoes at, 323, 442, 443. Ajātaśatru = Kūṇika, 33: history of, 33–9, 47, 48, 51. Ajayadeva, (1) king of Gujarāt, 214 *n.*: (2) Chauhān, 401 *n.* Ājīvaka sect, 174, 177, 207. Ajmēr, inscribed Sanskrit plays at, 16, 401: kings of, 400.
c36.1.2
Ajodhyā, in Gupta period, 310, 347: alleged Chalukya origin from, 440. Akbar, compared with Samudragupta, 305: and with Harsha, 360: annexed Kashmir, 389: and Mālwā, 412. Akesinēs = Chināb river, 77, 85: return of Alexander to, 92: confluence with Hydaspes of, 95: changes in course of, 95, 97 *n.*: confluence with the Indus of, 103: date of passage of, 119. Alaric the Goth, 461. Alā-ud-dīn, Sultan of Delhi, 301, 452. Alberūnī on India, 15, 22.
c36.1.3
Alexander, (1) the Great, chronology prior to, 1: histories of his Indian campaign, 3: reports of his officers, 4, 12: dynasties before, 27: found the Indus boundary of India, 40: contemporary with Nanda dynasty, 41: met Chandragupta Maurya, 123: troubles after death of, 46: crossed Hindū Kush, 52: advanced to Nikaia (1), 53: claimants to descent from, 53 *n.*: wounded in Kūnar valley, 54: defeated Aspasians, 55: received submission of Nysa, 56: stormed Massaga, and again wounded, 58: massacred mercenaries, 58: occupied Ora and Bazira, 60: took Aornos, 62: marched to Indus and Taxila, 63, 64: gave investiture to Ambhi, 65: advanced to Hydaspes, 66: prepared for passage of river, 67: made night march, 68, 86: effected landing, 69: tactics of, 69: captured Pōros (1), 72: founded Boukephala and Nikaia (2), 74, 75: crossed Akesinēs and Hydraōtes, 77: battle medal of, 76: took Sangala, 78: arrived at Hyphasis, 79: built altars, 80: honoured by Chandragupta Maurya, 81 *n.*: camped at Jihlam, 85, 93: fought battle early in July, 90–1: promoted Pōros (1), 93: started on voyage, 94: occupied capital of Sophytes, 94: reached first confluence, 95: conquered the Siboi and Agalassoi, 97: attacked the Malloi, 98, 99: dangerously wounded, 101: continued voyage to fourth confluence, 102: appointed satraps, 103: advanced into Sind, 105: attacked Oxykanos and Sambos, 106: advanced to Patala, 107: reached the sea, 108: prepared for return to Persia, 108: dispatched Nearchos, 109: sent Leonnātos against the Oreitai, 111: met Nearchos, 113: suffered much in Gedrosia, 114: entered Sūsa in April, 324 B.
c36.1.4
C., 114, 120: succeeded in his enterprises, 116: effects of his death, 117, 121: chronology of his Indian campaign, 119: German publications on, 118 *n.*: ignored by Indian writers, 119, 426: appointed Eudēmos, &c., to charge of provinces, 121: wars of his successors, 124: transitory effects of his raid, 117, 122, 252, 253: Indian civilization in time of, 142: relied on cavalry, 154: legend of, 179: (2) king of Epirus, 193, 206: (3) Severus, Roman emperor, 294.
c36.2
Alexander's Haven, near Karāchī, 110.
c36.3
Alexandria, (1) under the Caucasus, 52: (2) in Egypt, Caracalla's massacre at, 463 *n.*, 471.
c36.4
Alexandrian models of Indian art, 253: commerce, 308.
c36.5
Allāhābād, Asoka pillar at, 178 *n.*
c36.6
Allitrochates = Amitraghāṭa, *q. v.*, 155 *n.*
c36.7
Alopen, introduced Nestorian Christianity into China, 373.
c36.8
Alor, ancient capital of Sind, 105, 368.
c36.9
Alphabet, Sanskrit, 16; Tibetan, 375: Vaṭṭeluttu, 478.
c36.10
Alphabets, origin of Indian, 29 *n.*
c36.11
Altamsh = Īltutmish, *q. v.*
c36.12
Altars of Alexander, 80-2.
c36.13
Amarāvati, town, 483, 493, 499.
c36.14
Amātyas, 225.
c36.15
Amazonian body-guard, 130.
c36.16
Ambelā Pass, 63 *n.*
c36.17
Ambhi = king Omphis, 63-5, 115.
c36.18
Ambustāla, *stūpa*, 195.
c36.19
Amida, siege of, 290, 294.
c36.20
Amitraghāta (Amitrochates), title of Bindusāra, 146.
c36.21
Amoghavarsha I, II, III, Rāshtrakūta kings, 445, 446.
c36.22
Amritsar, city, 85.
c36.23
Amśuvarman, king of Nepāl, 380.
c36.24
Amū Daryā, Oxus river, 234.
c36.25
Amyntas, Indo-Greek king, 257.
c36.26
Anamis, river, 114.
c36.27
*A-nanda*, meaning of, 402 *n.*
c36.28
Ananda, queen, 329.
c36.29
Anandapura, country of, 342.
c36.30
Ananda Vikrama era, 44 *n.*, 402 *n.*
c36.31
Anandpāl, king of the Punjāb, 397, 407.
c36.32
Anangapāla, Tomara Rāja of Delhi, 401.
c36.33
Anantavarman Choḍa, Eastern Ganga king, 489, 498.
c36.34
Andaman Islands, Choḻa annexation of, 487.
c36.35
Āndhra dynastic history, 21, 132 *n.*, 204, 217-32: kingdom, 171, 194, 439: currency, 225: foreign trade, 226.
c36.36
Āndhradesa, Sātavāhana dominion, 222 *n.*, 224 *n.*
c36.37
Andragoras, alleged viceroy of Parthia, 236 *n.*
c36.38
Andrapolis, legendary city, 246 *n.*, 247.
c36.39
Androkottos = Chandragupta Maurya, *q. v.*, 46 *n.*, 125 *n.*
c36.40
Androsthenes of Cyzicus, 237.
c36.41
Anga kingdom, 32.
c36.42
Anhilwāra, city, 333, 396, 404.
c36.43
Animal life, sanctity of, 184-6, 190, 192, 213.
c36.44
Ansumat, legendary hero, 212.
c36.45
Antialkidas, Indo-Greek king, 238, 257, 259.
c36.46
Antigonos, (1) rival of Eumenes, 121: (2) Gonatas, king of Macedonia, 193, 207.
c36.47
Antimachos I and II, Indo-Greek kings, 229, 257, 259.
c36.48
Antiochos, (1) the Great, 236, 253, 256, 259: (2) Hierax, 259: (3) Soter, 155, 206, 234 *n.*, 259: (4) Theos, 21, 193, 206, 234, 259.
c36.49
Antipater, unable to retain India, 121.
c36.50
Antoninus Pius, Roman emperor, 294.
c36.51
Anūshīrvān (Khusrū), king of Persia, 339.
c36.52
Aornos, identity and siege of, 59-62.
c36.53
Aparājita, Ganga-Pallava king, 473, 484.
c36.54
Aphrodisiac drugs, 153 *n.*
c36.55
Apollodōros of Artemita, 227, 237 *n.*
c36.56
Apollodotos, Indo-Greek king, 227, 229, 238, 257.
c36.57
Apollonius of Tyana, Indian travels of, 13, 65 *n.*, 81 *n.*, 102 *n.*, 112 *n.*, 245 *n.*, 325 *n.*
c36.58
Apollophanes, (1) satrap of Gedrosia, 111: (2) Indo-Greek king, 257. Āra inscription, 271 *n.*, 286 *n.* Arab invaders, 109 *n.*, 332, 377, 396. Arabioi, tribe, 111, 112 *n.*, 116. Arabios (Arabis), river, 109 *n.*, 111. Arachosia = the Kandahār country, 40, 106: Sibyrtios, satrap of, 126. Aravalli mountains, 6 *n.* Arbela, battle of, 242 *n.* Archaeology, results obtained from, 2, 16, 306. Archebios, Indo-Greek king, 257. Archers of Xerxes from India, 41 *n.*: Alexander's mounted, 72. Archias, officer of Nearchos, 113. Architecture, Indian, earliest examples of, 142: not Greek, 255: in Gupta period, 323: mediaeval, 372. Arcot, North and South Districts, 492 *n.*, 494. Ardashīr, Sassanian king, 291 *n.*, 289 *n.* Aria = the Herāt country, 40, 158. Ariāna, cession of part of, 125, 158-60, 206. Arigaion, town, 55. Arikesarin, Pāṇḍya king, 473. Arioi, in sixteenth satrapy, 235. Aristotle, 12 *n.* Arjuna, usurper, 366, 367, 373. Ārjunāyana, tribe, 302. Arkonam, town, 494. Armenia, 275 *n.* Arms, Indian, 69, 131. Army, Maurya, 131-3: of Harsha, 352. Arnold, Matthew, quoted, 118 *n.* Arṇorāja, Chauhān, 403 *n.* Aror = Alor, *q. v.* Arpakkam, inscription at, 475. Arrian, on India, 13: quoted, 66 *n.*: *Periplus* ascribed to, 245 *n.* Arsakes, (1) king of Uraśā, 92: (2) leader of Parthian revolt, 236, 259: (3) Theos, Indo-Parthian king, 242. Arsakidan era, 235 *n.* Art, Indian, earliest examples of, 142: Gupta, 323: mediaeval, 371. Artaxerxes Mnēmon, king of Persia, 12: Longimanus, 107 *n.* Artemidoros, Indo-Greek king, 257. *Arthaśāstra*, 160-1: cited, 130 *n.*, 131 *n.*, 135 *n.*, 136 *n.*, 137 *n.*, 138 *n.*, 141 *n.*, 144-52 *n.*, 186 *n.*, 187 *n.*, 188 *n.*: works on, 161.
c36.59
Aruvular, tribe, 482. Aryabhaṭa, astronomer, 322, 324, 346. Aryan settlements, 217 *n.* Aryanization, process of, 8. Āryāvarta, meaning of, 299. Asandhimitrā, legendary queen of Asoka, 201. Asaṅga, 347. Asāwal, Hindu name for Ahmadābād, 342 *n.* Asioi, tribe, 240 *n.* Asoka, extent of empire of, 6, 156, 169: Mysore edition of Minor Rock Edicts of, 16: contemporary with Antiochos Theos, 21: made Pāṭaliputra his permanent capital, 38 *n.*: five *stūpas* at Pāṭaliputra ascribed to, 43 *n.*: dates of accession and death of, 206, 207: abolished royal hunt, 129, 186: Kalinga Edicts of, 177: viceroys of, 136, 172: the 'king's men' of, 136: Tushāspha, governor of Kāthiāwāṛ under, 139: mentioned in Rudradāman's inscription, 139: beginnings of art and architeture in reign of, 143: full name Asoka-vardhana, 162: viceroy of Taxila and Ujjain, 162, 163: annexed Kalinga, 164, 206: went on pilgrimage, 167, 207: ordained as monk, 166, 168: death of, 201, 207: Buddhist council convoked by, 169: in Nepāl, 170, 207: buildings of, 170, 172, 312: inscriptions of, 175, 176, 180: legend of, 179: ethics of, 184: in early life probably worshipped Śiva, 185: enforced sanctity of animal life, 185, 186, 213: toleration of, 187: appointed Censors, 189: provided for travellers and sick, 191, 312, 358: dispatched foreign missions, 193, 206: sent his brother Mahendra to Southern India and Ceylon, 195, 459: did not send mission to Pegu, 197: made Buddhism a world-religion, 197: compared with Constantine, 198: character of, 199: sons and successors of, 201-5: chronology of, 206: disruption of empire of, 204, 207, 208, 233: Hindū Kush boundary of empire of, 233: Kanishka legends resembling those of, 280: pillar erected at Kauśāmbī by, 310: imitated by Harsha, 357: Pūrṇa-varman last descendant of, 204, 360: caste of, 423: relations with Southern India of, 464, 465, 476, 481. *Asokāvadāna* legends, 42, 202. Aspasian, tribe, 55. Assakēnoi, nation, 57. Assam = Kāmarūpa, *q. v.*, 383. Assemblies, five great Tamil, 460: village, 479, 484. Asses, for riding, 141. Assyria, 275 *n.* Astes = Hasti, *q. v.* Astola (Astalu), enchanted isle, 113. Astrologers, control of, 140. Astronomy, of Gupta age, 322. Aśvaghosha, Buddhist saint, 276. *Aśvamedha* = horse-sacrifice, *q. v.*, 228. Atasi, or flax-plant, 102 *n.* *Atharvaveda*, 24. Athena, 81 *n.* Atīśa, Buddhist missionary, 415, 418. Attic year, 90. Attila, Hun king, 334. Attivarmā, Pallava king, 499 *n.* Attock (Aṭak), town, 63. Augustus, letter of Indian king to, 144 *n.*: Kushān imitations of coins of, 250, 270: temple at Muziris of, 462: Indian embassy to, 293, 471. *Aurei*, orientalized, 270, 328 *n.*: current in S. India, 462. Aurelian, Roman emperor, 294. Aurelius, Marcus, Roman emperor, 289, 294. Autograph of Harsha, 356. Autonomous tribes, 78 *n.*, 98, 302. Avalokiteśvara, Buddhist incarnation, 375. Avanti = Mālwa, *q. v.*, 30, 410, 413. Avantivarman, king of Kashmir, 45 *n.*, 387. Ayethema = Takkolam, *q. v.*, 487 *n.* Ayodhyā = Oudh, sacred city, 163, 347. Ayu Mitra, coins of, 273 *n.* Azes I and II, Indo-Parthian kings, 244, 255 *n.* Azilises, Indo-Parthian king, 244.
c36.60
Bābur, used Khaibar Pass, 53 *n.* Babylon, early commerce with, 29 *n*: death of Alexander at, 115, 120. Babylonian culture, 2: marriage custom, 162 *n.* Bacon, alludes to Oxydrakai, 102 *n.* Bactria, Alexander's conquest of, 52 *n.*: premier satrapy, 234: revolt and history of, 235–9: = Tahia, 289 *n.* Badagara, port, 456. Bādāmi = Vātāpi, *q. v.*, 441. Badāūn, city, 409. Badīn, in Sind, 109 *n.* Badis, Gedrosian port, 113. Badonsachen, king of Burma, 131 *n.* Bāghaura inscription, 415 *n.* Baghdad, Khalīfa of, 445. Bahāwalpur, state, 96. Bāhlika, tribe, 290; *see* Vāhlika. Bahmanābād, probably = Patala, 107. Bahrām II, king, 289. Baidya caste, 419. Bairāt, Asoka's inscriptions at, 176, 181. Baird Lectures, The, quoted, 250 *n.* Bājaur, valley, 55, 57. Bakarai, port, 468 *n.*, 477. Bakhirā, pillar, 167 *n.* Bakhtiyār, Muhammad, son of, *q. v.*, 385. Bakrāla Pass, 67 *n.* Bālāditya, kings, 330, 347. Baleokouros, 232 *n.* Balharās—Rāshṭrakūṭa kings, 447. Bāli in Mārwār, 405 *n.* Balkh, secondary Hun capital, 335. Ballāl Sen, king of Bengal, 419, 422, 432. Bāmiān, town, 53 *n.* Bāmyin, Hun head-quarters, 335. Bāṇa, author, 19, 23, 208 *n.*, 215 *n.*, 348, 356, 394. Bandhupālita = Sangata Maurya, 207. Bankipore, on site of Pāṭaliputra, 127, 311. Bannū, town, 407. Banskhera, inscription, 349 *n.*, 356 *n.*, 373. Banyan hospital, 192. *Bār* = waterless uplands, 99. Barābar caves, 174, 177, 206, 207: hills, 209. Bārāmūla Pass, 275 *n.*, 284. Barbarikon, port on Indus, 245. Bardanes, Parthian king, 245 *n.* Bargāon = Nālandā, *q. v.*, 329. Barhut (Bharhut), relief sculpture at, 36 *n.*: Śunga inscription at, 208 *n.* Bārī, later Parihār capital, 391, 398. Barisal, district, 415 *n.* Bark, as writing material, 29 *n.*, 143. Barygaza = Broach (Bharōch), 227.
c36.61
Basāṛ = Vaiśālī, *q. v.*, 31 *n.*: seals from, 297 *n.* Basava, founded Liṅgāyat sect, 450. Bathindah, 396. Baṭīhāgaṛh inscription of Samvat 1385, 264 *n.* Battle of Hydaspes, 70–4. Battle-axe, a Pāṇḍya cognizance, 470. Bayana, stone inscription at, 395 *n.* Bazira, a town in the hills, 59, 60. Becarē, port, 469 *n.* Beghrām, coins from, 273 *n.* Behistun inscription, 41 *n.* Belūr temple, 451. Benares = Kāśī, 31: seat of learning, 65 *n.*: cotton fabrics of, 136 *n.*: sacred city, 163: Upagupta at, 199: captured by Muhammadans, 404. Bengal, Chandragupta's alleged campaign in, 317 *n.*: included in Harsha's dominions, 352: dynasties of, 412–22. Berār = Vidarbha, 211, 221. Beryls, 461. Besnagar, inscription of Bhāgavata at, 214 *n.* Bhābrū edict, 166, 175, 176, 181. Bhadrabāhu, 49, 154, 458. Bhāgalpur District, 31: Jain buildings in, 36 *n.*: copperplate, 413 *n.* Bhāgavata, Śuṅga king, 214: Purāṇa, date of, 23. Bhagēla = Phegelas, 42. Bhāgīrathī river, 421. Bhāṇḍāgārikas, Āndhra class of society, 225. Bhandarkar, R. G., on early history of India, 317 *n.*, 435. Bhaṇḍi, cousin of Harsha, 350. Bhānugupta, Rāja, 332. Bhar tribe, 341, 429. Bharhut = Barhut, *q. v.* Bharōch (Broach) = Barygaza, 227: Gurjara kingdom of, 340, 427. Bhāsa, dramatist, 39. Bhāskara-varman = Kumāra, king of Kāmarūpa, *q. v.*, 370, 384. Bhaṭārka, founded Valabhī dynasty, 326 *n.*, 332. Bhatgaon, town, 380 *n.* Bhaṭṭiproḷu, inscriptions from, 17. Bhavabhūti, poet, 392. *Bhikshus*, mendicants, 224. Bhīlsā town, 210. Bhīma, (1) king of Gujarāt, 407: (2) Kaivarta of Varendra, 416: (3) king of Mithilā, 416. Bhimbhar = Abhisāra, 63 *n.*, 92. Bhinmāl (Bhilmāl), Gurjara capital, 340, 344 *n.*, 393, 445. Bhīṛ, mound at Taxila, 66 *n.* Bhīra (Bahrah), town, 94 *n.* Bhitari, pillar at, 327: seal from, 297 *n.*, 329 *n.*, 330. Bhoja, (1 and 2) Parihār kings of Kanauj, 393, 394, 395: (3) Pawār king of Mālwa, 410: (4) tribe, 193. Bhojpur, lake, 411. Bhotan, 419. Bhṛikuṭī, Nepalese princess, 375. Bhūmaka, Kshaharāta, 221, 232 (table). Bhūmimitra, coins of, 216 *n.* Bhūnā, on Jihlam river, 87. Bhūtias, conquered by Lalitāditya, 386. Biās river = Hyphasis, *q. v.*, 79, 96. Bibliography of Asoka's inscriptions, 180. Bidaspes river = Hydaspes, *q. v.*, 82 *n.* Bihār, South (1) province = Magadha, *q. v.*, 30, 276, 412, 416, 417: (2) town, 311, 413. Bihat river = Hydaspes, *q. v.*, 82. Bijjala, Kalachurya king, 449, 450, 455. Bikanīr, State, 96. Bikram, Rāja, 320. Bikrampur, town, 419. Bilhaṇa, author, 19, 448. Bilsaṛ, inscriptions from, 448. Bimbisāra, king, 32, 34, 37, 43, 48, 51. Bindusāra, king, 154–8, 206. Birch-bark as writing material, 29 *n.*, 143. Birthday festival, 130. Births and deaths registered, 134. Bīsal Dēo = Vigraha-rāja, *q. v.*, 402. Bītpālo, artist, 417. Bittiga, Hoysala king, 450. Block-printing in Tibet, 420. Boats, used by Alexander, 63. Bōdh Gayā, Asoka's monastery at, 303: desolate in Fa-hien's time, 316: Bōdhi tree at, 360: visited by Wang-hiuen-t'se, 367. Bodhi tree at Gayā, 167, 360. Bodhidharma, patriarch, 331. Bodhisattvas, hierarchy of, 282. Bodoahpra, king of Burma, 131 *n.* Boëdromion, Athenian month, 110 *n.* Bolān route, 107 *n.* Bon, religion of Tibet, 378. Boukephala, city, 75.
c36.62
Bow, Indian, 70, 131: the Chera cognizance, 479. Brahmā, a god, 362. Brahmagiri, Asoka's inscriptions at, 176 *n.*, 180. Brahmakshatra, meaning of, 424 *n.*, 435. Brahman, opposition to Alexander, 105: caste, and Rājas, 424. Brahmanābād, error for Bahmanābād, *q. v.*, 107 *n.* *Brahmāṇḍa Purāṇa*, 11, 23, 24. Brahmanical reaction, 204, 213. Brahmanism, popular in W. India under the Āndhras, 224. Brahmans, town of, 100. Brāhmī script, 29 *n.*, 175. Brick buildings, 143. *Bṛihad-devatā*, referred to, 96 *n.* Bṛihadratha, Maurya king, 204, 207, 208. *Bṛihatkathā-kośa*, 462 *n.* Broach = Bharōch, *q. v.*, 226. Bronze vessels from the Nilgiris, 463. Buckler, Indian, 70, 131. Buddha (Gautama), relics of, at Piprāwā, 17: birth and life of, 30: preceded by 'former Buddhas', 165: visited by Ajātaśatru, 34-6: belonged to Śākya clan, 38: death of, 38, 49-50: birthplace of, 167: area of personal ministry of, 197: on coins of Kanishka, 281: deified, 282, 359: footprints of, 360: Harsha's golden image of, 362: Hiuen Tsang's relics of, 365: Harsha seized tooth of, 386. Buddhadāsa, Ceylonese king, 14. Buddhaghosha, 14 *n.* Buddhism, I-tsing on history of, 27: origin of, 30: Bhābrū edict important in history of, 176: leading tenet of Asoka's, 185-7: Holy Land of, 196: earliest Burmese, 197: Asoka's preference for, 197: persecutions of, 213: Tāranāth, Tibetan historian of, 227, 229, 361 *n.*: Menander a convert to, 239: Hīnayāna, ancient form of, 283: Mahāyāna, newer form of, 282, 285 *n.*, 319, 357: conversion of Kanishka to, 280: Vikramāditya tolerant of, 315, 321: at Mathurā in Fa-hien's time, 313: merciful teachings of, 314: gradual decay of, 315, 320, 358: prevalence from 200 B. C. to A. D. 200 of, 318: Sammitīya school of, 352, 359: favour of Gupta kings to, 309, 320, 331: devotion of Harsha to, 357-65: in Tibet, 378: in Nepāl, 382: destruction in Bihār of, 420: decline in Deccan of, 444, 446: in Bengal, 384, 385, 418: in Southern India, 458, 483, 499. Buddhist canon, 11, 30: Chinese pilgrims, 14, 24-7, 367: ecclesiastical legends, 33 *n.*, 34-8: instructors of Asoka, 165, 167: Holy Land, 177, 196: church council convened by Asoka, 169, 283: establishments in Nepāl, 170: Pāli books, 174: monastic order, 166, 358, 359, 364: fame of Asoka, 177: influence in India and abroad, 193, 197: church in Ceylon, 195, 198: fame of Kanishka, 271: monasteries, 278, 314, 358, 483, 495: council of Kanishka, 283: rule of life, 314: inscriptions, 318: coins of Kanishka, 281, 319: King Sīlāditya a devout, 343: monks in Sind, 368: in Ujjain, 369: Pāla kings of Bengal, 384, 414, 417: temples at Negapatam, 486: Siṁhavarman, Pallava king, a, 499. Budhagupta, Rāja, 330, 332, 346. Bull, the Pallava cognizance, 499. Bundēla clan, 429. Bundēlkhaṇḍ = Jejākabhukti, *q. v.*, 405. Bundi, state, 202 *n.* Bunēr country, 57 *n.* Bunhār Pass, 83 *n.* Burma, customs of, 129 *n.*: Buddhism in, 197: English conquest of, 379. Burmese occupied Assam, 386. Buzantion, port, 226.
c36.63
Caelobothras = Keralaputra, *q. v.*, 468 *n.* Caesar, ? title of Kanishka, 271 *n.* Caka (= Śaka) era, 353 *n.* Calicut, bombardment of, 210: Zamorins of, 479. Camel, for riding, 141: Bactrian, 251. Candrabhāga river, 63 *n.* Candragomin (Chandragomin), author, 339 *n.* Canton, 'dotted record' of, 49. Capital punishment, *see* Death, penalty of. Caracalla, Roman emperor, 294: massacre at Alexandria by, 463 *n.*, 471.
c36.64
Carnatic, the, 492. Caste, in Gupta period, 314: in South, 459. Castes, as described by Megasthenes, 140 *n.*, 457: four *varṇas* of, 423 *n.* Catty, Chinese weight, 280 *n.* Caucasus, Indian, 126. Cauvery river = Kāviri, *q. v.*, 462. Ceded Districts, 483. Central Provinces = Chedi, 405. Ceylon, chronicles of, 11, 179: pre-Christian records in, 17 *n.*: bull-racing in, 129 *n.*: conversion of, 195: Meghavarṇa king of, 303: pilgrims from, 304: frescoes in, 323: Pāṇḍya wars with, 475: Gajabāhu, king of, 471: invaded by Karikāla Chola, 481: invaded by Parāntaka I, 484: annexed by Rājarāja, 485: Pallava relations with, 494, 495. Chaitanya Deva, prophet, 353 *n.* Chakrāyudha, king of Kanauj, 392, 413. Chakshu river = Oxus, 280 *n.* Chalukya dynasties, 353, 440–9: wars with Cholas, 485, 488: wars with Pallavas, 442, 443. Chambal river, 302. Champāran District, 167, 178 *n.*, 416. Chāṇakya, minister, 43 *n.*, 45, 124, 128 *n.*, 130 *n.*, 142 *n.*, 144, 424. Chaṇḍāla, outcaste tribes, 314. Chandāwar, battle of, 404 *n.* Chand Bardāī, Hindī poet, 402 *n.* Chandēl clan, 341, 423, 429, 430: history, 405–9. Chandra, Turushka king, 437. Chandradeva, founded Gaharwār dynasty of Kanauj, 399. Chandragiri river, 456, 466. Chandragupta, (1) Maurya = Sandrakottos, 21: early life of, 44–6, 49, 51, 123: worshipped at Alexander's altars, 81: defeated Seleukos, 125, 156, 206: institutions of, 126–54, 252: length of reign of, 152: Jain legends of, 154, 458: Andhra kingdom in time of, 217: caste of, 424: (2) I of Gupta dynasty, 295–7, 345, 347: (3) II of Gupta dynasty, Vikramāditya, 14, 21: history of, 306–16: seals of queen of, 297 *n.*: original of Rāja Bikram, 320: contemporary with Kālidāsa, 321: chronology, coins, and inscriptions of, 345.
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*Chand-Rāisā*, Hindī epic, 402 *n.*, 408. Chandrāpīḍa, king of Kashmīr, 377, 386. Chandraprakāśa, prince, 347. Chandra Śrī, Andhra king, 223. Chandra-varman, king, 307 *n.* Chandrāvatī, Pawārs at, 410, 428. Ch'ang-an, in China, 365 *n.* Chang-kien, embassy of, 268, 293. Chāpa clan, 440. Charee, town, 109 *n.* Chariot, Indian, 132, 133, 154: disuse of, 352. Chārsadda = Peukelaotis, 61. Chārumatī, daughter of Asoka, 170, 207. Chashṭana, satrap, 222, 223, 308. Chasi-Kaivarta rebellion, 417, 418. ‘Chastana’, name on statue at Mat, 223 *n.*: Śaka satrap, 276. Chauhān dynasty of Sāmbhar, 402: Rājas of Mālwā, 411: clan, 428, 430. Chaulukya clan = Solankī, *q. v.*, 428. Chavannes, Prof., on Western Turks, 373 *n.* Chayil, ruined church at, 260. Chazarla, in Guntūr District, 473 *n.* Chedi, kingdom, 409: era of, 409. Chēh-ka, kingdom = Tseh-kia, 368. Chellanā, mother of Ajātaśatru, 37 *n.* Che-mong, Chinese pilgrim, 27 *n.* Chenkuttuvan, Chera king, 471, 478, 482. Chera kingdom = Keraḷa, *q. v.*, 476. Cheraḷam = Keraḷa, *q. v.*, 465 *n.* Cheta (Chaitra) family, 209. Chhatarpur State, 406, 430. *Chilappattikāram*, poem, 216 *n.*, 490 China, Kushān relations with, 269, 277: Gupta relations with, 324: mission in A. D. 539 from, 331: conterminous with Hun empire, 335: intercourse of Harsha with, 366: ? Arjuna brought as prisoner to, 367: Nestorianism in, 373: relations of Northern India with, 374–9: relations of Nepāl with, 379: emperor of, 446. Chināb (Chenāb), river, 62, 63 *n.*, 77, 82 *n.*, 85, 92, 96, 98, 103, 119. Chīnabhukti, town, 279. Chinese historians, 14, 348: pilgrims, 14, 24: hostages supposed to be, 278. Chingleput, district, 492 *n.*, 494.
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Chiniōt, fortress, 335 *n.* Chionitai nation, 290 *n.* Chi-pin = Ki-pin, *q. v.*, 266 *n.* Chitaldūrg, in Mysore, 481. Chitavara country, 361 *n.* Chitōr, town, 210, 228. Chitrāl river, 54. Chittralekha, queen, 395 *n.* Choḷa dynasty and kingdom, 442, 446, 448, 451, 464, 469, 473, 479, 480–90, 497. Choḷa-Pāṇḍya, viceroy, 487. Choragaṅga, king of Orissa, 43 *n.*, 418. Chorasmioi, in sixteenth satrapy, 235. . Chremēs, Athenian archon, 89–91. Christian mission to Indo-Parthians, 245–50 : elements in Buddhism, 282. Christians of St. Thomas, 249, 260. Chronology, difficulties of Indian, 1, 19–21, 46. Chu-li-ya = Choḷa kingdom, *q. v.*, 483. *Cinnamomum, sp.*, 463 *n.* Cipher writing, 147. Civil administration of Harsha, 354. Claudius, Roman emperor, 293. Cleophis, *see* Kleophis. Coast, changes in, 109 *n.*, 113 *n.* Cochin, state, 456, 465, 477. Coimbatore, beryls of, 461 : district, 461, 465, 477, 479. Coinage, debasement and restoration of Gupta, 328, 329. Coins, many classes of, 18 : punch-marked, 66 *n.* : Mitra, 215 *n.* : Āndhra, 216, 222, 224 : of Menander, &c., 227, 229 : Indo-Parthian, 242 : of Hermaios and Kadphises I, 251 : Greek influence on, 254 : of Plato, 258 : of ‘Nameless King ’, 268 : of Kadphises II and Kanishka, 273 : of Huvishka, 287 : of Vāsudeva, 288 : of later Kushāns, 290 : of Chandragupta I, 296 : of Samudragupta, 305 : of Chandragupta II, Vikramāditya, 309, 345 : of Skandagupta, 328, 346 : of Prakāśāditya, 329 : of the Maukhari dynasty, 331 *n.* : of Kumāragupta I, 345 : of Nepāl, 383 *n.* : of Mihira Bhoja, 394 : of Gāṅgēyadeva and the Chandēls, 407 : Roman in S. India, 461, 462 : Pāṇḍya, 470 : Chera, 479 : Choḷa, 486 *n.* Colair, lake, 300. Comilla (Kumillā), town, 415 *n.*
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Commodus, Roman emperor, 294. Comorin, Cape, 464, 476. Conjeeveram = Kāñchī, *q. v.* Constantine compared with Asoka, 198. Constantinople, emperor of, 446. Consuls, officials resembling, 134 *n.*, 253 *n.* Coorg, tribe, 138 *n.* : province, 465, 480. Copper, inscriptions on, 16, 468 : vessels, 128. Corinthian capitals, 282. Coromandel coast, 464, 465 : corruption of Choḷamaṇḍalam, 460 *n.* Corundum, 461. Cosmas Indicopleustes, author, 336. Cotton, substitute for linen, 102 *n.* : fabrics of Benares, 136 *n.* : as writing-material, 143 : trade, 481. Cottonara = Kuddam, the pepper coast, 476, 477. Council, Buddhist, of Asoka, 169 : of Kanishka, 283, 294. Court of Chandragupta Maurya, 128, 153. Courtesans as informers, 136, 147. Cowrie shells as currency, 314. Cranganore = Muziris, 462, 477. Crassus, standards of, 251. Cromwell, quoted, 188. Cuddapah, district, 465, 483. *Cural* = *Kural*, *q. v.*, 463 *n.* Currency, *see* Coinage, Coins, Cowrie. Curtius on India, 13. Cutch, Ran (Runn) of, 109 *n.* : dependent on Mo-la-p’o, 342. Cuttack (Kaṭak) District, 177 *n.* Cyrene, Asoka’s mission to, 193. Cyrus, legend of, 110.
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Dacca, district, 302, 415 *n.* Dāhāla = W. Chedi, 405. Daisios, Macedonian month, 275 *n.* Dakshamitrā, daughter of Nahapāna, 232 (table). Dalai Lama of Tibet, 379 *n.* Damirikē = Tamilakam, 457. Damōdarpur, copper-plates found at, 297 *n.* Damoh, district, 264 *n.* Damyek = Dhamiāk, 404 *n.* Dantidurga, Rāshtrakūṭa king, 443, 454. Dārāpur, below Jihlam, 87 *n.* Darbhanga, district, 416. Darius, inscriptions of, 12, 41 *n.* : Indian conquests of, 40 : Sakas in time of, 264 *n.*
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Darśaka, king, 39, 48, 51. Dārvābhisāra, country, 63 *n.* Daśaratha, grandson of Asoka, 183, 201, 203, 207. Daśavarman (Devavarman), Maurya king, 207. Dasyu race, Āndhras represented as a, 217 *n.* Daulatābād = Devagiri, 451. Davāka, kingdom, 302. Dead, exposure of, 162. Death, penalty of, 129, 134, 135, 137, 151, 185, 186, 190, 358. Deaths and births, registration of, 134, 151. Debal, in Sind, 108. Deccan, meaning of, 6, 7, 9, 439 : Maurya conquest of, 157 : censors in, 191 : Pulakēśin, king of, 353. Deïmachos, Greek ambassador, 155, 206. Delhi, iron pillar of, 307 *n.*, 401 : history of, 399 *n.*, 401–4, 432. Delta of Indus, 107, 108. Demetrios, king of the Indians, 237, 238, 254, 256, 257. Denarius, silver, 270 *n.* Deogarh, slab inscriptions at, 17. Deva coins, 216 *n.* Devabhūti (Devabhūmi), Sunga king, 214, 215. Devadatta, cousin of Buddha, 33, 34. Devakī, 327. *Devānampiya*, meaning of, 186 *n.* Devānampiya Tissa, king, 195. Devapāla (1) Kshatriya, 170 : (2) king of Bengal, 414, 417. Devapatana, in Nepal, 170. Devarāshṭra = Mahratta country, 301. Devil (demon) worship, 458. Dhamiāk, in Jhelum District, 404 *n.* *Dhamma* (*dharma*), meaning of, 184. Dhanāida inscription, 297 *n.* Dhana Nanda, king, 43. Dhanamjaya, author, 410. Dhaṅga, Chandēl king, 406. Dhanika, author, 410. Dhārā, capital of Bhoja, 410. *Dharaṇa*, coin, 149. Dharmapāla, (1) king of Bengal, 371, 392, 413 : (2) Buddhist teacher, 415. Dharmaraksha, Buddhist author, 347. *Dharmaśāstras*, 152. *Dharmśālā*, rest-houses, 358. Dhauli, Asoka's inscriptions at, 177 *n.*
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Dhīmān, artist, 417. Dhoyi (Dhoyika), poet, 422. Dhruva, Rāshtrakūṭa king, 445. 454, 497. Dhruvabhaṭa, king of Valabhī, 342. Dhruva Devī, queen of Vikramāditya, 316. *Dialogues of the Buddha*, cited, 423. Diddā, queen of Kashmīr, 389. Digambara, Jain sect, 49 *n.*, 174 *n.*, 446, 472. Dinapore, cantonment, 127. Diodotos I and II, Bactrian kings, 234, 236, 257. Diomedes, Indo-Greek king, 257. Dionysios, (1) Greek ambassador, 156 : (2) Indo-Greek king, 257. Dionysos in India, 56. *Dīpavaṁśa*, chronicle, 11, 180. Divya (Divyoka), Kaivarta, 416. *Divyaśūricharita*, 489 *n.* *Divyāvadāna*, legends, 202, 213 *n.*, 229. Domitian, Roman emperor, 294. Dōrasamudra, Hoysala capital, 449, 450. Dōsh-i-āb, 'meeting of the waters,' 103. 'Dotted record' of Canton, 49. Drama, Sanskrit, 254 *n.* : Tamil, 464. Drangiana = Sistān, 107, 122. Dravida country, 26, 429 *n.*, 464. Dravidian nations, 7, 8, 29, 194 : meaning of term, 429. Droṇa, legendary chief, 391 Drummers, of Harsha, 355. Drupada, legendary chief, 391. Duff, *Chronology of India*, 422 *n.* Durdurkar inscription, 234 *n.* Durgā, goddess, 457. Durlabhaka, king of Kashmīr, 386. Durlabhavardhana, king of Kashmīr, 386. Duty, law of, *see* Piety. Dvāravatī = Dwarka, sacred city, 163. Dyrta, town, 62.
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East and West, 2, 254. Edessa, memorial church of St. Thomas at, 247 *n.* Edicts of Asoka, 16, 139, 148, 166–9, 175–9, 180–3. Education in time of Harsha, 356. Egypt, embassy to India from, 12, 156 : irrigation in, 140 : Asoka's mission to, 193 : European commerce through, 307 : trade with S. India, 481 : *see* Alexandria. Egyptian civilization, 2 : crews, 93.
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Elagabalus, Roman emperor, 294. Elāpura = Elūra, *q. v.*, 445 *n.* Elephant, failure in war of the, 117: used by Seleukidan kings, 121, 125, 154: combats, 129: for riding, 141: cognizance of Pāṇḍya dynasty, 470. Elliot, Sir H. M., *History of India by*, 15 *n.* Elphinstone on Indian history and chronology, 1, 6, 20. Elūra (Ellora), rock-cut temples at, 445, 447. Embolima, town, 61. Empire of Asoka, 6, 169–72: Ephthalite, 334: Persian, 12, 153: Gupta, 302: of Harsha, 354: of China, 376. Epander, Indo-Greek king, 257. *Ephoroi* = news-writers, 136. Ephthalites, 264 *n.*, 334, 428 *n.* Epics, Sanskrit, 10: rude popular, 402: Tamil, 472. *Epigraphia Carnatica*, 18 *n.*, 467. Epigraphic evidence, 9, 16. Epirus, Asoka's mission to, 193. *Episkopoi* = news-writers, 136. Era, Ānanda Vikrama, 402 *n.*: Arsakidan, 235 *n.*: of Chedi, 409: Gupta, 21: of Harsha, 351: Hun, 335 *n.*: Kaliyuga, 28 *n.*: Kollam, or Malabar, 479 *n.*: of Lakshmaṇa-sena, 432: Laukika, 266 *n.*: Lichchhavi, 295: Malabar, or Kollam, 479 *n.*: Nepalese, 381: Pontic, 275 *n.*: Sananda Vikrama, 402 *n.*: Seleukidan, 206, 258 *n.*: Traikūtaka, 409: of Vikramāṅka Chalukya, 449: of Yudhishṭhira, 28 *n.* Eraṇḍapalla = Khāndēsh, 301. Eras, numerous Indian, 20. Eratosthenes, *stadium* of, 142 *n.* Erymandrus, river, 240. Eudēmos in India, 115, 121–3. Eukratides, Indo-Greek king, 237–9, 241, 254, 257. Euphrates, voyage of Nearchos to, 114: Roman conquests beyond, 275. Euthydēmos I, II, Indo-Bactrian kings, 236, 237, 257.
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Fa-hien, first Chinese pilgrim, 14, 172: translations of *Travels of*, 25: described Pāṭaliputra and Magadha, 311–13: on Gupta government, 21, 313: studied at Tāmralipti, 315: found Kapilavastu, &c., desolate, 316. Famine, in Kashmīr, 388. Farīdpur, district, 415 *n.* Fa-yong, Chinese pilgrim, 27 *n.* Female guards, 129: morals supervised by Asoka, 190: seclusion, 361: potentate in South, 470. Fire-pit legend, 428. Firishta, historian, 289. Fīrōz, Persian king, 334: killed by Huns, 346. Fish, a Pāṇḍya cognizance, 470. Fleet, Dr. J. F., discovered initial point of Gupta era, 21. Fleets, of Alexander, 93, 104: of Nearchos, 111–14: of the Choḷas and Cheras, 481, 486. *Fo-kwo-ki*, of Fa-hien, 225. Foreigners, Maurya officials in charge of, 134. Fortunate Kingdom, 498. Franke, Dr. O., on Kushān period, 274 *n.* Franke, Prof. O., on Pāli and Sanskrit, 320 *n.* Frazer, R. W., *Indian Thought, Past and Present*, 501.
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Gad, legendary brother of Gondophares, 247. Gadur, tribe, ? = Gedrosioi, 112 *n.* Gaharwār clan and dynasty, 391, 399–400, 404, 429, 430. Gajabāhu, early king of Ceylon, 471, 478, 482. Galba, Roman emperor, 293. Gaṇapati Nāga, Rāja, 300. *Gaṇa* = tribal senate, 145 *n.* Gaṇḍa, Chandēl Rāja, 398, 407. Gaṇḍak, river, 167 *n.* Gandaria = Gandhāra, *q. v.*, 40. Gandaris, in Panjāb, 77. Gandhāra, country, defined, 30, 40 *n.*, 65 *n.*: topography of, 53 *n.*, 277 *n.*: tribe, 193: sculptures of, 255, 256, 282: Hun conquest of, 328: kingdom, 413. Gaṅga dynasties, Eastern and Western, 489, 498. Gaṅgaikoṇḍa, title of Rājendra Choḷadeva I, 487, 489. Gaṅgaikoṇḍa Choḷapuram, city, 487. Gaṅga-Pallava, king Aparājita, 473. Gaṅgarāja, Jain minister, 450. Gangaridae nation, 42, 45. Gaṅgavādi = Mysore, 475. Ganges, river, 29, 37, 39 *n.*, 42, 123, 127, 171, 296, 300, 310, 362, 487, 498. Gangetic plain, 6, 209, 312, 359.
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Gāngēyadeva, king of Chedi, 407. Ganjām, inscription from, 352 *n.*, 373: attacked by Harsha, 357, 373: District, 456. Gardabhila tribe, 290. *Gārgī Samhitā*, cited, 228. Garhwā, inscription from, 345. Garlic forbidden, 314. Garrisons, four, in Kashgaria, 374, 376. Gatchien Kunasana, kingdom, 284 *n.* Gauda, kingdom, 350 *n.* Gaudas, the Five, enumerated, 353 *n.* Gaugamela, battle of, 242 *n* Gauhāti, in Assam, 385. Gauṛ = Lakhnautī, 437 *n.* Gautama Buddha, *see* Buddha (Gautama). Gautamīputra, metronymic of two Āndhra kings, 220–3, 230, 231, and 232 (table). Gayā, sanctity of, 31: desolate in A. D. 400, 316. Gedrosia = Makrān, 110: connected with India, 110, 112: Alexander's march through, 114, 116, 119: included in cession to Chandragupta Maurya, 125, 158–60. Gedrosioi, people, 112. Ghaṭotkacha, king, 296 *n.*, 297 *n.* Ghaznī = Zabulistan, 377: city, 396–8, 407. Ghorī armies, 437. Gidhaur, Chandēl Rāja of, 409. Girnār, lake and inscriptions at, 139, 140 *n.*, 177 *n.*, 222 *n.*, 327. *Gītagovinda* poem, 422. Gladiatorial contests, 129. Glausai (Glaukanikoi), nation, 77, 93. Gnostic heresy and Buddhism, 197, 282. Gobi, desert of, 263. Godāgāri, mart, 436 *n.* Godāvarī, river, 164, 171, 221, 410, 439, 441, 448. Goethe on the duty of an historian, 3, 5. Gollas, Hun king, 336. Gomitra, Rāja of Mathurā, 241 *n.* Goṇḍ tribe, 406, 429–31. Gondopharēs, Indo-Parthian king, 220, 245–9. Gondophernes (Gondopharēs), 293. Gopāditya, king of Kashmīr, 314 *n.* Gopāla, founded Pāla dynasty, 413. Gopālpur, *stūpa* at, 278 *n.*
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Gospels, Buddhist and Christian, 197 *n.* Goṭhakābhaya, king of Ceylon, 261. Goths oppressed by Huns, 333. Gouraios, river, 57. Govardhan, industry at, 225. Gover, *Folk-Songs of Southern India*, 463 *n.* Govinda II, III, IV, Rāshtrakūṭa kings, 393, 445, 498. Govindachandra, Rāja of Kanauj, 400. Govindapāla, of Pāla dynasty, 417. Graeco-Roman influence on India, 256, 282. Grahavarman, king, 350. Greece, history of, 5. Greek influence on India, 153, 251–6. Grote on Aornos and battle of Hydaspes, 88, 90. Grumbates, Kushān king, 290. Guards, female, 129. Guérinot, *Bibliographie Jaina*, 10 *n.* Guhilot clan, 436. Gūjar = Gurjara, *q. v.*, 340, 427. Gujarāt, (1) a district in the Pañjāb, 64, 221, 349: (2) Western, histories of, 15 *n.*: Kumārapāla, king of, 190: attacked by Prabhākaravardhana, 349 *n.*: Bhīma, king of, 407: comprised Lāṭa and Gurjara, 441: Chalukya dynasty of, 443: Rāshtrakūṭa principality of, 444. Gujrānwāla District, 349. Guṇabhadra, Jain leader, 446. Guṇamati, Buddhist teacher, 332. Guntūr district, 441 *n.* Gupta, (1) father of Upagupta, 199, 296 *n.*: (2) ancestor of Gupta dynasty, 296 *n.* Gupta empire, Puranic notices of, 21: history and chronology of, 295–347: era determined, 21, 296, 345–6: inscriptions, list of, 345, 346: (later) dynasty of Magadha, 330, 346: period, Sanskrit revival in, 319. Gurdāspur, District, 78 *n.*, 80, 85. Gurgān (Gorgo), not the Ephthalite capital, 335 *n.* Gurjara country = Northern Gujarāt and Rājputāna, 441. Gurjara clans, 340, 349, 427, 446. Gurjara-Pratihāra, kingdom of Kanauj, 340, 392–9: tribe, 394 *n.* Gūrkhas, conquest of Nepāl by, 381. Gushtāsib, of Persia, 107 *n.*
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Gwālior, dependent on Kanauj, 393: captured by Vajradāman, 395: captured by Muhammadans, 404.
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Habbān, legendary merchant, 246. Hadrian, Roman emperor, 275, 294. Hagāmāsha and Hagāna, satraps of Mathurā, 232, 241 *n.* Haihaya Rājas, 409: clan, 430. Hair-shaving, penalty of, 137. Hair-washing, ceremony of, 130. Hakrā = Wahindah, extinct river, 96, 103, 368, 394, 446. Hāla, Āndhra king, 220. Hala mountains, 114. Halebīd = Dōrasamudra, 450. Hall of 100 Pillars, 128 *n.* Han dynasty of China, 266 *n.*, 268, 269 *n.*, 278. *Harakali-nāṭaka*, drama 402. Harapāla, last Yādava king, 452. Harbours, on rivers, 136 *n.* Hardwār = Māyā, sacred city, 163. Hari-rāja, Chauhān, 403 *n.* Harisheṇa, author of inscription, 299. Harivarman, Buddhist author, 347. Harivarman Kadamba, Sangoli plates of, 440 *n.* Harmozeia = Ormuz, 113. Harpalos, satrap of Babylon, 92. Harsha, (1) or Harsha-vardhana, of Thānēsar, younger son of Prabhākara-vardhana, 19, 349: accession of, 350: coronation of, 351: wars of, 352, 357, 373: empire and administration of, 354: literary works ascribed to, 356: era of, 351, 361 *n.*: imitated Asoka, 186, 358: eclectic religion of, 282, 359: religious assemblies held by, 362: death of, 365, 373: chronology of reign of, 373: (2) king of Mārwāṟ, 361 *n.*: (3) king of Kashmīr, 389: (4) Chandēl king, 406. *Harsha-Charita* of Bāṇa, 19, 23, 356. Harshapura, in Mewāṟ, 361 *n.* Hasan Abdāl, town, 163. Hasti, chieftain, 54. Hastivarman, Rāja of Vengi, 493, 499 *n.* Hāthīgumphā, cave-inscription, 219 *n.* 'Hatthi-lār' Pass, 61 *n.* Hayobans Rajpūts, 409. Hazabbar-ud-dīn Ḥasan Arnāl, governor, 409. Hazāra district = Uraśā, 63 *n.*, 92, 177 *n.*
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Hēgemōn, Athenian archon, 89–91. Heliodoros, in Besnagar inscription, 255 *n.* Heliodorus of Taxila, envoy of Antialkidas, 238 *n.* Heliokles, Bactrian kings, 238–41, 257. Hēlios, on Kanishka's coins, 281. Hellenic, *see* Greek. Hellenistic kings, intercourse with India of, 193. Helmund river, *see* Hilmand. Hemachandra, Jain monk, 190 *n.* Hemadri (Hemādpant), Sanskrit author, 452. Hemantasena, 418, 432. Hephaistion, general, 53, 63, 77, 92–4, 107, 108, 119. Herakles, legend of, 52, 59: on Kushān coins, 287: in the South, 470. Herat (Hirāt), city and territory, 40, 126, 158, 160, 235. Hermaios, the last Indo-Greek king, 250, 254, 257. Herodotus, on India, 10, 12, 41 *n.* Hesidrus, river, 96 *n.* Hilmand, river, 240. Hima Kadphises = Kadphises II, *q. v.* Himalayan nations, 193. Hīnayāna, monastery at Kapiśa, 278: doctrine in Kāshgar, 280 *n.*: schools, 282: monastery at Pāṭaliputra, 312: primitive doctrine, 359. Hindu period, 1: mode of thought, 463 *n.*: reaction in Gupta age, 320. Hinduism, Buddhism a sect of, 197: orthodox, 318, 320: in Nepāl, 382: in Bengal, 384: at Kanauj, 390: in the South, 458. Hindū Kush, mountains, 29, 52, 126: frontier of Maurya empire, 169, 172, 236. Hindustan = Gangetic plain, 299: Muhammadan conquest of, 404. Hingol, river, 112 *n.* Hippokoura, ? = Nāsik, 232 *n.* Hippolytus, folk-lore tale of, 201. Hippostratos, Indo-Greek king, 258. Hiraṇyavatī, river, 167 *n.* Historian, duty of, 3. History of the South, 466. *See* Indian history. Hiuen Tsang, Chinese pilgrim, 14, 21: *Travels* and *Life* of, 25, 26, 348: on Buddhist sects, 360:
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favoured by Harsha, 360: at Kanauj and Prayāga, 362-4: return to China and death of, 365, 373: on political arrangements of India, 368: in Kāmarūpa, 383: at Kāñchī, 472, 483. Hiuen Tsung, emperor of China, 377. Hiung-nū, horde, 263, 265. Honours, sale of, 150. Hormazd II, king of Persia, 290. Horse-sacrifice of Pushyamitra, 211-13, 304: of Samudragupta, 305: of Kumāragupta I, 316: of Ādityasena, 332. Hoshang Shāh, of Mālwa, 411 *n.* Hospitals for animals, 192: at Pāṭaliputra, 312. Hostages, of Kanishka, 278. Ho-ti, Chinese emperor, 269 *n.*, 294. Hoti Mardān, town, 63 *n.* Houpiān, town, 52 *n.* Hoysala dynasty, 451. Hsiao Yen, emperor of China, 168, 331. Hu group of tribes, 263 *n.* Humāyun, Moghul, used Khaibar Pass, 53 *n.* Hūna = Huns, the, *q. v.* Huns, the, first invasion of India by, 328, 334: second invasion of India by, 334: Valabhī tributary to, 335: two main streams of, 333: Toramāṇa leader of, 335: Asiatic empire of, 334: era of, 335 *n.*: characteristics of, 336: extinction of, 339: extensive ravages of, 336, 337: effects of invasions of, 426. Hunt, at the Maurya court, 129, 186. Hushka = Huvishka, *q. v.*, 286 *n.* Hushkapura, town, 287. Huvishka, history of, 286-8, 294. Hwa, Chinese emperor, 269 *n.* Hwan-ti, emperor of China, 269 *n.* Hwei-Săng, Chinese pilgrim, 27. Hwui-li, biographer of Hiuen Tsang, 15, 348. Hydaspes, river = Jihlam, 62, 67: difficulties of crossing, 67: battle of, 70: Boukephala, on, 75: also called Vitastā or Bihat, 82: possible crossing-places on, 83: also called Bidaspes, Vidastā, Vyath, and Wihat, 82 *n.*: capital of Sophytes on, 94: Alexander's route to and from, 83, 86: date of battle of, 89-91: Alexander's return to, 93: western boundary of territory of Pōros, 93: confluence with Akesinēs of, 95, 96, 103: changes in course of, 96, 97 *n.*: date of arrival at, 119. Hyderābād, (1) in Sind, 108 *n.*: (2) in Deccan, 439. Hydraōtes, river = Rāvī, western boundary of the Kathaioi, 78: changes in course of, 96, 97 *n.*: confluence with Akesinēs of, 98, 101: Malloi occupied valley of, 98: Alexander carried to, 101: date of passage of, 119. Hypanis, river, = Hyphasis, *q. v.*, 96 *n.* Hyphasis, river, Alexander stopped at, 42, 80 = Biās, 79: altars on, 80-2: changes in course of, 96, 97 *n.*: Oxydrakai on banks of, 98: joined third confluence, 102: effects of mutiny at, 116: date of Alexander's arrival at, 119; Menander crossed, 227. Hyrkania, province, 235, 236 *n.*
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Ichthyophagoi, savages, 112. Ili, river, 263. Ilion, Alexander's sacred shield from, 101. Iltutmish (Altamsh), took Kanauj, 404 *n.* Indaura, town, 80. Independent tribes, *see* Autonomous tribes. India, lost history of, 1: connexion with West of, 2: story of ancient, 3: unity of, 5: paramount power in, 6: earliest foreign notice of, 12: Greek and Chinese accounts of, 12-15: Albērūnī's inquiry into, 15: Marco Polo in, 15: Muhammadan historians of, 15: inscriptions in Southern, 17, 467: coins of, 18: chronology of, 20-2: beginning of political history of, 28: ancient states of Northern, 29: capital of, 38: Indus boundary of, 40: in Persian inscriptions, 41 *n.*: Chandragupta master of, 44: Alexander's plans for conquest of, 52: road from Kābul to, 53: Alexander the first European to enter, 59: futility of political combinations in, 99: slavery in, 105: connexion of Gedrosia with, 110, 159: duration of Alexander's stay in, 115, 120, 252: not Hellenized by Alexander, 117, 153, 252: Megasthenes's account of, 126, 253: land revenue in, 149: irrigation in, 138: high degree of early civilization in, 142: nearly all included in Asoka's empire, 172: Asoka made Buddhism dominant in, 197: European invasions of, 254: religious persecution in, 213: vague meaning of name in ancient times, 246: alleged mission of St. Thomas to, 245–9, 260–2: no Greek architecture in, 255: commerce between Roman empire and, 270, 275, 462: intercourse of China with, 278, 374–9: supposed Persian invasion of, 289: political divisions in fourth century of, 302: Gupta government of, 315: Bhandarkar on early history of, 317 *n.*: history in sixth century of, 348: normal anarchical autonomy of, 370: embassies between Persia and, 442.
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Indian history, sources of, 9: chronology, 20: Ocean, 40: equipment, 70: literature, 220, 321: art, 253, 282: lute, 305.
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*Indika*, of Arrian, 13 *n.*
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Indo-Greek dynasties, 231–41, 250–8
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Indo-Parthian dynasties, 241–51, 267.
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Indōr inscription, 346.
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Indo-Scythian = Kushān, *q. v.*, 22.
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Indra, god, 225: III, Rāshtrakūṭa, 395, 446, 454.
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Indradyumna, ruler of Bihār, 417.
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Indrapālita = Sāliśūka Maurya, *q. v.*, 207.
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Indraprastha (Indarpat), near Delhi, 401.
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Indrarāja, viceroy of Lāṭa, 445.
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Indrāyudha (Indrarāja), king of Kanauj, 392, 413.
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Indus river, exploration by Skylax of, 40: boundary between Persian empire and India, 40, 159: bridged, 54, 63: passage by Alexander of, 64, 119, 120: Aornos washed by, 59: Philippos satrap of countries west of, 94: changes in course of, 96: merged in the Mihrān of Sind, 103, 115: delta of, 107, 210, 227: Bhāgar branch of, 108 *n.*: Kohrāi mouth of, 109 *n.*: confluence with Akesinēs of, 114: provinces to west of, 115, 159, 162, 233: voyage of Nearchos from, 110, 116: extinction of Greek power to east of, 122, 253: Seleukos crossed, 125, 159: not the Sindhu of the *Mālavikāgnimitra*, 211 *n.*: power of Mithradates I extended beyond, 241: Parthian chiefs on lower, 245, 267: monasteries between Jumna and, 313: massacre by Huns on bank of, 337: crossed by Hiuen Tsang, 365.
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Inscriptions, classes and value of, 16–18, 298: of Asoka, 166, 169, 174–9, 180–3: southern, 467.
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Ionic pillars, 255.
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Ipsos, battle of, 125.
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Iron, used in 480 B. C., 41 *n.*: Pillar of Delhi, 307 *n.*, 401.
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Irrawaddy, river, 481.
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Irrigation in Maurya period, 138, 139, 149: in S. India, 485 *n.*
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Isamus, not identified, 227.
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Īśānadēvī, queen of Jalauka, 201.
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Īsāpur inscription, 140 *n.*
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Isfandiyār, Persian chief, 107 *n.*
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Issyk-kūl, lake, 264, 377.
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Īsvaradatta, leader of Abhira irruption, 226 *n.*
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I-tsing, Chinese pilgrim, 27, 373.
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Jagannāth, temple of, 498.
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Jahāgpur, fortress, 202 *n.*
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Jahāngīr, quoted, 148.
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Jaichand, Rāja of Kanauj, 400, 402 *n.*
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Jain historical texts, and bibliography, 10 *n.*, 32, 48 *n.*: chronology, 48: traditions, 154, 202, 458: religion akin to Vishnuism, 192 *n.*: cult related to the Buddhist, 318.
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Jainism, origin of, 30, 34, 48: persecution of, 214 *n.*, 475: in Vaisālī and Eastern Bengal, 359: in the Deccan, 444–6: in the extreme South, 458, 472, 474, 483, 494, 496.
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Jaipāl, king of the Panjāb, 396, 397.
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Jalālābād = Nikaia (1), 53: = Lamghān, 397.
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Jalālpur, ferry of, 82–9.
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Jālandhar, city and district, 175 *n.*, 284 *n.*, 365, 413.
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Jalauka, legendary son of Asoka, 201.
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Jambhala, the Great Spirit King, 279.
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Jamū = Po-fa-to, 368.
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Jarāsandha, king, 32 *n.*
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Jat (Jāṭ) caste, 427.
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*Jātakas*, or ‘birth-stories’, 11, 65 *n.*
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Jatāvarman Sundara I, Pāṇḍya, 476. Jāti defined, 141 *n.*, 423 *n.*, 431 *n.* Jaṭinga-Rāmeśvara, inscriptions of Asoka at, 176 *n.* Jaugaḍa, inscriptions of Asoka at, 177 *n.* Javelins, Indian, 70, 131. Jayachchandra = Jaichand Rāja, 400. Jayachchandra, Kanauj king, 435 *n.* Jayadeva, poet, 422. Jayāpīda, king of Kashmīr, 387. *Jayaskandhāvāra*, meaning of, 414 *n.* Jaxartes, river, 240, 264, 377. Jejākabhukti, kingdom, 405. Jews, Hadrian's war with the, 294. Jhang, town, 97, 98: District, 97 *n.*, 100. Jihlam (Jhelum), river, 62, 64 *n.*, 82: city, 67, 68, 75, 83–8: District, 64. Jinasena, Jain leader, 446. Jīvaka, court physician, 65 *n.* Jīvitagupta, king, 331. Jñāna Yaśa, Buddhist saint, 276 *n.* Joan-joan, horde, 339. Jodhpur, chiefs of, 400 *n.*, 405. Jogaltembhi hoard, 230. Juān-Juān tribe = Avārs, 428 *n.* Judas = St. Thomas, 246. Julia Domna, empress, 13. Julianus, Roman emperor, 294. Julien, Stanislas, translator of Hiuen Tsang, 26. Jumna, river, 327, 363, 395. Jūnāgaṛh, town, 140 *n.*, 327. Jūnah, ruler, 289 *n.* Jushka, Kushān king, 275 *n.*
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Kābul, river = Kophēn, 53: province = satrapy of Paropanisadai, 158, 159: Kushān kingdom of, 290: Turkī Shāhiya kings of, 388: city, capital of Menander, 210, 239, 271 *n.*: = Kao-fu, 289 *n.* Kacha (Kācha), Gupta king, 297 *n.*, Kachchh = Cutch, *q. v.* Kachchhwāha dynasty of Gwālior, 395. Kadamba dynasty, 439. Kadāram (Kidāram), in Burma, 486. Kadphises I, history of, 250, 265–7, 293: II, history of, 267–75, 294: devotee of Siva, 319. Kāfir tribes, 57 *n.* Kāfiristān, country, 278. Kahāon, inscriptions at, 327 *n.*, 346.
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Kailāśa, temple at Elūra, 445, 447. Kaivarta (Māhishya) caste, 416, 417, 419 *n.* Kākanthi (Kākandī) = Kāvīripaddanam, 463 *n.* Kākavarṇa, king, 51. Kakka II, Rāshtrakūṭa king, 446, 454. Kālabāgh, town, 40. Kalachuri dynasty, 405, 407, 409: clan, 430. Kalachurya, king Bijjala a, 449. Kalamina, legendary city, 247. Kālañjar, fortress, 395, 404, 406, 407, 408. Kalasa, king of Kashmīr, 389. Kālidāsa, date of, 212 *n.*, 321. Kalinga, Khāravēla, king of, 44 *n.*, 219: Tosali city in, 172: kingdom, conquered by and edicts of Asoka, 164, 172, 177, 182: = Orissa, 353 *n.*: depopulation in seventh century of, 370: annexed by Rājarāja Choḷa, 485: conquered by Kulottuṅga, 489. Kalinganagaram = Mukhalingam, 492. Kaliyuga, era, 28 *n.* Kallar, tribe, 458, 492, 498. Kalliopē, queen, 258. Kālsī, Asoka inscription at, 177 *n.*, 182. Kalyāṇapuri, river, 171. Kalyan, harbour and port, 226. Kalyāṇi, (1) in Burma, inscriptions at, 11 *n.*: (2) in Nizam's Dominions, dynasty of, 446–9. Kāmākhyā, temple at, 385. Kamākshi, temple at, 473 *n.* Kamara = Kāvīripaddanam, *q. v.*, 439, 463 *n.* Kāmarūpa, kingdom, 302, 354, 362, 370, 380, 383–5, 435. Kamauli, copperplate, 416 *n.* Kambōja tribe, 193: rebellion, 414. Kāmpilya, city, 391. Kanagora, probably not Kanauj, 390. Kanakamuni, a Buddha, 33 *n.* *See* Konākamana. Kanarese language, 231, 464, 480. Kanauj, Harsha's assembly at, 362: Yaśovarman, king of, 386, 392: history of city, 390: kingdom of, 340, 392–404: Bhoja (Mihira), king of, 393: captured by Maḥmūd of Ghazni, 397: reduced by Shihāb-ud-dīn, 404: Brahmans and Kāyasths from, 412.
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Kāñchī, city, Hiuen Tsang at, 197 : Pallava capital, 301, 443–9, 483, 489, 493–8. Kandahār, city, 158, 159, 285 *n.* Kāngṛa, district, 80. Kaṇha = Kṛishṇa I, *q. v.* Kanishka, history of, 65 *n.*, 271–86 : Buddhist coins of, 281 : kings of Kābul descended from, 388, 425 : II, 288 *n.* Kanishkapura, town : 276 *n.* Ka-ni-ta, a variant of Kanishka, 276 *n.* Kanogiza, probably not Kanauj, 390. Kan-suh, province of China, 263, 293. Kāṇva tribe, 208 *n.* : (Kaṇvāyana) dynasty, 215–17. Kao-fū = Kābul, 266 *n.*, 293. Kaoshān Pass, 52. Kao-tsu, Chinese emperor, 373. Kao-tsung, Chinese emperor, 373. Kapilavastu, town, site of, 167 : deserted in time of Fa-hien, 316. Ka-p'i-li country, 316 *n.* Kapili, river in Assam, 316 *n.* Kapin, *see* Ki-pin. Kapiśa, kingdom, meaning of name, 266 *n.*, 336 *n.*, 367, 374, 376. Karāchī (Kurrachee), port, 111. Kāra-shahr, in Turkestan, 269, 375. Karatōya river, 300, 383, 385. Karikāla, early Choḷa king, 471, 478, 481. Karkā, a district of Keraḷa, 476. Karkota dynasty of Kashmīr, 386. Karluk, horde, 376, 378. Karmania, province of Persia, 113, 114, 120. Karṇadeva, king of Chedi, 407. Karnāl, in Panjāb, 403. Karṇa-suvarṇa, kingdom, 350 *n.*, 370 *n.* Karṇāṭa-Kshatriyas, 435. *Karpūra-mañjarī*, drama, 394. Karrī, plain, 69, 75, 88. *Karsha*, weight, 149. Kartṛipura, ? = Kartārpur, 302 *n.* Karumanta = Kamta, town, 415 *n.* Karūr, (1) Tiru-Karūr, ancient Chera capital, 477 : (2) in Coimbatore, 477. Kāruvākī, a queen of Asoka, 200. Kāśasena, 437.
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