The Geography of the Puranas c11.s6: (d) Janapadas of the Vindhyan Region
The Geography of the Purāṇas c11.s6
- Language
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Contents
- c11.s6.t1 (i) (c) The Intervening Spurs of the Vindhyas Between (i) (a) and (i) (b) above — 3 parts
- c11.s6.t2 (i) (d) Eastern and South-Eastern Slopes of the Vindhyas — 37 parts
(d) Janapadas of the Vindhyan Region
c11.s6.1
The 'Vindhyan region' as conceived by the Purāṇas in this context covered a vast area. It included almost all the plateaus and hills between the Yamunā and the Chambal in the north, the Tāpti-Mahānadī axis in the south, the western seaboard (within the present Gujarat State) on the west, and the Chhota Nagpur and Orissa hills on the east. This vast region whose chief characteristics are its rugged terrain, mostly covered with thick forests, narrow and entrenched river valleys, sparse population and paucity of through routes, can be further divided into three well-defined sub-regions:
c11.s6.2
i. The long-slope of the Vindhyas towards:
(a) north, comprising the basin of the Chambal;
(b) north-east, comprising the upper basins of the Sonar, Betwa, Dhasan, Ken and Tons;
(c) the spurs of the Vindhyas and intervening plateaus separating (a) and (b) above;
(d) south-east, comprising the basin of the Brāhminī and the Mahānadī.
c11.s6.3
ii. The western and southern scraps of the Vindhyan hills.
c11.s6.4
iii. The basin of the upper and middle Narmadā river.
c11.s6.5
The above sub-regions may be translated in terms of Purāṇic janapadas as follows:
c11.s6.6
i. (a) Avanti, Bhoja;
c11.s6.7
(b) Vidiśā, Mālava, Daśārṇa, Karūṣa;
c11.s6.8
(c) Niṣadha, Tumbura;
c11.s6.9
(d) Utkala, Tosala, Kosala and Mekala.
c11.s6.10
ii. Uttamārṇa.
c11.s6.11
iii. Vītihotra, Anūpa, Tuṇḍikera, Tripura, Tumura, Patvi, Kiṣkindhaka.
c11.s6.12
We learn from the Purāṇas that the Haihayas comprised five families: Bhojas, Vītihotras, Saryātas, Avantis and Tuṇḍikeras.7 It is also stated that the Satvats and the Bhojas were branches of the Yadu family who dwelt on the banks of Yamunā8 and that both of them were allied tribes. The Mahābhārata makes numerous references to Bhojas, Vṛṣṇis and Andhakas who are always mentioned together.9 We also find in the Mahābhārata10 that the Bhojas, Andhakas, Vṛṣṇis, Kukuras, Sṛñjayas and Chedis formed some kind of a confederacy. The Ādiparvan tells us that Arjuna was welcomed and honoured by the Bhojas, Vṛṣṇis, and Andhakas on his way to Dvārakā. Similarly, it is stated in the Udyogaparva that a large crowd of Vṛṣṇis, Andhakas and Bhojas followed Kṛṣṇa to Dvārakā.
c11.s6.13
The above statements suggest that the region occupied by these tribes was (1) somewhere south of the Yamunā (2) to its south-west between Mathurā and Dvārakā (3) along one of the established routes towards Gujarat and (4) to which there was easy access for movement or migration from the western bank of the Yamunā. This brings us to the obvious conclusion that all these tribes occupied the basin of the Chambal, the stronger occupying the fertile river valleys and the weaker being pushed to the piedmont margins of the basin bounded by the eastern spurs of the Aravallis on the west, western Vindhyas on the south and the northern spurs of the Vindhyas which culminate in the hills of Narwar and Gwalior in the east. The latter form the watershed between the valley of the Sind on the west and that of the Betwa on the east.
c11.s6.14
On the basis of the above observations, we can fix the approximate location of the various janapadas of the Chambal Basin mentioned by the Purāṇas.
c11.s6.15
(i) (a) The Janapada on the Long Slope of the Vindhyas Towards the North
c11.s6.16
(1) Avanti. With its capital at Ujjainī, this was a well-known region, which covered the headwaters of the river Chambal and the area drained by the Sipra and the Kali Sindh and the upper Chambal. Owing to its position Avanti became a great commercial centre. Three routes met here: from Bhārukaccha (Broach) and Sūrpāraka (Sofala) from Vidarbha and Nasik and from Saraswati in Kosala (Oudh). It was called Avanti at least as late as the second century A.D. but from the seventh-eighth century onwards it was called Mālwa.
c11.s6.17
(2) Bhoja. The Chambal basin as a whole, as visualised above, can be sub-divided into two distinct natural sub-regions, one drained by the Chambal and its southern tributaries and the other drained by a major and important northern tributary, the Banas (the Parnasa of the Purāṇas). These two sub-regions of the Chambal basin are separated by a series of ridges of the Aravallis, running along an axis coinciding with a line joining Mandalagarh, Bijolia and Nimach. The natural centre of this region is Bhilwara, about 80 miles north-east of Udaipur. This region appears to be the Bhoja janapada of the Purāṇas, since it satisfies all the conditions of space-relationship as regards routes, proximity to Avanti, association with the Yamunā and the Chambal and its sheltered position, so essential to the establishment of an independent political unit.
c11.s6.18
(i) (b) The Janapadas on the Long Slope of the Vindhyas Towards North-East
c11.s6.19
Many of the janapadas of this group can be easily located.
c11.s6.20
Vidiśā obviously corresponded to the basin of the upper Betwa (or Vetravati). Daśārṇa extended over the adjacent Sagar plateau dissected by the deeply entrenched valleys of the river Dhasan and its headwaters. In fact, there is no distinct, natural barrier between these two regions, and the two janapadas often merged into each other.
c11.s6.21
References in the epics and Purāṇas suggest that the Karūṣas lived in a region included in, or contiguous to, the land of the Cedis. These references may be summed up as follows:
c11.s6.22
(1) They are associated with the Matsyas, the Kasis, the Cedis and the Pañcālas (Bhīṣmaparva, 47, 54, 56).
c11.s6.23
(2) The Matsyas, the Cedis and the Bhojas are grouped together by the Viṣṇupurāṇa (Wilson, 156-190).
c11.s6.24
(3) In the Vāyu, the Matsya and the Mārkaṇḍeya, the Karūṣas are said to have occupied the Vindhyan lands.
c11.s6.25
(4) The Rāmāyaṇa (Bāla Khaṇḍa, 27) appears to indicate the Son-Gaṅgā doāb as the land of the Karūṣas.
c11.s6.26
(5) According to tradition the Son-Ken doāb was called the Karuṣadeśa Taking all the above indications into account, as well as the topography of the north-eastern slopes of the Vindhyas, we come to the conclusion that the Karūṣa janapada of the Purāṇas coincided with the northern slope of the Kaimur range and included within it the basin of the upper Tons river. Its southern boundary was therefore the Kaimur range, the western limit was the Ken and the eastern and northern boundary was demarcated by the scarps of the Vindhyas which face the Yamunā.
c11.s6.27
It is to be noted that the Karūṣa janapada is also included by many Purāṇas in the list of the janapadas of the Madhya Deśa.
c11.s6.28
There is one important region on the north-eastern long slopes of the Vindhyas which has been left out in the above scheme. This region covers the basin of the middle and upper Ken (or Karamnasa). It appears to coincide with what the Purāṇas name as Mālava, i.e. the basin of the Ken bounded by the lava scrap overlooking the Narmadā in the south and the northern Vindhyan scarps, i.e. Ajaigarh-Panna hills in the north. This is the only portion of the Malwa plateau (which is defined as the part of the Deccan trap lying north of the Narmadā) which is not otherwise covered by the Purāṇic janapadas of this region.
(i) (c) The Intervening Spurs of the Vindhyas Between (i) (a) and (i) (b) above
c11.s6.t1.1
At least two of the Vindhyan janapadas appear to have covered these spurs and the valleys included within them.
c11.s6.t1.2
Tradition associates the Niṣadhas with King Nala whose story is narrated in the Mahābhārata. In its turn, King Nala is associated with the region of Narwar, a district of the old Gwalior State, which is full of ancient archaeological sites. The Narwar region may therefore possibly be identified with the Niṣadha janapada of the Purāṇas.
c11.s6.t1.3
Tumbura may be identified with the region north of Narwar stretching from the foothills of the Vindhyas to the Chambal. This region became later the land of the Tonwar Rajputs.
(i) (d) Eastern and South-Eastern Slopes of the Vindhyas
c11.s6.t2.1
The three janapadas which fall under this group are:
c11.s6.t2.2
Utkala which coincided which the present Balasore district of Orissa.
c11.s6.t2.3
Tosala covered the whole of the Mahānadi delta. Tosali (modern Dhauli) near Bubhaneswar occurs in the centre of this region.
c11.s6.t2.4
Kosala may be identified with the northern margin of the modern Mahākosal region.
c11.s6.t2.5
Mekala covered the southern slopes of the Maikal range, south of Amarkantaka, i.e. the present Bilaspur district of Madhya Pradesh.
c11.s6.t2.6
(iii) Within the Narmadā Basin
c11.s6.t2.7
(1) Tripura is a well-known region round Tewar (about 10 miles west of Jabalpur). This janapada covered the upper Narmadā valley which coincided with the present Jabalpur and parts of the Mandla and Narsimhapur districts.
c11.s6.t2.8
(2) Tuṇḍikera. We find two towns of the same name north of the Narmadā. The one which is north-east of Narsimhapur lies beyond the Bhander range on its forested slopes. The other which lies within the Narmadā basin is a better choice since the region about it is fairly wide and suitable for the location of a janapada. Since the Narmadā is not very wide here, the janapada of Tuṇḍikera probably extended to its south and occupied a larger portion of the Narmadā trench which is about 50-60 miles wide. The town Sainkheda on the southern side of the Narmadā reminds us of Saundikera which is the alternative name of the same janapada as given by the Matsya Purāṇa.
c11.s6.t2.9
Tumura, Kiṣkindhaka, Patavi. Beyond the Tuṇḍikera janapada towards the west, the river Narmadā below its confluence with the Tawa flows in a wider valley, which opens out towards the west. Here the Vindhyan scarp to the north of the valley and the Satpura hills in the south form a sort of a triangular basin with its apex near Hoshangabad where the two come nearest and its base towards the west along the meridian of Khandwa. Beyond this line the two hill systems approach each other between Barvani and Surpan. Thereafter the Narmadā comes out of the mountainous terrain and flows through the western coastal plain into the sea.
c11.s6.t2.10
As the river flows in a wide flood-plain and is fairly deep, it forms a suitable boundary between the political units north and south of it. This was true as much in ancient times as today.
c11.s6.t2.11
The Tumura janapada appears to have occupied here the southern basin of the Narmadā. It probably coincided with the western half of the present Hoshangabad district, centred about Seoni-Malva about 20 miles east of Tumurni, a town on the Itarsi-Khandwa railway line.
c11.s6.t2.12
Further down the Tumura janapada, down the river Narmadā and south of the river, lies the Khandwa-Khargon plain, a region which is strategically important since it controls the southern route through the Khandwa gap into the Tapti valley. This appears to correspond to the Kiṣkindhaka janapada of the Purāṇas.
c11.s6.t2.13
Below this janapada and again south of the Narmadā where it receives its southern affluents, the Goi, the Purāṇic janapada of Patavi was probably located at the foothills of the Satpuras which overlook the Narmadā here. The town of Pati a few miles south of Barwani, appears to point to its approximate location.
c11.s6.t2.14
*Vitihotra*. North of the Narmadā and west of Tuṇḍikera where the northern basin of the Narmadā is wider and where a large number of its biggest affluents meet it from the north, the janapada of Vitihotra appears to have been located. Thus this janapada was bounded in the south by the Narmadā, in the north, west and east by the steep arc of the Vindhyan scarp which stood like an impenetrable wall along its borders. Vitihotra therefore covered the whole of the north of the Narmadā drained by the streams known as the Kolar, Jamner, Chankesar and Kanar which stood across and controlled the gaps in the Vindhyan scarp through which the southern routes from Ujjaini passed. The centre of the region appears to be Satwas which lies about 30 miles north-west of modern Harda.
c11.s6.t2.15
*Anūpa*. The name of this janapada suggests an ill-drained or marshy land. In the context of the Narmadā basin this janapada appears to coincide with the extensive, ill-drained, alluvial tract across which the Narmadā flows just after its release from the Vindhyan-Satpura trench. Anūpa therefore coincided with the southern part of what is today known as Rewa Kantha.
c11.s6.t2.16
Besides the janapadas discussed above, the various Purāṇas contain the names of a few more janapadas, which vary considerably from Purāṇa to Purāṇa. Perhaps some of the known janapadas mentioned in one Purāṇa lost their importance at the time the other Purāṇas were composed. It is not certain whether the names of janapadas were changed by accident or by design. In the latter case it is possible that some of the janapadas suffered extinction or transformation in human content or extent in course of time, and janapadas with new names came into being. However, the janapadas whose names appear to have been distorted in various Purāṇas but not changed or replaced, are indicated on the accompanying map with the help of other works. The rest have been omitted. The table below gives a complete list of janapadas as given in the Vāyu Purāṇa and its variations in other Purāṇas. This may be helpful to future workers in this field.
c11.s6.t2.17
JANAPADAS (OR COMMUNITIES) OF MADHYADESA OR CENTRAL REGION
c11.s6.t2.18
S=same as in the first column; O=omitted)
c11.s6.t2.19
| Vy | Mts | Bmd | Mārk | Vmn & others |
| Kuru | S | S | O | |
| Pāñcāla | S | S | O | |
| Sālva | S | S | O | S (Mbt) |
| Jāṅgala | S | S | O | |
| Sūrasena | S | S | O | S (Mbt) |
| Bhadrakāra | S | S | O | |
| Bodha | Bāhya | S | O | S (Mbt) |
| Satapathe- | Salva | S | O | |
| śvara | Pataccara | S | O | |
| Vatsa | Matsya | S | Matsya | |
| Kisalva | Kirāta | Kusatta | Kūta | |
| Kisadya; | | | | |
| Kisasta | | | | |
| Kulya | S | S | S | |
| Kuntala | S; Kunti | S | S | Kunti (Mbt) |
| Kāśi | S | S | S | Kanti (Mbt) |
| Kośala | S | S | S | |
| Arthaya | Āvanta | Prathama | Arvuda | |
| A (r)thapa | | | Arthava | |
| | | | Athava | |
| Tilaṅga | Kaliṅga | Kaliṅga | Kaliṅga | |
| (Bh)Puliṅga | | | | |
| Magadha | Mūka | Magadha | Malaka | |
| Maśaka | | | | |
| Vrka | Andhaka | S | S | |
c11.s6.t2.20
JANAPADAS OF NORTHERN (& NORTH-WESTERN) REGION
c11.s6.t2.21
| Vāhlika | S | S | S | S |
| Vaṭa(dh)dhāna | S | S | S | S |
| Ābhīra | S | S | S | S |
| Kālatoyaka | S | S | S | Kalatoyada |
| Aparita | Purandhra | S | Aparānta | Aparānta |
| (Ks)Śūdra | S | S | S | S |
| Phal(n)Ava | Pallava | Pallava | Pallava | Pallava |
| Carmakhandika | Cattakhandika S | S | Sakhetaka | |
| Gāndhāra | S | S | S | S |
c11.s6.t2.22
| Vy | Mts | Bmd | Mārk | Vmn & others |
| Yavana | S | S | Gabala | S |
| Sindhu | S | S | S | S |
| Sauvira | S | S | S | S |
| M(bh)ādraka | Bhadraka | S | S | Bhadraka |
| Śakārahda | Śatadrava | Śakāhūna | Śatadruja | |
| Śakādriha | Śakādruhra | | | |
| Kulinda | Pulinda | Kulinda | Kaliṅga | |
| Lalitta | | | | |
| Parita | Pārada | Pārada | Pārada | |
| | Pareta | | | |
| Hārapūrika | Hāramūrtika | Hārahūṇaka | Hārabhūṣika | |
| | Hāramūrṣika | | | |
| Ramat(th)a | Rāmatha | Ramaṇa | Māthara | Mātha |
| Raddhakaṭka | Kaṇṭakāra | Ruddhakaṭaka | Bahubhadra | Rodaka-dhāra |
| Kekaya | Kaikaya | Kekaṣa | Kaikeya | Kaikeya |
| Keśapa | Kaikeya | | | |
| Daśamānika | Daśam-anaka | Daśamālika | Daśamālika | Daśamāsttha |
| | Daśanāmaka | | | Damśanasttha |
| *Colonies of:* | | | | |
| Kṣatris | S | S | S | Kṣatri colonies of Kṣatris |
| Upaniveśa | -Upaniveśva | S | S | Prativaīśya |
| Vaiśya | S | S | S | O (colonies of Vaiśvas) |
| Śūdrakula | S | S | S | S (colonies of Śudras) |
| Kāmboja | O | S | S | S |
| Darada | O | S | S | S |
| Varvara | O | S | S | S |
| Privalaukika | O | Aṅgalaukika | Harsavar-dhana | Aṅgalokika |
| | | | Aṅgalaukika | Aṅgalaukika |
| C(P)ina | O | S | S | Vena |
| Tuṣāra | O | S | S | S |
| | | | Tukhāra | |
| Pahlava | O | S | | bahula bahyeto narah= many external people. |
c11.s6.t2.23
| Vy | Mts | Bmd | Mārk | Vmn & others |
| bāhyatodara | O | kṣatodara | -bāhyato-dara | -bahuda -bāhyato-dara |
| mallakodara | | | | |
| ratnadhāra | | | | |
| kṣatodara | | | | |
| Ātreya | Kṣatryotha Atrayotha | S | S | S |
| Bharadvāj(ak)a | S | S | S | Sabharadvāja |
| Prasthala | S | S | Puṣkala Prasthala | Prasthala |
| Kaseruka | Sadaseraka Sahasaubhaka | S | Kaśeruka Kuśeruka Daśeraka | Daśeraka |
| Lampāka | S | S | S | |
| Tanap(k)a | Talanāga | Tanapa | Śūlakāra | |
| Tanasa | Talagāna | | | |
| Tālūna | Tuṅgana | | | |
| Tānaka | | | | |
| Sūlika | | | | |
| Piḍika | Sainika | Piḍika | Culika | Cūḍika |
| Cūḍika | | | | |
| Juhuḍa | Jāṅgala | Juhuḍa | Jāguḍa | Taṅgana |
| Jagara | | | | |
| Apasa, Apaga | O | Apaga | Aupadha Ausadha | Alasa |
| Ali-madra | O | S | Ani-madra Ali-bhadra Ani-bhadra | Ali-bhadra |
| Kirāta | O | S | S | S |
| Tomara | O | S | Tāmasa | Tāmasa |
| Haṁsamārga | O | S | S | Karmamārga |
| Kāśmīra | O | S | S | Supārśvā |
| Taṅgana | O | S | S Suṅgana Tumana | Gaṇaka |
| Culika | O | S | Śūlika | Kulūto Kulūta |
| Cūlika | | | | |
| Cāhuka | O | S | Kuhaka | Kuhika |
| Bāhuka | | | | |
| Pūrṇa | O | Urṇa | Jarṇa Ūrṇa | Tūrṇa |
c11.s6.t2.24
| Vy | Mts | Bmd | Mārk | Vmn & others |
| Darva | O | S | Dārva | Kukkuṭa |
| | | | Darva | |
c11.s6.t2.25
JANAPADAS OF APARĀNTA OR WESTERN REGION
c11.s6.t2.26
| Sūrpākāra | O | Sūrpāraka | Sūryāraka | Sūrparaka |
| Kolavana | O | S | Kālibala | Vāridhāna |
| Durga | O | S | S | Durgalu (Mbt). |
| Kālitaka | O | Kālikata | Ānikata | Tālikata |
| Tallitaka | | | | |
| Puleya | Kuliya | S | Pulinda | Puliya |
| Surāla | Sirala | S | Sumīna | Asinīla |
| Rūpas(k)a | O | Rūpasa | Rūpapa | Tāpasa |
| Tāp(m)asa | Taittirika | Tāpasa | Svāpada | Tamasa |
| Rasita | | Rasita | Kurumina | Bhamina |
| Ramina | | | | |
| Turūpaṇa | | | | |
| Kāraskara | Kāraskara | Parakṣara | Kathākṣara | Kāraskara |
| Parakṣara | | | Kāraskara | |
| Nāsikyādya | Vāsika | S | Nāsikyava | Nāsikānta |
| | Bāsikya | | | |
| Antara-Narmada | S | S | Uttara-Narmada | Sunarmada |
| Bhān(r)nkaccha | Bhārukaccha | Bhārukaccha | Bhīrukaccha | Dārukaccha |
| Samāheya | S | S | S | Sumāheya |
| Kacchiya | Kūcchika | S | Kāśmīra | Vātsīya |
| | Kacchika | | | |
| Surāṣṭra | Saurāṣṭra | S | S | S |
| Ānarta | S | S | Avanti | Āvanti |
| Arbuda | S | S | S | S |
c11.s6.t2.27
JANAPADAS OF EASTERN REGION
c11.s6.t2.28
| Andhra | Aṅga | Andhra | Abhra | Aṅga |
| | | | Adhrāraka | |
| | | | Andhra | |
| Vāka | Vaṅga | Vāka | Vāka | Vaṅga |
| Mudrakaraka | Bhadguraka | | Mudgaraka | Madhgurava |
| | Madguraka | Sujaraka | Mudakara | |
| Sujaraka | Bhadravaka | | | |
| Antargiri | S | S | S | Swantargiri |
| Prātragira | | | | |
| Bahirgiri (a) | S | S | S | S |
c11.s6.t2.29
| Vy | Mts | Bmd | Mārk | Vmn & others |
| Pravaṅga | Plavaṅga | S | S | S |
| Vaṅgeya | Māthaṅga | Vaṅga | Raṅgeya | Vaṅgeya |
| Mālad(v)a | Yamaka | S | Mānada | Mansāda |
| Mālavartin(k)a | Mallavarṇka | Mālavanika | Mānavartika | Valadantika |
| Brahmottara | Suhmottra | S | Brahmottara | S |
| Pravijaya | S | S | S | S |
| Bhārgava | S | S | S | S |
| | Mārgava | | | |
| Geyamarthaka | Geyamālava | S | Geyamallaka | Geyamaryaka |
| | Ārya Gālava | | | Geyamarṣaka |
| | Mālava | | | |
| Prāgyotiṣa | S | S | S | S |
| Muṇḍa | Puṇḍra | Pauṇḍra | Madra | Prsadhra |
| Videha | S | S | S | S |
| Tāmraliptaka | S | S | S | S |
| Māla | Sālva | S | Malla | S |
| Magadha | S | S | S | S |
| Govinda | Gonardda | Gonanda | Gomanta | Mānanda |
| | | | Gomeda | |
c11.s6.t2.30
JANAPADAS OF SOUTHERN REGION
c11.s6.t2.31
| Pāṇdya | S | S | Puṇḍra | Puṇḍra |
| | | | S | |
| Kerala | S | S | S | S |
| | | | Kevala | |
| Caulya | Cola | S | Cola | Cauda |
| Kulya | S | S | Kutya | S |
| Setuka | S | S | Sailaṣa | Jānuka |
| Mūṣika | Sūtika | S | S | S |
| Rumana | | | Kumāra | Kumārāda |
| Kumana | Kupatha | Kunāsa | Kusuma | |
| Vanavāsika | Vājivāsika | Vānavāsaka | Nāma-vāsaka | Mahāṣaka |
| | Vajikāṣika | | Vanavāsaka | |
| Mahārāṣtra | Navrāṣtra | S | S | S |
| Māhiṣaka | S | S | S | S |
| Kaliṅga | S | S | S | S |
| | Kapila | | | |
| Ā(A)bhīra | Kārusa | S | S | S |
| | Kāvera | | | |
c11.s6.t2.32
| Vy | Mts | Bmd | Mārk | Vnin & others |
| Caiśika | Haiśika Hośika | Caiśika | Vaiśikya | Vaisakya |
| Āṭavya | S | S | S Āḍhakya | Āraṇya |
| Vara Savara | Sabara | Vara | Savara | Sabara |
| Pulinda | S | S | S | S |
| Vindhya-Mūlika | Vindhya-Puṣika | S | Vindhya-mauleya | Vindhya-Sauleya |
| V(ai)idarbha | S | S | S | S |
| Daṇḍaka | S | S | S | S |
| Pānika Pāunika | O | Saulika | Paurika | O |
| Maul(n)ika | O | S | S | O |
| Aśmaka | O | S | S | S |
| Bhogavarddhana | O | S | S | S |
| Nairṇika Naitika | O | Maindika | Naiśika | Naimika |
| Kuntala | O | S | S | Kuṇḍala |
| Andhra | O | S | S | S |
| Udbhida | O | S | S | Ulida Ucchida |
| Nalakālika | O | S | Vanadāraka | Nalakāraka |
c11.s6.t2.33
JANAPADAS OF THE VINDHYAN REGION
c11.s6.t2.34
| Mālav(d)a | S | S | Saraja | Kalavya |
| Karūṣa | S | S | Kāruṣa | Kāruṣa |
| Mekala Rokala | S | S | Kerala | S |
| Utkala | S | S | S | S |
| Uttamā(a)rṇa | Aundra-māshi | Uttamarṇa | Uttamarṇa | Uttamarṇa |
| Daśārṇa | S | S | S | S |
| Bhoja | S | S | Bhojya | Gopta |
| Kiṣkindhaka | S | S | S | Kikarava |
| Tośala | Tośala | S | Tośala | Tośala |
| Kosala | S | Kośala | Kośala | Sokala |
| Trapura | Traipura | Traipura | Taipura Traipura | Traipura |
| Vaidika | Vaidiśa | Vaidiśa | Vaidiśa | Khelliśa |
c11.s6.t2.35
| Vy | Mts | Bmd | Mārk | Vmn & others |
| Tumura | S | S | Tumbura | Turaga |
| Tharpura | Tumuva | | Tumbara | |
| Tumbura | Tambara | S | Tumbula | Tumbara |
| | Tumbara | | | |
| Śatsura | Padgama | Śatsura | Patavi(a) | Vahela |
| Śattumāna | | | | |
| Niṣadha- | S | S | S | S |
| padha | | | | |
| Naiṣadha | | | Naiṣadha | |
| Anūpa | Arūpa | S | Anna-ja | S |
| Anūpa | | | Anūpa | |
| Tuṇḍikera | Sauṇḍikera | S | Tuṇḍikeśa | S |
| | | | Tuṣṭikāra | |
| Vītihotra | S | S | Vīrahotra | S |
| Avanti | S | S | S | S |
c11.s6.t2.36
JANAPADAS OF MOUNTAIN REGIONS
c11.s6.t2.37
| Nigarhara | Nirāhāra | S | Nihāra | Nirāhāra |
| Haṃsamārga | Sarvaga | S | S | S |
| Kuṇapa | Kupatha | Kupatha | Kurava | Kupatha |
| Kṣupaṇa | | | | |
| Taṅgaṇa | Apathā | S | Gurgaṇa | S |
| Trasa | O | Khasa | Khasa | Khasa |
| Khasa | | | | |
| Svasa | | | | |
| Kuśaprā- | Kuthaprā- | Karṇaprā- | Kuntaprā- | Kutha- |
| varaṇa | varaṇa | varaṇa | varaṇa | prāvaraṇa |
| Karṇa- | | | | |
| prāvaraṇa | | | | |
| Hūṇa | Urṇa | S | U(C)rṇa | Urṇa |
| Darva | S | S | Dārva | Pluṣṭa |
| Sahūdaka | Samudgaka | Bahūdaka | Sakrtraka | Sahūhuka |
| Trigarta | S | S | S | S |
| Mālava | Maṇḍala | Malaya | S | |
| | | | Gālava | |
| Kirāta | S | S | S | S |
| Tāmara | Cāmara | Tāmasa | Tāmasa | Tomra |
| Tāmasa | | | | Shaśikhā- |
| | | | | Drika |
Linked texts (6)
- Vāyupurāṇa — Vyāsa, Sanskrit
- Matsyapurāṇa — Vyāsa, Sanskrit
- Mārkaṇḍeyapurāṇa — Vyāsa, Sanskrit
- Mahābhārata — Vyāsa, Sanskrit
- Viṣṇupurāṇa — Vyāsa, Sanskrit
- Vālmīkirāmāyaṇa — Vālmīki, Sanskrit