The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaeval India c6.s7: O

The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaeval India c6.s7

Language: English

O

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Ohind—Udakhaṇḍa, on the right bank of the Indus, in the Peshawar division of the Punjab, fifteen miles to the north-east of Attock.

Omkârnâth—1. Amareśvara. 2. Oṃkâra. 3. Oṃkâra-kshetra, near Maṇḍalesvara, which is five miles to the east of Mahes (the ancient Mâhishmatî), on the bank of the Nerbudda. It is one of the twelve great Liṅgas of Mahâdeva. Same as Mândhâtâ.

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Opian—1. Hupian. 2. Alexandria, a town founded by Alexander. 3. Alasadda of the Mahâ-vamsa, twenty-seven miles to the north of Kabul. It was the capital of Parasusthala and the birth-place of Menander (Milinda of the Milinda-Pañho). Perhaps it is the ancient Kshatriya-upanivesa, Opian being a contraction of Upanivesa. Or—Same as Uri, a tributary of the Nerbuda. Orissa—1. Udra. 2. Odra. 3. Utkala. Oudh—I. 1. Ayodhyâ, the kingdom of Râma. 2. Kosala, it was divided into Uttara and Dakshina Kosala. 3. Sâketa. 4. Setikâ. 5. Sagada of Ptolemy. 6. Bisâkhâ. II. The town of Ayodhyâ. Oujein—Same as Ujin. Oxus—1. The river Vakshu. 2. Suchakshu. 3. Chakshu. 4. Ikshu. 5. Âsmanvatî, which flows through Sâkadvîpa. 6. Bhagavat-gangâ. 7. Pâtâla-gangâ. 8. Vamksha of Bhâgavata (V. ch. 17).

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Pabhosâ—Prabhâsa, thirty-two miles south-west of Allahabad and three miles to the north west of Kausâmbî, visited by Hiuen Tsiang. Paddair—The river Palâsinî near Kaliugapatam in Ganjam. Paderia—A village in the Nepalese Terai, two miles north of Bhagavanpur. It has been identified with the Lumbini garden, where Buddha was born (see Nigliva). But the Lumbinivana has been identified by P. C. Mukherji with Rummendei (see Rummen-dei). Padmâ—The river Padmâvatî, a branch of the Ganges, in East Bengal. Padmanâbhapur—Same as Anantapur (II). Padraona—Pâvâ, on the Gandak, the last place visited by Buddha before he reached Kusînagara, where he attained Nirvâna. Paghmân Range—Pavamâna mountain of the Nishadha Range, a part of the Hindu Kush. Pâhâdpura—1. Kola-Parvatapura. 2. Kolapura. 3. The Paloura of Ptolemy, in the district of Nadiâ in Bengal. Pain—Same as Pain-Gangâ. Painâm—Suvarnagrâma, the ancient capital of Eastern Bengal, on the river Dhalesvarî, in the district of Dacca. Same as Sonârgâon. Pain-Gangâ—1. The river Payoshnî mentioned in Bhâgavata P. (V, ch. xix, v. 17), a branch of the Wardha in the Central Provinces. 2. The Bidarbha-nadî. Same as Pain. Paira—The river Pûrnâ, a branch of the Godâvarî. Paisuni—1. The river Payasvinî. 2. The Chitrakutâ, a tributary of the Jumna, which flows near Chitrakuta in Bundelkhand. Paithân—1. Pratishthânapura. 2. Potana. 3. Potali. 4. Paudanya, on the Godâvarî. It was the capital of Sâlivâhana, king of Mahârâshtra, the Asmaka of the Purânas and Assaka of the Buddhists. It is also called Pattana and Mangi-Pattana or Mangila-Pattana (see Pattan.) Pâkpattan—Ayodhana, in the Punjab. Palembang—Srîbhoja, in Sumatra, a seat of Buddhist learning in the seventh century much frequented by the Chinese pilgrims. Palithana—In Guzerat, situated at the foot of a mountain called Satruñjaya, to the south-west of Bhâonagar. It is one of the five hills sacred to the Jainas and contains a temple of Âdinâtha. Palni-Hills—Rishabha-parvata, in the district of Madura, Madras. Pâmbai—The river Pushpâvati in Travancore. Pâmghân—See Paghmân range. Pamir—Pâripâtra of the Nishadha Parvata.

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PAMPA 261 PATNA

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Pampā—A branch of the Tungabhadrā. Mount Rishyamukha is situated on the eastern bank of this river, where Rāmachandra met Hanumāna and Sugrīva for the first time. There is also a lake called Pampā sarovara near Kishkindhyā (see Kishkindhyā).

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Pāmpur—Padmapura, on the right bank of the Behat (Jhelum), eight miles to the south-east of Srinagar in Kasmir. It is celebrated for its cultivation of kumkuma or saffron (crocus sativus), which was largely used as a cosmetic by the ladies of ancient India.

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Panchāna—1 The Pañchāna 2 The Sippunī, which flows through the districts of Gaya and Patna.

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Pāndharpur—Simor or Pāndarpur.

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Pāndarpur—1 Pāndurī 2 Pānduranga 3 Punjarika kshetra 4 Tapas āśrama 5 Tapasī 6 Tabasi of Ptolemy 7 Pundarīka, on the river Bhīmā in the district of Sholapur in the province of Bombay. It contains the celebrated temple of Vitthalnath or Vithoba Deva, an image of Krishna. Krishna is said to have visited this place with Rukminī to see Pundarīka who was celebrated for his filial affection.

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Pandritan—Purānādhisthāna, the ancient capital of Kashmir, four miles to the south-east of Srinagar.

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Pāndua—1 Pan Irāvālāna 2 Pundra 3 Pundra the ancient capital of Bengal, six mile north of Malda 11 1 Pradyumnanagara 2 Marapūra in the district of Hughli in Bengal.

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Panipat—Pāniprastha.

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Panjab—1 Sapta-sindhu 2 Aratta 3 Takkadeśa (Hiuen Tsang) 4 Pañchanada, the country of the five rivers Satadru (Sutlej) Bipāśā (Bias), Irāvatī (Rāvi), Chandrabhāgā (Chenab) and Vitastā (Jhelum).

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Panjah—The river Pañchanadī, a tributary of the Oxus, in Śaka dvīpa.

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Pañkora—1 The river Gaurī of the Mahābhārata and the Purānas 2 Gouraios of the Greeks, which united with the river Swat to form the Landor, an affluent of the Kabul river 11. Pañcha-karpata, a district on the southern slope of the Hindu Kush.

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Panjshir—Julien supposes that Panjshir and Lagao valleys in the north border of Kohistan comprised the ancient district of Kapisī.

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Pāpanāśinī—The river Payasvinī in Travancore, visited by Chaitanya.

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Pappaur—Pāvapura or Pāvā, three miles east of Sowan in the district of Chupra, where at the house of the goldsmith Chunda, Buddha was served with Sukara maddava (hog's flesh), which aggravated the illness which terminated his life.

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Pārasnāth-Hill—1 Samet sikhara 2 Samadagiri 3 Malla parvata 4 Mount Maleus of the Greeks 5 Samādhi giri, in the district of Hazaribagh in Bengal. It is one of the five hills sacred to the Jainas.

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Pārasurāmapura—Twelve miles south-east of Patti, in the district of Pratāpgaḍ in Oudh. It is one of the fifty two Pīthas.

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Parba—The river Pārvatī, in the Jalandhar Doab, which falls into the Bias. Manikaran, a celebrated place of pilgrimage, is situated on this river.

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Pārbatī—The river 1 Pārī 2 Parā, an affluent of the Chambal which rises in Bhopal.

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Parthia—Pārada, ancient Persia.

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Pasha—Bisakha, in the district of Gonda in Oudh, it was the capital of Sāketa or Oudh in the Buddhist period.

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Paśupatināth—A celebrated temple of Mahādeva in Nepal, associated with the story of the fowler and the god.

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Pātharghātā—1 Śila-sangama 2 Bikramaśilā-vihāra 3 Bateśvarnātha 4 Bateśa, four miles to the north of Kahalgaon, in the district of Bhagalpur.

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Paṭālā—Prasthala, in the Punjab.

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Patna—1 Pāṭaliputra 2 Kusumapura 3 Pushpapura, the capital of Magadha, where Udāyī or Udayāśva, the grandson of Ajātasatru (contemporary of Buddha) removed the seat of government from Rājagriha.

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Raila—1. Rāhugrāma. 2. Aṣṭābakra-āśrama, the hermitage of Ṛiṣi Aṣṭābakra, four miles from Hardwar.

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Rājagīr—Rājagṛiha of the Rāmāyaṇa, on the north bank of the Bias. It was the capital of the Aśvapatis of Kekaya. It is also called Rājgir. See Jalalapur.

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Rājamahendri—1. Dantapura (Cunningham and McCrindle). 2. Rājapura, of the Mahābhārata.

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3. Bidyānagara, on the Godāvarī, the capital of Kaliṅga. It was the capital of the Chalukya kings (eastern branch) from Kubja Viṣṇu Vardhana to Vira Deva Kulottuṅga (7th to 12th century).

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Rājaurī—1. Rājapurī. 2. Abhisāri. 3. Abhisārā, south of Kasmir and south-east of Punach.

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Rajgir—1. Girivrajapura of the Mahābhārata. 2. Rājagṛiha of the Buddhist annals. 3. Kuśāgārapura, in the district of Patna, was the capital of Magadha till the seat of government was removed to Pāṭaliputra (Patna). It was the abode of Jarāsandha, king of Magadha. Buddha lived at the Veṇuvana garden presented to him by Rājā Bimbisāra. The first Buddhist synod was held under the presidency of Mahā-Kāśyapa shortly after Buddha's death, in a hall built by Ajātaśatru in front of the Saptaparṇi cave by the side of the Vaibhāra mountain. The Śiśunāga dynasty from Śiśunāga to the nine Nandas reigned in Magadha from 685 to 321 B.C. (the names of the Nandas are mentioned in the Mahāvaṃsa, ch. V; the first Nanda was Mahāpadma-Nanda who reigned for 88 years and the other eight Nandas for 12 years, the last Nanda being Dhana-Nanda whose history is given in the Bṛihat-Kathā). The seat of government was removed to Pāṭaliputra by Udayāśva who reigned from 519 to 503 B.C. (Vāyu Purāṇa). Śiśunāga is said to have removed his capital to Vaiśālī. Kālāśoka, the eleventh king of this dynasty, in whose reign the second Buddhist synod was held in 413 B.C. at the Balukārāmavihāra in Vaiśālī under the presidency of Revata, reigned from 453 to 425 B.C. (Fergusson and Upham's Mahāvaṃsi, ch. IV). The cause of convening the synod is mentioned in the Vinaya Piṭaka, Chullavagga, pt. XII, ch. 1). Same as Rājagīr.

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Rajim—Devapura of the Padma Purāṇa, on the Mahānadī in Central India; it is a contraction of Rājivalochana, which was the name of Rāmachandra who visited the place to save his brother Satrughna from death.

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Rājmahal-Hills—1. Antara-giri. 2. Kālakavana of Patañjali, in the Santal Pargana in the province of Bihar.

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Rājputānā—1. Maru, 2. Marusthali. 3. Marudhanva. East Rajputana was called Kukura.

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Rājshāhī—It appertained to the ancient kingdom of Puṇḍra, and formed a part of the ancient sub-division of Barendra.

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Rakshī—The river Dṛishadvatī in Kurukshetra, which flows by the south-east of Thaneswar (Cunningham). But this identification does not appear to be correct. The Dṛishadvatī has been correctly identified with the Chitang which runs parallel to the Sarasvatī on the south.

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Rāmahrad—A tank in Thaneswar, sacred to Paraśurāma.

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Rāmeśvara—The first island of the chain of islets forming the Adam's Bridge. It contains the celebrated temple of Rāmeśvara, one of the 12 Great Liṅgas of Mahādeva.

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Rāmeśvara-Saṅgama—The confluence of the river Banas with the Chambal in Rajputana.

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Rām-Gaṅgā—1. The river Suvamā. 2. Uttaragā. 3. Uttanikā of the Rāmāyaṇa, in Oudh. It joins the Kālinadī opposite to Kanauj. It is a tributary of the Saraju.

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Rāmnagar—1. Ahichchhatrapura. 2. Ahikshetra. 3. Ādikoṭa. 4. Ahichhatra. 5. Adhichhatra. 6. Chhatravatī. 7. Pratyagraha, the capital of North Pañchāla in Rohilkhand, twenty miles west of Bareli. There is still a place called Ahichhatrapura near Rāmnagar. II. Vyāsakāśī, opposite to Benares across the Ganges.

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Rāmpāla—1. Ballālapurī. 2. Bikramapura, the capital of Ballāla Sena, king of Bengal, about two miles from Munshiganj, at Vikrampur in the district of Dacca.

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Rāmpur-Deoriyā—Rāmagrāma of the Buddhist annals, in the district of Basti, in Oudh. It contained a stūpa over a relic of Buddha's body, now diluviated by the river.

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Râmtege—Same as Râmtek.

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Râmtek—1. Râmagiri of the *Meghadûta*. 2. Śambuka-âśrama. 3. Śaibala-giri, the hermitage of the Śudra Śambuka of the *Râmâyana*, north of Nagpur, in Central India.

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Rângâmâti—1. Karna-Suvarna. 2. Kânsonâ, on the right bank of the Bhâgirathî, four miles below Berhampur, in the district of Murshidabad in Bengal. It was the capital of Âdisura, king of Bengal.

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Rangit—The Raṅkshu, a tributary of the Tistâ.

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Rangoon—Puskaravatinagara, the birth-place of Trapusa and Bhalluka, who gave honey and other articles of food to Buddha and who built the Shaidagon Pagoda on the hairs given to them by Buddha, after their return to Rangoon.

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Rânigât—1. Barana. 2. Aornos of the Greeks, in the Panjab, about sixteen miles north-west of Ohind.

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Râpti—1. The river Airâvatî. 2. Irâvatî. 3. Achiravatî. 4. Ajiravatî. 5. Nâganadî. 6. Śarâvatî. 7. Sadânirâ. 8. Rathasthâ, in Oudh, on the southern bank of which Śrâvastî, the ancient capital of North Kośala, is situated.

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Ratanpur—1. Ratnapura. 2. Manipura, the capital of Dakshina-Kośala or Gondwana, 15 miles north of Bilaspur, in the Central Provinces; it was the capital of king Mayuradhvaja of the *Jaimini-Bhârata*.

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Ratnagiri—1. Rishigiri. 2. Isigili. 3. Pândâo mountain of the Buddhists, one of the five hills of Râjgir in the district of Patna.

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Rauṇâkshî—The river 1. Sarasvatî. 2. Prabhâsa Sarasvatî, near Somnath in Guzerat, it rises in Mount Abu.

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Râval—Ashtigrâma, in the district of Mathura, the birth-place of Râdhikâ, where she passed the first year of her infancy and then removed to Barshâna by her parents.

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Râvî—1. The river Irâvatî. 2. The Airâvatî. 3. The Purushnî. 4. The Parushnî. 5. The Haimavatî. 5. The Hydraotes of the Greeks, in the Panjab.

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Rawalpindi—It was comprised in Basati in the Panjab.

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Râwanhrad—1. The lake Râvana-hrada. 2. Anavatapta lake. 3. Anotatta lake of the Buddhists. 4. Lohita-sarovara of the *Purânas*.

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Rechna-Doab—Between the Chinab and the Ravi in the Punjab. It comprised Madra-deśa, called also Bâlhika, the capital of which was Śâkala.

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Rehuânâlâ—1. Loinnilo of Hiuen Tsiang. 2. Rohinnâlâ of Vivien St. Martin, five miles to the north-east of Kiyul in the district of Monghir. See Kiyul.

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Revelganj—Gautama-âśrama, near Chapra in Bihar. The hermitage of Gautama was situated at a place called Godnâ, but the *Râmâyana* places the hermitage of the Rishi at a short distance from Janakpur in Tirhut. See Godnâ.

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Rewâ—1. Kârusha. 2. Karusha. 3. Adhirâja. 4. Bahela, the kingdom of Dantavakra. Same as Baghelkhand.

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Rintâmbur—Rantipura, on the Chambal, in Rajputana. It was the residence of Ranti Deva alluded to by Kâlidâsa in his *Meghadûta*. His sacrifice of cows brought into existence the river Charmanvatî on which the town is situated.

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Rintimpur—Same as Rintâmbur.

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Rishikeś—See Hrishikeśa.

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Rishikula—1. The river Rishikulyâ. 2. The Haimavatî, on which Gunjam is situated. It rises in the Mahendra hills.

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Rishikunda—The hermitage of Rishi Rishyaśringa and Bibhândaka Muni, four miles from the Bariarpur station near Bhagalpur. The hermitage of the Rishi is also pointed out near Kiyul (see Singhol hill).

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Rishyamukha—It was on this mountain that Sugrîva dwelt after he fled from Kishkindhyâ. It is eight miles from the Anagandi hills on the Tuṅgabhadrâ.

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Roâlsar—Roâleśvara, a famous lake and place of pilgrimage in the territory of Mandi, in the Panjab. It is about sixty-four miles to the north-west of Jvâlâmukhî; it is said to contain seven miraculously moving hills, and hence it has become a place of pilgrimage.

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Rohilkhand—Pañchâla. It was divided into North and South Pañchâla. The capital of North Pañchâla was Ahichchhatra (Râmnagar), and that of South Pañchâla was Kampilya (Kampil). Drupada of the Mahâbhârata was king of South Pañchâla. The Eastern portion of Rohilkhand was called Gopâlakaksha (Barooah's Dictionary, vol. III, Preface, p. 85).

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Rohtak—Rohitaka, forty-two miles north-east of Delhi.

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Rohtas—Rohita, in the district of Shahabad in Bihar, thirty miles south of Sasiram. It is said to have been founded by Rohitâśva, son of Hariśchandra of the Râmâyaṇa and Mârkaṇḍeya Purâṇa.

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Rohtas Hills—1. Mauli. 2. Kimmṛitya. 3. Gopâchala, in the sub-division of Sasiram in the district of Shahabad. Same as Kalmur Hills.

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Rudra-Himâlaya—The part of the Rudra-Himâlaya range in Garwal, which is to the north-east of Badrinâth, is called 1. Gandhamâdana. 2. Hemakûṭa. 3. Hema-parvata. 4. Mandâra. The portion of the Rudra-Himâlaya where the Ganges has its source is called 1. Meru. 2. Sumeru. See Gangotri.

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Rudra-Prayâga—At the confluence of the Alakânandâ and Kâlî-Gaṅgâ (Mandâkinî). It is one of the five (Pañcha) Prayâgas.

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Rummin-Dei—Lumbinî-vana, where Buddha was born, two miles to the north of Bhagavanpur in the Nepalese Terai.

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Rungpur—It appertained to the ancient country of Kâmarûpa and afterwards to Puṇḍradeśa.

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Runn—The Irana of Cutch.

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Sâbarmatî—1. The river Sâbhramatî. 2. The Kṛitavatî. 3. The Chandanâ. 4. The Girikarṇikâ. 5. The Kâśyapi-Gaṅgâ, in Gujarat.

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Sâgar—The district of Sagar and the western portion of Bundelkhand formed the ancient Pulinda-deśa.

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Saharanpur—The district of Saharanpur appertained to the ancient Kulinda-deśa.

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Sahet-Mahet—1. Śrâvastî. 2. Sarâvatî. 3. Sabathapura. 4. Dharmapattana. 5. Chandrikâpurî. 6. Chandrapurî. 7. Chandripura. It is situated on the river Râptî, in the district of Gonda, in Oudh, fifty-eight miles north of Ayodhyâ and forty-two miles north of Gonda. It was the capital of North-Kośala. Buddha lived here for twenty-five years in a vihâra called Jetavana-vihâra.

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Sal—The river 1. Sarpikâ. 2. Syandikâ of the Râmâyaṇa, a branch of the Gumti in Oudh.

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Śaila-Giri—To the north-east of the old town of Râjgir and to the south-east of the new town of Râjgir. It was the Gṛidhrakûṭa of the Buddhist annals, the Vulture Peak of Fa Hien and Hiuen Tsiang.

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Śakrî—The river Sarkarâvarttâ of the Bhâgavata P. in Bihar.

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Śâlagrâma—Near the source of the river Gandak, in the Sapta-Gandaki range of the Himâlaya, in the southern boundary of Central Tibet. It was the hermitage of Bharata and Pulaha. From the name of this place the Gandak is called Śâlagrâmî.

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Salem—It was a part of Koṅga-deśa or Koṅgu-deśa.

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Salsette—The island of 1. Perimuda. 2. Perimula of the Greeks. 3. Shashthi, near Bombay. It derived its sanctity from a tooth of Buddha, which was enshrined there at the beginning of the fourth century.

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Samarkand—Mârkaṇḍa, a town in Śakadvîpa.

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Śambhâra—1. Śakambhârî. 2. Sapâdalaksha, in Eastern Rajputana.

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Sâñchi—1. Śânti. 2. Kâkanâda. 3. Chetiya-giri. 4. Vessanagara, about six miles to the south-west of Bhilsa. See Besnagar.

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Sangameśvara—Paraśurâmakshetra, on the river Śâstrî, in the Ratnagiri district of the Bombay Presidency.

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Sañjan—1. Sañjayantî-nagarî of the Mahâbhârata. 2. Sañjaya. 3. Sahañjaṇa. 4. Sindan of the Arabs, in the Thana district, Bombay Presidency.

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Śaṅkara-tîrtha—In Nepal, immediately below the town of Patan, at the confluence of the Bâchmatî and the Maṇimatî rivers.

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Śaṅkha—The Saṅkhinî, a tributary of the Brâhmaṇî in the Chutia-Nagpur division.

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Saṅkisa—1. Sâṅkâsya. 2. Kapitha. 3. Sakaspura of the Buddhists, on the river Ikshumatî (now called Kâli-nadî), twenty-three miles west of Fathgarh, in the district of Farrukhabad.

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Sankisa-Basantapur—Same as Saṅkisa.

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Sarai-Aghat—Agastya-âśrama, the hermitage of Agastya, forty-three miles south-west of Itah, in the Itah district.

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Sarasvatî—1. The river Sarasvatî, which rises in the hills in Sirmur and emerges into the plains at Âd-badri or Âdi-tîrtha. It lost itself in the sand at a place called Chamasodbheda, which is esteemed sacred by the Hindus. 2. The three Sarasvatîs of the Atharvaveda are the Helmand in Eastern Afghanistan, the Indus in the Punjab and the Sarasvatî in Kurukshetra. 3. The river Sarasvatî (Rauṇâkshî) which flows through Gujarat. 4. The river Sarasvatî which flows through Râjgir in Magadha (Patna district).

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Sarasvatî-Prapâta—The Khaṭṭâṅga-prapâta of the Purâṇas, in Kanara, near Hunabar, not far from Mangalore. It is a celebrated water-fall.

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Sardi—Sâradâ-tîrtha, on the right bank of the Kissen-Gaṅgâ, in the northern district of Kramarâjya in Kasmir. It is one of the 52 Pîṭhas where Satî's head is said to have fallen.

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Sarik-kul—Kabandha, the Kie-pan-to of Hiuen Tsiang, with its capital Tash-kurghan in the Tagdumbash Pamir.

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Sarik-kul-Lake—1. The lake Nâgahrada. 2. Śitoda-sarovara, the lake of the Great Pamir. It is also called Sari-kul.

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Sârnâth—1. Sâraṅanâtha. 2. Mṛigadâva. 3. Ṛishi-pattana. 4. Isipatana of the Buddhists, six miles from Benares, where Buddha preached his first sermon after the attainment of Buddha-hood at Buddha-Gaya.

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Śarvana—About twenty miles to the south-east of Unao in Oudh, where Daśaratha, king of Ayodhyâ, killed Śarvaṇa, the son of a blind Ṛishi.

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Sâsirâm—Sahasrâma, in the district of Shahabad in Bihar.

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Satârâ—Saptârsha in the Bombay Presidency.

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Sâtgâon—Saptagrâma, an ancient town of Bengal near Magra, in the district of Hugli; the Gâṅga of the inscriptions, Gâṅge of Ptolemy and "Port of Ganges" of the *Erythræan Sea*, the capital of the Gangerides in Sumha or Râḍha, on the Ganges.

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Satpura Range—1. Bindhyâpâda-parvata. 2. Baidûrya-parvata.

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Śatruñjaya—The Puṇḍariya hill, in Gujarat; it is one of the five hills sacred to the Jainas.

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Saugh—Śrughna, near Kalsi, in the Jaunsar district, forty miles from Thaneswar and twenty miles to the north of Saharanpur.

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Saundatti—Sugandhavartî, in the district of Belgaum in the Bombay Presidency; it was the capital of the Raṭṭa chieftains.

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Sea (Arabian)—Paśchimodadhi.

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Sehwân—1. Sindhimana of the Greeks. 2. Sindomana. 3. Sivisthâna of the Arabs, in Sindh, on the right bank of the Indus. It contains a ruined fortress of Bhaṭṛihari, who is said to have reigned here after he abandoned Ujin on the death of his wife, Piṅgalâ.

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Semah—1. Semulapura. 2. Sambalaka of Ptolemy. 3. Soumelpur of Tavernier, near Sambalpur, on the river Koil, in the district of Palamau in Chhota Nagpur division, celebrated for its diamond mines.

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Seringapatam—Śrīraṅgapattana, on the Kaveri, in Mysore.

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Seringham—1. Śrīraṅgam. 2. Śrīraṅgakshetra, in the province of Madras.

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Seven Pagodas—1. Bānapura. 2. Mahābalipura, on the Coromandel Coast.

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Sewalik Range—1. Maināka-giri. 2. Uśīnara-giri. 3. Sapādalaksha. 4. Śivālaya. Same as Hardwar hills.

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Shahabad—A portion of the district of Shahabad in Bihar was called Malada.

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Shahbazgarhi—Barusha, the Pu-lo-sha of Hiuen Tsiang, in the Yusafzai country, forty miles north-east of Peshawar. It contains one of the rock edicts of Aśoka.

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Shah-Dheri—1. Takshaśilā. 2. Taxila of the Greeks, one mile north of Kālā-kā-serai, between Attock and Rawalpindi. The Kathā-sarit-sāgara places it on the Jhelum. Taksha-śila was founded by Taksha, son of Bharata and nephew of Rāmachandra. It was the capital of Gāndhāra.

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Shah-Kot—1. Aornos of the Greeks. 2. Baraṇa, on the Mount Mahāvana, situated on the western bank of the Indus. But see Rānigāt.

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Sialkot—1. Sākala. 2. Sīgala of the Buddhists. 3. Euthydemia of the Greeks, the capital of Madra-deśa, in the Lahore division of the Punjab, Cunningham has identified Sākala with Sanglawala-Tiba, and Mr. Vincent A. Smith with Chuniot or Shah-kot, both in the Jhang district of the Punjab.

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Siam—1. Dvārāvatī. 2. Champā.

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Siddhaur—Siddhapura, sixteen miles west of Bara-Bānki, in Oudh.

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Sidhpur—Same as Sitpur.

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Siladipa—1. Mahāsthāna of the Ballāla-charita. 2. Siladhāpa of the Buddhists, in the district of Bogra in Bengal, dhāpa means a Buddhist stūpa.

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Simbhunāth—Svayambhunātha, a celebrated place of pilgrimage in Nepal, at a distance of about a mile and a half to the west of Kātmandu.

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Sindh—1. Sindhu-deśa. Upper Sindh has been identified with Mushika,—the Musikanus of the Greeks. 2. The river Sandhyā. 3. The Sindhu. 4. The Pūrva Sindhu, in Malwa, a tributary of the Jamuna.

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Sindh-Sagar Doab—Between the Indus and the Jhelum. It comprised the ancient countries of Ayudha and perhaps Sauvīra.

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Siṅghārī-Maṭh—Same as Śṛṅgagiri.

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Singhol Hill—The hermitage of Ṛishyaśṛiṅga was situated in this hill at a place called Ṛishyaśṛiṅga, which is two miles to the south of Urain, in the district of Monghyr. But see Rishī-kuṇḍa.

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Singraur—Śṛiṅgaverapura, on the Ganges, twenty-two miles north-west of Allahabad. It was the residence of Guhaka Nishāda of the Rāmāyaṇa, who was a friend of Daśaratha and Rāmachandra.

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Sipeler—A seaport near the mouth of the Krishṇā,—Sippara of Ptolemy. It has been identified by Dr. R. L. Mitra with Surpāraka. Cunningham identifies Surpāraka with Surat, but the Chaitanya-charitāmṛita places Surpāraka to the south of Kolhapur. But see Supāra.

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Śiprā—1. The Avanti-nadī. 2. The Śiprā, in Malwa; Ujin stands on this river.

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Sir-Daryā—The river Sitā. Same as Jaxartes.

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Sirhind—1. Kurujaṅgala of the Mahābhārata. 2. Sirindhra of the Purāṇas. 3. Śrīkaṇṭha-deśa of the Buddhist period. 4. Śatadru of Hiuen Tsiang. 5. Sairindha of the Bṛihatsaṃhitā. 6. Brahmāvartta, in the Punjab.

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Sirsa—Śairīshaka, in the Punjab.

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Sistan—1. Śakasthāna. 2. Drangiana. 3. Sijestan, the land first occupied and settled by the Śakas.

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Sitā-Baṅgirā Cave—Ṛiksha-vila of the Rāmāyaṇa at Ramgar in the Sirguja state of the Chhoṭā Nāgpur division.

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Sitpur—1. Siddhapura, 2. Karddama-âsrama, the birth-place of Kapila. 3. Bindusâra, in Gujarat, sixty-four miles from Ahmedabad. Same as Sidhpur.

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Siwalik Range—See Sewalik Range.

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Sobhnâth Hill—It has been identified by Dr. Stein with 1. Kukkuṭapâda-giri. 2. Gurupâda Hill, a part of the Maher Hill, in the district of Gaya.

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Somnâth—1. Prabhâsa. 2. Soma-tîrtha. 3. Somanâtha. 4. Someśvaranâtha. 5. Devapattana. 6. Chandra-Prabhâsa of the Jainas, on the south of Kathiawaḍ in Gujarat. It is situated at the confluence of the three rivers Hariṇâ, Kapilâ and Saraswatî. On the south of the Saraswatî (near Somnâth) is situated that celebrated Pipal tree (ficus religiosa), below which was the scene of Kṛiṣhṇa’s death.

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Sonârgaon—Suvarṇagrâma, in Bikrampur, in the district of Dacca, situated on the opposite side of Munshiganj on the river Dhaleśvarî. Same as Painâm.

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Sone—1. The river Hiraṇyavâhu. 2. Erannoboas of the Greeks. 3. Śoṇâ. 4. Mâgadhî. 5. Sumâgadhi. It was the western boundary of Magadha.

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Sonepat—Śonaprastha. It was included in Kurukshetra.

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Sonpur—1. Gajendra-moksha Tîrtha. 2. Hariharakshetra (Hariharachhatra), on the junction of the Gaṇḍak and the Mâhî, where the celebrated fight between the alligator and the elephant took place. A fair is held here every year in honour of Hariharanâtha Mahâdeva established by Viṣhṇu and in honour of Râmachandra who halted here on his way to Mithilâ. It was a part of Viśâlâ-chhatra.

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Soonda—Sudhâpura, in Northern Canara.

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Sopâra—Surpâraka, in the district of Thana, north of Bombay, a celebrated place of pilgrimage. It is the Soupara of the Greek geographers and Ophir of the Bible. One of the edicts of Aśoka was published at this place. Same as Supâra.

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Sorab—Surabhî, on the north-west of Mysore.

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Śoron—1. Śûkara-kshetra. 2. Ukalâkshetra. 3. Ukhala-kshetra, twenty-seven miles north-east of Itah, in the United Provinces, where Hiraṇyâksha was slain by Viṣhṇu in his incarnation of Varâha (boar). It contains a temple of Varâha-Lakshmî. It was at this place that Tulsî Dâs, the celebrated Hindi poet, was reared up during his childhood by the Sanyâsî Nṛisiṃha Dâs, when deserted by his parents at Râjapurî in the district of Banda, where he was born in Saṃvat 1589.

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Southern Koṅkaṇa—1. Goparâshṭra. 2. Govarâshṭra. 3. Kuva.

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Sphaṭika Śilâ—1. Mâlyavana-giri. 2. Prasravana-giri of the Râmâyaṇa, on the bank of the river Tuṅgabhadrâ near Kishkindhyâ, where Râmachandra resided for four months after forming alliance with Sugrîva. It is also called the Anagandi-hill.

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Śrâvaṇa-Belgola—1. Padmagiri. 2. Śrâvaṇa-Bellagola in Mysore, sacred to the Jainas.

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Śrînagar—1. Sûryanagara. 2. Pravarapura, in Kasmir, built by Pravara Sena in the sixth century.

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Śṛiṅgapura—1. Śṛiṅgagiri. 2. Ṛishyaśṛiṅga-giri, in Mysore, on the bank of the Tuṅgabhadrâ, where Śaṅkarâchârya established a sect called Bhâratî. Same as Siṅghâri-maṭh.

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Śrîpâda—Same as Adam’s Peak.

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Sujanakot—Sañchankoṭ, Sha-chi of Fa Hian. It was the capital of Sâketa or Oudh, thirty-four miles north-west of Uṇâo.

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Suleman-Range—Añjana-giri, in the Punjab.

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Sulṭanganj—On the west of Bhagalpur (E. I. Railway). Janhu-âsrama. It was the hermitage of Jahnû Muni, after whom the Ganges (Gaṅgâ) is called Jâhnavî.

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Sulṭanpur—I. Tâmśavana monastery, in the Punjab (Cunningham), where the fourth Buddhist synod was held in 78 A.D. by Kanishka, king of Kâsmir, under the presidency of Vasumitra. Beal places Tâmśavana at the confluence of the Sutlej and the Bias. II. 1. Kuśabhavanapura. 2. Kuśapura. 3. Kuśâvatî, in Oudh, on the river Gumti. The town is said to have been founded by Kuśa, son of Râmachandra, who removed his capital to this place for some time. It was visited by Hiuen Tsiang in the seventh century.

Linked texts (19)

Bhāgavatapurāṇa — Vyāsa, Sanskrit
Padmapurāṇa — Vyāsa, Sanskrit
Kathāsaritsāgara — Somadeva Bhaṭṭa, Sanskrit
Vāyupurāṇa — Vyāsa, Sanskrit
Milindapañha — Pāli
Mārkaṇḍeyapurāṇa — Vyāsa, Sanskrit
Jaimini Bhārata (Kannada) — Lakṣmīśa 1500, Kannada
Aṣṭādhyāyī — Pāṇini, Sanskrit
Bṛhatsaṃhitā — Varāhamihira, Sanskrit
Vallālacarita — Ānandabhaṭṭa 1510, Sanskrit
Mahābhārata — Vyāsa, Sanskrit
Meghadūta — Kālidāsa, Sanskrit
Vinayapiṭaka — Pāli
Mahāvaṃsa — Pāli
Purāṇa — Sanskrit
Bauddha — Old Javanese
Atharvavedasaṃhitā — Atharvan & Aṅgiras, Sanskrit
Vālmīkirāmāyaṇa — Vālmīki, Sanskrit
Bodh Gayā