Encyclopedia of India–China Cultural Contacts v2.c12.s2.20

v2.c12.s2.20

During this period of integration of the Buddhist theory with the Daoist Qigong, a Chinese monk, Zhiyi (538 – 597 CE) compiled the theory of the great Zen master. His representative works on Zen were *Mohe Zhiguan* (The Great Vipasyana), *Xiao Zhiguan* (Primary Vipasyna) , *Shi Chan Bo Luo Mi Ci Di Fa Men* (Explanation of Graduated Dharma Method of Dhyanaparamita), and *Liu Miao Fa Men* (Six Profound Gateways to Dharma). Among them, the *Xiao Zhiguan* (Primary Vipasyna) "small meditation" is an introductory book of Zen meditation practices. It summarises earlier Buddhist scriptures and theories and the practices of their predecessors, and concludes with ten problems concerning the "(i) fulfillment of prerequisite condition, (ii) renunciation of desire, (iii) elimination of hindrances, (iv) making adjustments, (v) implementation of skillful means, (vi) actual cultivation, (vii) manifestation of roots of goodness, (viii) recognition of the work of demons, (ix) treatment of disorders, and (x) realisation of truth". Zhiyi considered that the Mahayana meditation should be an "unified practice" learning only to meditate and not to gain wisdom is as foolish and frivolous as learning wisdom only and not the practice of meditation. Integrating theories of the Indian Buddhist meditation with the Daoist Qigong, he developed and enriched the essential content of China's Zen Buddhist meditation.