Vedic Metre in its Historical Development c19.s1: 267. Introductory Notes

Vedic Metre in its Historical Development c19.s1

Language: English

267. Introductory Notes

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The Metrical Commentary does not form a complete record of the restorations required in the Saṃhitā text, and only notices those metrical irregularities which are very exceptional.

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In particular, the following restorations are very commonly required in addition to those mentioned in the Commentary:

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*Hiatus*, whether regular, as after *-i*, *-ī*, *-u*, *-ū*, or exceptional, as after *-a*, *-ā*.

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*Combination of final -a, -ā with initial r (text -a r-).*

*Syllabic restoration*: (i) of *ī* *ū* for *y* *v* followed by the grave accent: (ii) of *i* for *y* in the instr. sing. *-yā* and the dual form *-yoḥ* after heavy syllables; in the suffixes *-ya* *-yā* after heavy syllables; in the words *gúhya*, *jánya*, *tyá*, *dadhyáñc*, *divyá*, *nárya*, *pratyáñc*, *mádya*, *yújya*, *sakhyá*, *syá* and some others: in the optatives *aśyám* and *syám*; and in the suffixes *-bhyaḥ*, *-bhyām* after heavy syllables at the end of the verse: (iii) of *u* for *v* in *tvám*, *tvám*, *tvá*, *tva*, *svá* and in the instr. sing. fem. in *-vā*: (iv) of *aa* for *ā* in the gen. pl. *-ām* at the end of the verse: (v) of *-an* for *n* in the declension of nouns in *-an*, *-man*, *-van*: and (vi) of *ar* for *r* in the dual forms *pitróḥ*, *mātróḥ*, *svasróḥ*.

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*Quantitative restoration*: (i) in the words correctly written *ácchā*, *evā*, *nṛṇám*, *pavāká*, *mṛḷ* (*mṛḷaya-*, *mṛḷiká*, *sumṛḷiká*): (ii) in final vowels in positions which are metrically unimportant, as in the third and fifth syllables of trimeter verse, before consonant groups, and at the end of the verse: (iii) of *cch* for *ch* in Aufrecht’s text: (iv) of *c* for *śc* in compounds as *puru-candrá*, *su-candrá*: (v) of *n* for *nn* in the locative and vocative singular.

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Where the text gives a correct reading this is not usually noted in the Commentary, even though restoration is required by the ordinary rules; as when the suffix *-ya* has monosyllabic value after a heavy syllable.

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Emendations suggested in the Commentary are not intended as definitive proposals, but only as indications of the general requirements of the metre in accordance with the period to which the hymn is assigned.

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The following slight corrections are needed in Aufrecht's text of the Rigveda (2nd edition, Bonn 1877): ix 47 2b dasyutárhaṇā, 86 3c mádhvā; x 4 5d praṇáyanta, 6 2a bhānúbhir, 8 3c áśvabudhnā, 51 1c bahudhā, 106 2d mahiśévāvapānāt, 143 3a daṁsiṣṭhāv.

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References are given throughout the Commentary to the sections of this book in which the points raised have already been discussed, except as regards some of the more common restorations, for which the references are given in the Index.

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268. METRICAL COMMENTARY.

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Maṇḍala I.

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A. I 1–11. [Dimeter hymns of the normal or strophic period, irregularly arranged. 10 is addressed to Indra of the Kuśika family, and the metre corresponds fairly with that of the dimeter hymns of Maṇḍala III.]

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1. 9c sácasva. 2. 4a índrā-; 8, 9 perhaps in Trochaic Gāyatrī: yet we may read in 8a mitra varuṇa (cf. § 174 ii), in 8c ásathe (§ 170 i), and in 9c dadhāta (§ 174 i e). 3. 1c pūrū-, § 166 iv. 4. 7c see § 152 ii. 6. 5a vīlú neut. pl., cf. i 71 2a. 10. 3b -prāā; 7a perhaps suvī-, § 167 i; 8d asmábhya.

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B. I 12–23. [Gāyatrī hymns of a very regular type, not earlier than the normal period. Kaṇvāḥ 14 2a.]

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12. 5b smā. 14. 3a índrā-; 3b either mitrám agním with irregular Sandhi (§ 130 iv) as in Latin, or mitrāgní as a compound. 15. 6b mítra váruṇa § 174 ii; 6c ásathe; 12a santia: the statement in § 137 is to be deleted. 17. 3b and elsewhere índra váruṇa, see § 174 ii. 18. 1a correction is needed, e.g. to sómānaṁ súarṇaram or somaváham su-ávasam. 20. 3a probably násatiābhiām. 22. 19c yújia. 23. 2b, 3a índrā-; 15a utá; *18c kártuam; *19a probably non-metrical, cf. vii 66 16a; *21c jiók.

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C. I 24–30. [Dimeter hymns of the strophic period. Later additions appear both at the beginning and towards the end of the series.]

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*24. For the date see § 88; 12c áhuat; 12d sá; 13a áhuat; 15c perhaps aaditya, § 150: extended Triṣṭubh verse, or read te for táva. 25. 6a ásate; 12a viśváha. 26. 1a vásisva; 9b see § 152 ii. 27. 3c pāhí. 28. 6a smā; 7c hárīva with Sandhi. 30. 4a ū; 14a ghā tuávān; 17a áśvavatiā; 21b á ántād : perhaps parākáat, § 151 i.

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D. I 31–35. [Trimeter hymns of the cretic period: but 33 in its metrical character is of the strophic or normal period.]

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³¹ 18d sumatí, § 139 iii. 33. 9a a ‘double rest’ (§ 226 iv) is hardly probable in this hymn: perhaps add tvám at the end of the verse. 14a, 14c Virāṭsthānā verses; 14a perhaps yásmi; 15c jiók.

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34. 1c himiá; 4b trayidhá; 7c rathiā; 9d naasatya. 35. 6b, see § 178; 8b dhánuā, § 147; tŕ̥ṇi dhánvā would be more regular. 9d the hybrid Triṣṭubh verse invites correction, as by reading á for abhí.

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EF. I 36-50. [Two typical Kaṇva collections: but both from the form and the contents a still earlier date is suggested for the first hymn.]

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36. 1c perhaps read vácobhir īmahe su-uktaíḥ, as a Vāsiṣṭhī verse; 4c sá; 8c Bhārgavī verse: perhaps read víṣā kánva abhuvat; 10c, 11a médhātithiḥ or médhya-atithiḥ? 12a perhaps needs correction; 12c śrútia; 15a pāhí; 17c, see § 152 ii.

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37. 13a yāanti; 14c tátra sú; 15c áyu. 38. 2c kú, § 151 iii; 3c kúa, ib.; 4b mártiāsaḥ, ib.; 6a má ū ṣú. 39. 3c perhaps needs correction; 5c prá; 6a úpa; 6c perhaps áśruvat. 40. 1b tuā; 6a vocema; 7c dāśuán; 8d ná ‘not’ with hiatus, which is rare. 41. 7b probably -asya with hiatus, though the reading -āriamṇáḥ is metrically more convenient. 42. 2c smā; 6b vāśí-, see § 168 ii. 43. 4a gāthá-, § 166 ii; 6c nārībhiaḥ, § 170 iii. 44. 6c áyu. 45. 1b āditián; 5d tuā; 10b yákṣvā. 46. 1a eṣá; 2c perhaps vasū-, § 166 iv; 6c rāsathām; 10a bhá u for bhāḥ: the repetition of the particle u is impossible; 13c śambhu is probable, § 174 ic. 47. 9a nāsatiā. 48. 1d daásvatī; 3a ucchát, though against the metre; 3c asiāḥ is doubtful, being against the rhythm; 4a Bhārgavī verse, requiring correction: perhaps prá yé táva; 4d námā plural; 9c asmábhya; 10d śrudhí; 11a vámśuā; 12a vahā; 16b mimikṣvá. *50. 13c máhyam, not máhya: for the rhythm cf. 10c.

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G. I 51-57. [Of these hymns 51-54 are metrically akin to the Kutsa series i 94-115: 55-57 to the Gotama series i 74-93.]

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51. 2b ávr̥ta: á- may be the negative particle, § 167 iv; 6d evá; 8c bhavā; 14b dúria. 52. 7c yújia. 53. 2c pradīvo ‘kāma-; 5c prámati, § 139 iii; 5d áśvavatyā, § 168 ii; 7c sákhiā; 9a duíḥ; 10a perhaps útī for útibhiḥ. 54. 11b janaṣáḍ, § 166 vi c; 11d su-apatyaí. 56. 2a nemaníṣaḥ; 4a yádī. 57. 4b ārábhyā.

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H. I 58-64. [The Gotama Nodhas hymns appear to be as early as any in the Rigveda: the refrain marks out i 59 as a later addition, and connects viii 80 and ix 93: see § 106 i. For the peculiar metre of i 61 see § 250 iii.]

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⁵⁸ 2b, 4c tr̥ṣú, §§ 160 i, 173 iii; 5d cárataḥ, cf. i 146 1c; 6a tuā; 8d Virāṭsthānā verse. 59. 4a requires correction, the metre being in disorder and the verb wanting: probably br̥hatíva with Sandhi; 7a mahiná, § 178. 60. 1b Virāṭsthānā verse.

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⁶¹ 2b the verse is disordered, the true type being found in 3b: bádhe cannot stand; 8a probably Virāṭsthānā verse; 10a evá; 10c gáaḥ, § 142 ii; 11a Jagatī cadence: perhaps ápaḥ should be restored; 11d Virāṭsthānā verse; 12c gávaḥ, § 142 ii; 15b Gautamī verse rather than Pentad: perhaps īśānaḥ; 15c probably sūrye (Virāṭsthānā verse); 16a hariyojana, § 175 i, cf. i 62 13b.

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62. 3a Rest at the fourth place; 5c *bhūmyāḥ*; 8c Pentad verse, but possibly Gautamī; 12a *evá*. 63. 4a irregular cadence, § 220 v; 5b perhaps *mártiānām*, § 151 iii; 5c *kāṣṭhaah*, § 142 i; 7c perhaps *sudāáse*, § 142 v; 8c *asmábhya*; 8d *viśvádhā*. 64. 9a Rest at the fourth place; 15a *nú ū*, § 124.

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K. I 65-73. [The Pentad hymns 65-70 shew a very regular rhythm, and cannot be earlier than the strophic period. The text is rather imperfect, and needs correction where it conflicts with the standard metre. Hymns 71-73 are in very regular Triṣṭubh, probably of the normal period.]

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65. 9a perhaps *śvásīti*, § 178; 10b the long 9th syllable marks the full developement of this metre, § 249 ii. 66. 9a *caráthā* requires correction, § 178. 67. 2b read *havirvát*, cf. i 72 7d; 5a *kṣáam*, *pṛthvím*; 5b *dyáam*; 9b Triṣṭubh verse; 10b *sammáyā*, cf. § 158 iii: at least there is no other example of a gerund in *-ya* in the Rigveda proper. 68. 2d *Virāṭsthānā* verse: or read *devánām deváḥ*; 4b perhaps *ámartam*, cf. v 33 6b. 69. 8a probably read *yád dhán*; 8b *vivér ápāṃsi*, cf. vi 31 3d. 70. 3b *cáratām*, cf. § 178; 4d *’mṛtáḥ*; 5b *su-uktaíḥ*; 7b *cárataḥ*, cf. i 58 5d; 10a read *purutrá náraḥ*; 10b perhaps read *védo ví* *babhruḥ*, cf. iii 1 10a.

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71. 2a *vilú* plural; 4b *Virāṭsthānā* verse; 4c *sáhyase*, § 151 iii; 9b perhaps *súura* or *súria*, more probably *Virāṭsthānā* verse: see § 151 i. 72. 8d *yéna nú*. 73. 1c *siona-*, *priṇánāḥ*; 6b *sumádūdhniḥ*, § 151 iii; 8a *mártiān*, ib.; 9b *vanuyāma*, *tuóṭāḥ* rather than *tvá-ūtāḥ*.

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L. I 74-93. [Gotama collection: the hymns appear to be generally of the strophic period, 80-82, 91-93 being perhaps later. The collection is characterized by the comparative frequency of Jagatī and Paṅkti verse. See § 106 ii.]

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⁷⁴ 8c *asthaat*. 76. 1d Rest at the fifth place: *daśema*, § 178; 2b, 3a *sú*; 3c *vahā*. 77. 2c *mártiāya*, giving *Virāṭsthānā* verse; 2d *ca*, § 175 ii; 3a *mária*, § 151 ii; 3b *Virāṭsthānā* verse; 4a *nṛṇáam*; 5a *evá*, cf. *evāṃ* v 6 10a; 5b Gautamī verse. 79. 1c Rest at the fifth place; 5c *asmábhya*. 80. 3a *préhi*, § 173 i; 7b *vajri*, § 178; 15a *nahí nú*; 16b *dadhíáṅ*. 81. 6c *asmábhya*; 7c *gṛbhāyā*. 82. 1a *úpa sú*; *śṛṇuhí* as in text; 3a *tuā*. 4b *śámiā*; 6b Bhārgavī verse, needing correction. 84. 6a *tuát*; 6c *tuā*; 11b *śriṇanti*; *16-18, see § 88; *18b *yajátai* is a very late form; 20b *caná*, § 175 ii. 85. 5c *sianti*; 7b *á nākam*; 9c *nári* *ápāṃsi*; 10d *ráṇia*; 12a *śármā*; 12d *dhattā*. 86. 9b *kartā*. 87. 2a *ácidhuam*, § 151 ii; 4b *ávṛtaḥ*, see on i 51 2b; 6c *vásimantaḥ*, see § 168 ii.

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⁸⁸ For the metre, see § 244 i; 1b hypersyllabic verse, § 224; 1d verse with double Rest, § 226 iv *a*; 2c requires emendation, but see § 226 iv *b*; 3c Rest at the fifth place. 89. 4b Rest at the fourth place: *diaúḥ*; 6a *suastí*; 6a, 6b *Virāṭsthānā* verses; 6c probably *tárkṣió ’riṣṭa-*; 9a *nú*; 9b *yátra*; 9d *áyu*.

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⁹⁰ 2d *viśváhā*; *9 cf. *vii 35. 91. 11a *tuā*; 16-18 form one hymn, as indicated by the use of the verb *á pyā* in each stanza; 23b *sahāvan*, § 151 iii. 92. 3d *áhā*; 4d *avar*, § 169 vi; 7a *bhaásvatī*,

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netarí; 14c ví uccha; *93 1-3: for the metre see note on p. 167: for the date see § 88.

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M. I 94-115. [This collection stands alone in the Rigveda for the frequency of the cretic break: but 111 does not share this peculiarity. 105 is of the same type as i 24, and presupposes a dramatic setting: it is possible that some of the fragments are of earlier date.]

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94. 6c ártvijyā: ṛtvíyā is a probable correction; 12c sú. 95. 4a niṇiá, § 151 ii. *97. 8a síndhum 'va.

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100. 1b pṛthiviáh; 5a rudará, § 149 ii; 5b catalectic Bhārgavī verse, § 227 iii b, probably to be corrected: see also § 169 iii; 6b seems to require correction; 8c sá: irregular cadence; 16b Rest at the fifth place, or read rayáye, § 139 i: ṛjaráśuasya, § 151 ii; 17c ṛjráśuaḥ, § 145 ii b; 18b śáruā; 19a viśváhā.

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102. 3d tváyādbhiaḥ; 7d ádha. 103. 5b dhattanā; 5c, 5d sá.

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104. 1b Pentad verse; 1c avasáya: final -ā shortened before following vowel; 2a probably Virāṭsthānā verse (índra type); 2c dáasasya, § 151 i; 4c Rest at the fourth place; 5b ná 'as' combined, § 122; 6a sá; 6b bhajā; 8a as 2a; 9a tuā; 9d śṛṇuhī.

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105. 2a vá u, § 171 v (to be added); 2d paridáyā; 5a heptasyllabic verse; 7a sá; 7c vianti; 9b tátra; 15d návia; 16a Epic semi-cadence; 18c nicáyia. 106. 2b bhūtá. 108. 4b ū; 4d á with hiatus. 109. 2b siālát; 5b śuśravā, § 158 i. 110. 2d ágacchatā; 6a Triṣṭubh cadence, cf. 7a; 9b hybrid verse, unless we read índrarbhumán.

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111. 3a takṣatā. 112. 10b Bhārgavī verse, probably needing correction, as to ájá á, cf. 17b; 19b ghā. 113. 2a śvetiá; 4a bhaásvatī, netarí; 13b avaḥ; 16a irdhuam; 17c ucchā; 19d janayā. 114. 2c āyajé, § 178; 3b mīḍhuaḥ; 4a rudarám, § 149 ii; 5d asmábhya; 6b, 8c as 4a; 11b irregular break. 115. 2c yátra.

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N. I 116-126. [These hymns are very slightly connected by references to the Pajra family, and differ greatly in metre; see § 105 v. The first two hymns, and to a slighter extent 118 and 119 stand alone in the Rigveda in the regular use of iambic and cretic variations at the break side by side: see § 110 iv. The remaining hymns correspond generally to the types of the periods to which they are respectively assigned in the ‘Table of hymns.’]

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116. 2c naasatyā here and frequently, the final vowel being often combined by Sandhi with the initial vowel of a word following; 6b agháśua § 145 ii b; 10c áyu; 14c utá; 16b ṛjráśua. 117. 1b 1c Virāṭsthānā verses; 2d asmábhya; 4c long ninth syllable, easily corrected by interchanging riṇīthaḥ and dāṃsobhiḥ; 14d ṛjarébhiḥ, § 151 ii; 18c ṛjráśua; 22c catalectic Bhārgavī verse: correction is probably required; 23d śrútia. 118. 7a Sandhi at caesura, § 214 iii. 119. 1b jiráśua, § 145 ii b.

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120. Both the text and the metre of stanzas 1-9 require emendation on a large scale: see § 244 ii. *10-12. The most modern passage in the Rigveda, recording the poet's gratitude for the gift of a motor-car (*rátha anaśvá*): the extreme regularity of the metre is in striking contrast to the preceding stanzas: see also § 88.

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121. 1a *pátaram* is possible, § 149 iii; 5c probably Virātsthānā verse, but see § 149 iv; 6c the same; 7a *su-idhmá*; 7d *paśu-íse*; 8a *hárīhá*, dual with Sandhi, § 128 ii; 8c irregular cadence; 8d *vaatápyam*, § 151 i; 13c *prásyā* (gerund); 15a probably *dāsīt*, § 178; 15c *bhajā*.

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122. 1a *páantam*, § 142 iii *a*; 3a catalectic Bhārgavī verse, § 227 iii *b*; 3b probably *apáam*; 4c the same; 4d Virātsthānā verse; 5c the verse may be completed by interpreting *ắm* as an abbreviation for *á voceya*; 6c Rest at the fourth place; 6d supply *śrótu naḥ* at the beginning of the verse; 8c *pajrébhiaḥ* probably; 8d *máhya*; 9d *hótarābhiḥ* is possible, § 149 iii; 10b *naráam*: irregular cadence; 10d perhaps *śúuraḥ*, § 151 i; 11a irregular cadence; 12a Virātsthānā verse; 12c irregular cadence; 13c *iṣṭá-aśva* or *iṣṭáśva*, cf. § 145 ii *b*; 15c irregular cadence; 15d *śúuraḥ*, § 151 i.

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123. 8a *adyá*; 12d *námā*; 13c *adyá*. 124. 4a *úpa*; 5c *ū*; 8a *jyáyasyai* has probably replaced an older form *jyáyase* which served also as the feminine: cf. *durvásase* vii 1 19a; 8b *-cákṣiā*; 10c *ucchā*; 13a *ástodhuam*. 125. 3a *adyá*; 3c *pāyaya*; 3d *vardhayā*. 126. 4b *śráyinim*; *6a hypersyllabic dimeter verse; 6c *máhyam*, cf. *i 50 13c.

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O. I 127-139. [These hymns, outwardly similar, are very different in their internal structure. 127 and 129 are of very archaic character: on the other hand 136-139 are very regular. The later hymns are also marked by metres in which the dimeter verses greatly preponderate, and by occasional Bṛhatī and Triṣṭubh verses. The authorship is not known. See further § 201 ii.]

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127. See § 242 i; 1a *dásuantam*, catalectic verse; 1f hypersyllabic opening, which requires correction, § 217: perhaps *bhrájām* for *víbhrāṣṭim*, cf. ix 98 3d; 2b *jyáyisṭham*: caesura after third syllable; 2d *dyáam*; 3b Rest at the fifth place; 3e *vánam 'va*; 4b *aráṇī* as plural is probable, see § 219; 5e *vílū*, *śármā* plural; 6c *á árt-*; 6g, 6h *pánthaam*; 7a extended Virātsthānā verse; 8b *sárvāsaam*; 9a, 10a as 3b; 10d catalectic verse; 11e probably catalectic verse. 128. 2g *bhaár*, § 151 i; 5e *vásūnaam*; 7f, 7g catalectic verses; 8a *vásūdhiti* probably, § 166 iv.

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129. See § 242 i; 1a Virātsthānā verse (*índra* type); 1f omit *anavadya* and read as Virātsthānā verse; 2a *śrudhī*; 3d *túbhya*; 4b *víśvā-āyum*; 5a *namā*; 5d *náyiṣi*, § 142 iii *b*; 5f, 5g catalectic verses; 6a *bhávia*, § 151 ii; 6d *sá*; 7a Virātsthānā verse rather than *hótarayā*; 7e *á īm*; 8a *prá-pra*, § 175 ii: catalectic verse; 8d, 8e probably catalectic verses; 8f a trimeter verse should be restored; 9a perhaps *rayíṇā*, § 139 i; 9b *yāhī*; 9f Bhārgavī verse, probably requiring emendation, § 227 ii *b*; 10a perhaps *rayíṇā*; 11a *pāhī*, verse with double Rest, § 226 iv *a*; 11g read *tuā* and omit *jíjanat*, § 152 i.

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¹³⁰ 1d *tuā*; 2a Virātsthānā verse (*índra* type): *svánām*, § 140 iii; 3b *vayáḥ*, § 151 i; 4b, 4c *śiat*; 4d *viviánā*; 6a *vasuyántaḥ*, § 168 iii; 10c Pentad verse, § 227 i *b*; 10d probably *áhabhiḥ*: Rest at fifth place. 131. 3b *gávia*, § 151 ii; 6a *utá*; 6f Virātsthānā verse; 6g *śrudhī*; 7d *jahī*. 132. 1b *sasahyāma*, § 169 iii; 2b two syllables are wanting; 6d, 6e catalectic verses.

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133. *1–5 see § 88; *1c abhivlágyā; *2c chindhí; *4c a syllable is wanting; 6a hypersyllabic verse, unless śrudhí is a gloss: dādr̥hí; 6f hypersyllabic verse, § 224; 7c devánaam; 7e ávr̥taḥ, § 167 iv. 134. 2d perhaps írádhiai, § 146 ii; 3d catalectic verse; 3f cakṣayā; 5g asuryát, § 135; 6a eṣaam; 6b sómānaam; 6d utá. 135. 1b Rest at the fifth place; 2f váhā; 4f Gautamī verse, cf. § 226 iii a, rather than candará; 5b Virāṭsthānā verse; 5f índrāvāyū; 8a vahathe, § 170 i; 9a vāyu, § 170 ii f. 136. 3d āsate; 4e adyá; 6f jiók. 138. 2f Gautamī verse; 3f hybrid verse; 4a sū; 4b, 4c ujáśua. 139. 1c índrāvāyū; 5c dāsit, § 178; 8a má sū; 11b the insertion of yé at the beginning of the verse is metrically desirable.

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P. I 140–164 [The collection is similar in character to Maṇḍala vii. See § 107 ii.]

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140. 1a vedíṣade, § 166 ii; 4b ū júvaḥ requires correction, perhaps to jújuvaḥ or dhíjúvaḥ; 7b evá; 10c probably avásiā; 13a abhí; 13c perhaps to be corrected, as to gávyam yánto yáviam dīrghá áhā. 141. 8a Rest at the fourth place: yaatáḥ; 10c nú; 11c raśmímr 'va with Sandhi; 12a sudíótmā, § 151 ii: jirá-aśvaḥ; 13a śímivadbhiḥ, § 168 ii. 142. 1b adyá; 2a the semi-cadence here and in 7a indicates a transition to Epic Anuṣṭubh; 8d adyá. 143. 7c dídiat. 144. 4d purú adverb, § 160 i; 6d āsate. 145. 1a jagāma; 1b sá, § 175 i; 4b yújía; 5a, 5d Rests at the fifth place; 5a ápia. 146. 2c urviáḥ; 3c anapāvṛjyá, § 167 i. 147. 1b Gautamī verse; 2c tuaḥ the second time; 3d ná ha, § 175 ii; 4c sá; 5a sahasia. 148. 1b víśva-pūṣam, cf. i 162 22b: cf. H. Oldenberg in Sacred Books of the East, vol. xlvi, p. 174; 2c Gautamī verse; 3a nú; 4b Rest at the fifth place; 5a perhaps add yám at end of the verse; 5d probably Virāṭsthānā, but see § 142 iii b.

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149. 2c Pentad verse; 3a Virāṭsthānā verse; 3c śúuraḥ, § 151 i, śatá-atmā; 4a Pentad verse; 4c apáam is doubtful here; 5a verse with double Rest, § 226 iv b. 150. For the metre see § 242 ii; 1a dāśuán. 151. 1a śímīa; 3a ródasoḥ, § 151 iii; 4a asurā, § 174 ii; 4d gáam, § 142 ii, yuñjathe, § 170 i; 6b mítrā...váruṇa, § 166 i; 8d āsathe; 9a dadhathe, āsathe. 153. 1a Pentad verse; 2a Virāṭsthānā verse; 4c utá. 154. 1d trayidhá; 3a Virāṭsthānā verse. 155. 1a páantam, § 142 iii a; 1c perhaps restore sánavi: delete the comment on p. 144; 3d see § 178; 4d Sandhi at caesura; 5b abhikhyáyā: Virāṭsthānā verse. 156. 1c ádha.

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157. 3b jiráśuaḥ probably. 158. 1c aucathiá probably, § 136 i; 3b Rest at the fourth place. 159. 2a Rest at the fifth place.

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*161. 1c nindimā; 8a hybrid verse with irregular opening, or (more probably) with irregular Sandhi idódakám, § 130 iv; 8d mādayādhuai; 12a sammílyā; 12c ásapatā; 14a bhúmi agníḥ; 14c Rest at the fifth place. *162. 4a haviṣyàm (y cons.); 6d utá; 7a probably smán ma adhāyi, § 151 iii; 8b śírṣaṇyā (y cons.); 14b probably four syllables are missing, read as 16c; 15a tuā; 16c contains no trace of rhythm, and needs correction: read yát saṇdánam yác 'ca pádbīṣam árvataḥ; 16d Pentad verse, probably requiring correction; 19a áśuasya, §§ 151 ii, 175 i; 20b tanvàḥ (v cons.); 22a sugáviam possibly, § 151 ii: we have then a Bhārgavī verse, § 227 ii b. *163. 3b gúhia; 10c śrayiṇiśáḥ.

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*164. 7a i, § 178; 13d evā; 16c as 7a; 17a, 23d hybrid verses: in 23d perhaps omit ít; 32a sá; 35b Rest at the fifth place; 38c perhaps víṣu-añcā, § 166 iv; 40c addhí; 40d píbā; 45d hybrid verse; 48c Rest at the fifth place.

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Q. I 165–190. Māna collection. [One of the most homogeneous collections in the Rigveda: but 173, 174, 186 have the archaic character more strongly marked than the rest of the hymns. The late hymns 170, 179 have found their way into this collection in consequence of its ascription to Agastya. See § 106 iii.]

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¹⁶⁵ 3a Virāṭsthānā verse (índra type); 6a svadhá (final -ā shortened before following vowel): but āsīt is a very doubtful form in this hymn, and more probably we should read siá and then svadhá āh; 7a bhūrī (plur.); 8d cakarā, § 158 i; 10b nú; 11b śrútia: cakrá; 12c -cáksiā; 13b yātanā; 13d bhūtā; 14b Virāṭsthānā verse; 14c varttā; 15c a dative vayáyai seems required. 166. 1c aidhé'va, Bollensen O. and O. ii 473; 1d yudhé 'va ib.; 12d árādhuam; 13b purúṣāṃsa appears to be a proper name, § 160 i. 167. 1a Virāṭsthānā verse (índra type); 1b hybrid verse; 1c Rest at the fourth place: rayáyah, § 139 i; 2b bṛhádivaiḥ, § 178; 2c ádhā yád; 4a ayāsaḥ § 151 i and yaviyā § 173 ii are doubtful; 6c Rest at the fifth place; 7b Rest at the fourth place; 8a paánti; 8b aryamā; 9a nahí nú; 10a adyá: práyisṭha, Virāṭsthānā verse; 10b śuáh; 10d narāám.

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¹⁶⁸ 1b omit u, giving a catalectic verse; 1c ródasoḥ, cf. ix 22 5a; 2c apáam; 3a tṛptá-aṃśavaḥ; 5c dhanua-cyútaḥ, § 147: iṣáam; 6b āyayá; 6c cyāvayathā. 169. 1c marútaam; 2c Rest at the fourth place; 4c cākánanta, § 169 iii; 5b Virāṭsthānā verse: but see § 142 iii b; 5c sú; 5d gātúyanti, § 168 iii; 6c ádhā: hybrid verse. *170. 1a śuáh; 4a catalectic verse.

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¹⁷¹ 1d dhattá; 6a sáhyasaḥ is probable. 172. 1a catalectic verse; 3a nú; 3b vṛṅktá. 173. 2c catalectic Bhārgavī verse, § 227 iii b; 3a sádmā; 4a requires correction, § 225; 4c double Rest, § 226 iv b; 4d Virāṭsthānā verse; 5b probably Rest at the fourth place, but see § 151 i; 7c irregular cadence: the resolution of o in kṣoṇíḥ is very doubtful, but see § 151 i; 8c bhuut; 8d yádī; 9b narāám; 11a Virāṭsthānā verse (índra type); 11c perhaps tatṛṣāṇā, § 169 iii; 12b avayájaḥ, § 151 iii after Th. Benfey; 12c perhaps yaviyā, § 173 ii.

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¹⁷⁴ 1a Virāṭsthānā verse (índra type); 2c Rest at the fifth place: anavadya árṇāḥ; 3b dyáam or díām; 3d Pentad verse, or read dáma ā; 4a nú: perhaps sásmi, § 178; 5a váhā; 5b váatasya áśvā; 6a double Rest, § 226 iv a: mitrá-īrūn Grassmann: but emendation is rather required; 7b kṣaám; 8c Rest at the fifth place; 9b Virāṭsthānā verse; 9d caesura after the third syllable; 10a tvám; 10b, 10c perhaps Pentad verses: otherwise narāám, spṛdháam. 175. 4c váhā: catalectic verse; 4d vátasya áśuaiḥ, § 151 ii, or perhaps váatasyaśuaiḥ with long fifth syllable; 6b máyo 'va. 176. 3b kṣitīnāam; 5c catalectic verse.

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¹⁷⁷ 2c, 3a tiṣṭhā; 4a devayā 'yám with Sandhi, § 130 ii; 4d niṣādyā: hárīhá with Sandhi, § 128 ii; 5a súṣṭutaḥ (nom.) is probable. 178. 1c Rest at the fifth place; 5c ū.

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¹⁸⁰ 3c Rest at the fourth place; 4a extended Triṣṭubh verse; 5b perhaps gávaḥ, § 142 ii, cf. i 181 8d; 6c Rest at the fifth place:

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váataḥ; 9c probably suáśviam, giving an extended Triṣṭubh verse, cf. 4a. 181. 1a práyiṣṭhā iṣáam; 1d vásūdhiti, § 166 iv; 5a extended Triṣṭubh verse; 7b trayidhá; 8c pipáya; 8d as 180 5b. 182. 2c vahathe, § 170 i; 3a ásathe; 8c adyá. 183. 5c ṛjuyá, § 168 iii. 184. 1a adyá; 1b ucchántīam; 1c sánta with -ā shortened, § 174 i a; 1d sudaás-, § 142 v; 2a sú; 3a iṣukíte 'va, Bollensen; 4a mādhūī; 5b mániebhīḥ or Rest at the fourth place. 185. 9c bhūrí cid perhaps as adverb: sudaás-, § 142 v.

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186. 2c Pentad verse; 3a Rest at the fifth place; 5b caesura after the third syllable; 5c apáam; 6a tváṣṭa á; 7d narám; 8c caesura combined with Sandhi; 9a nú; 9c ádhā; 9d perhaps pruṣayánta, cf. § 168 iii; 10a prá ū; 10c váataḥ; 11a vo 'smé. 187. 1a may be restored thus: pitúm nú ū astaviṣam, cf. § 151 i; 2b tuā; 4a tié; 6b devánaam; 7c átra; 7d catalectic verse; 11a, 11b probably need emendation. 188. 5a we should probably read vibhūḥ prabhūḥ, cf. § 166 iv. 189. 1a náyā; 2c Rest at the fifth place: púuḥ (§ 151 i) is more than doubtful; 3a yuyodhī; 4a pāhī; 6a ghā tuávān; 7d an irregular verse, both in the opening and the break. 190. 3d bhīmó 'raks-, with Sandhi at the caesura; 6a supra-étuḥ, suyávasaḥ; 7c Rest at the fourth place.

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*191. 1a, 3a, 5c catalectic verses; 6a pṛthví, § 151 iii; 6c catalectic verse. 10-13. The metre here is disturbed, see § 194. In 10c the sense requires that nó should belong to the following verse, and in 10f the unaccented tuā is clearly out of place at the beginning. In 13c there is a further disturbance owing to the words áré asya being placed earlier in the verse. 14a heptasyllabic verse; 16d hyper-syllabic verse.

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Ṛgvedasaṃhitā — Sanskrit