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Studies in the History of Sanskrit Poetics v1.c31: XVII The Commentators On Mammata

Studies in the History of Sanskrit Poetics v1.c31

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English

XVII The Commentators On Mammata

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There is hardly any other technical work in Sanskrit which has been so much commented upon as the *Kāvya-prakāśa*, and no less than fifty different glosses will be found noticed in the various reports, catalogues and journals relating to Sanskrit MSS. They count as their authors not only independent and noted writers on Poetics like Ruyyaka and Viśvanātha, but also men having other literary interests, like the Naiyāyika Jagadīśa and Narasimha Ṭhakkura, the grammarian Nāgoji Bhaṭṭa, the Mīmāṃsaka Kamalākara Bhaṭṭa, the Vaiṣṇava Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa, as well as the Tāntrika Gokulanātha. Very few of these commentaries have yet been printed. We mention here the more important and better known of these writers, noting their dates when known and supplying whatever information we can gather about them.

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1. RĀJĀNAKA RUYYAKA or RUCAKA. His commentary is called *Saṃketa*. He is identical with Ruyyaka (q. v.), author of the *Alaṃkāra-sarvasva*.

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MSS: Aufrecht i 102b, ii 20b: extract in Peterson ii p. 106.

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2. MAṆIKYACANDRA. His commentary is also called *Saṃketa*. It is dated in *saṃvat* 1216 = 1160

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A.D.¹ Māṇikyacandra was a Jaina author of Guzerat, who belonged to the Koṭika-gaṇa, Vajra-śākhā, Rāja-gaccha. The concluding verses of his commentary trace his spiritual genealogy to Sīlabhadra, after whom came in succession Bharateśvara, Vairasvāmin (Vera°), Nemicandra and Sāgarendu. Our author states to have been a pupil of Nemicandra, as well as of his successor Sāgarendu, who is identified by Peterson² with the Sāgarendu who wrote out in *saṃvat* 1252(=1196 A.D.) at Paṭṭan the first copy of the *Amamasvāmi-carita*.³ Our Māṇikyacandra seems to be identical with Māṇikyacandra, author of *Pārśvanātha-carita*, which is said to have been completed on the Dewali of *saṃvat* 1276(=1220 A.D.) in Devakūpa (Divbandar) by the sea (v.36). In it the author gives a spiritual genealogy, traced up to Pradyumna Sūri and corresponding exactly to that given in the °*Saṃketa*⁴. Māṇikya also appears to have written a *Nalāyaṇa* or *Kubera-purāṇa*.⁵ Māṇikyacandra, mentioned in Merutuṅga's *Prabandha-cintāmaṇi* as having flourished under Jayasiṃha of Guzerat, seems to be a different person.

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¹ Peterson iii extr. p. 322, where the verse giving the date is incomplete, but it is given in full in Jhalakīkara's introd. to *Kāv.prak.* p. 22.

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² iv p. cxxviii.

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³ iii App. p. 98.

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⁴ see extract in Peterson iii App. p. 157-63 ; also vi p. xci. The verse *ṣaḍ-tarkī-lalanā-vilāsa*°, describing his preceptor Nemicandra, occurs in *Pārśvanātha-carita* also, as in his °*Saṃketa*. See extracts in Peterson iii pp. 160 and 321.

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⁵ Peterson iii App. p. 357.

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MSS : Aufrecht i 102a, ii 20a : extract in Peterson iii 320f.

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3. NARAHARI, called SARASVATĪTĪRTHA. His commentary is called *Bāla-cittānurañjanī*. He also refers to two works, *Smṛti-darpaṇa* and *Tarka-ratna* (with its *Dīpikā* commentary), written by himself. Aufrecht notes that Narahari is also the author of a commentary on the *Meghadūta*, of which there is a copy in the Cambridge University Library, and Stein notes (p. 67) a *Kumārasambhava-ṭīkā* by Sarasvatītīrtha. His commentary on Mammaṭa states that he was born in *saṃvat* 1298 = 1242 A.D., in Tribhuvanagiri in the Andhra country. He traces his own genealogy to Rāmeśvara of Vatsa-gotra, and describes himself as the son of Mallinātha and Nāgamā and grandson of Narasimha, son of Rāmeśvara. He had a brother named Nārāyaṇa. When he became an ascetic, he took the name of Sarasvatītīrtha and composed his commentary at Benares¹.

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¹ Peterson i pp. 25f, 74.

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MSS : Aufrecht i 101b, 102a (as Sarasvatītīrtha), 779a, ii 19b, 20a ; extract in Peterson i 74 and *IOC* iii pp. 325f.

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4. JAYANTA BHAṬṬA. His commentary is called *Dīpikā* or *Jayantī*. He gives its date as *saṃvat* 1350 = 1294 A.D. He calls himself son of Bharadvāja who was the family-priest (*purohita*) to the chief minister of Śārṅgadeva of Guzerat, the third Vāghelā sovereign who ruled at Paṭṭana during 1277-1297². Jayanta is apparently quoted by Paramānanda Cakravartin, and Ratnakaṇṭha (q.v.), and the latter states that his own commentary was based on the *Jayantī*. Our Jayanta Bhaṭṭa must be distinguished from Bhaṭṭa Jayanta or Jayantaka, author of the *Kādambarīkathā-sāra* (ed. Kāvyamālā 11, 1888), who is an earlier author quoted by Abhinavagupta (p. 142) and who lived probably in the 9th century.

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² Bhandarkar *Rep.* 1883-84 pp. 17-18 ; Peterson ii pp. 17,20.

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MSS: Aufrecht i 101a, ii 19b: extract in Bhandarkar *Rep.* 1883-84, App. 326.

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5. SOMEŚVARA. His commentary is called *Kāvyādarśa*¹. He describes himself as the son of Bhaṭṭa Devaka of Bharadvāja-gotra. Jhalakīkara thinks that he was a native of Kanauj from his decided partiality to that country. Peterson² and, following him Aufrecht³, identify him with Someśvara, author of *Kīrti-kaumudī* and *Surathotsava*, and place him in the first half of the 13th century. But this is doubtful, because this Someśvara is known as son of Kumāra. Our Someśvara cites Bhāmaha, Rudraṭa, Mukula, Bhaṭṭa Nāyaka and Bhaṭṭa Tauta, and is cited in his turn by a very late commentator Kamalākara.

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¹ The two entries *Kāvyaprakāśa-ṭīkā* and *Kāvyādarśa* in Aufrecht i 737b should be one and both refer to this comm.

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² v pp. lxxxiv

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MSS: Aufrecht 102a, ii 20b, iii 22b; extract in Peterson v. p. 52-3.

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6. VĀCASPATI MIŚRA. Nothing is known of him or his commentary, but he is cited by Caṇḍidāsa (as *prācīna* fol. 7a), by Viśvanātha on Mammaṭa, and by Bhīmasena. He is probably to be distinguished from Vācaspati Miśra, author of the *Bhāmatī*, who is probably older than Mammaṭa; for in the list he gives of his own works at the end of the *Bhāmatī*, he does not refer to any commentary on Mammaṭa. Our Vācaspati is probably the Maithilī legist who wrote *Ācāra-cintāmaṇi* and other works (see Aufrecht i 559-60).

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7. ŚRĪDHARA, with the title Sāndhi-vigrahika, cited by Caṇḍīdāsa, and by Viśvanātha on Mammaṭa. Śridhara’s commentary, called *Viveka*, is entered in Aufrecht i 102a.

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8. CAṆḌĪDĀSA. His commentary, called *Dīpikā*, was written at the instance of his friend Lakṣmaṇa Bhaṭṭa. The India Office MS of his work is written in Bengali character, and he is cited mostly by Oriya, Maithilī and Benares writers (e.g. Govinda in his *Pradīpa* pp. 24, 36, 202, 274, Narasimha Ṭhakkura, Kamalākara, Vaidyanātha in his *Udāharaṇa-candrikā*, Nāgoji Bhaṭṭa in his *Prabhā*, and Viśveśvara in his *Alaṃkāra-kaustubha* pp. 125, 166). He is probably identical with Caṇḍīdāsa, the younger brother of the grandfather of Viśvanātha, author of the *Sāhitya-darpaṇa*. He is also cited by Viśvanātha, son of Trimaladeva (q. v.), in a Kashmiri an MS dated 1602 A.D. Caṇḍīdāsa mentions a *Dhvani-siddhānta-grantha* by himself. He also quotes a work called *Sāhitya-hṛdaya-darpaṇa*, which may be Bhaṭṭa Nāyaka’s lost *Hṛdaya-darpaṇa*.

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MSS: Aufrecht i 101b; extract in *IOC* 491 (p. 326).

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9. VIŚVANĀTHA. Author of the commentary *Darpaṇa*. He is identical with Viśvanātha (q.v.) author of the *Sāhitya-darpaṇa*, which is referred to.

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in this commentary as his own. First half of the 14th century

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MSS: *SCB* 299; extract in Jhalakīkara’s introd.

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10. BHĀSKARA. Wrote *Sāhitya-dīpikā* commentary. He is cited by Śrīvatsalāñchana, Govinda (p. 21), Ravi (Peterson iii p. 20), Narasimha Ṭhakkura Bhīmasena, and Ratnakaṇṭha (Peterson ii p. 17). Narasimha calls him Lāṭa Bhāskara Miśra. He is earlier than the end of the 15th century, being cited by Govinda.

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MSS: Aufrecht i 101b, 779a, ii 20a; extract in Mitra 1681.

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11. PARAMĀNANDA CAKRAVARTIN. His commentary is entitled *Vistārikā*. He refers to Miśra, Dīpikākṛt (Jayanta Bhaṭṭa?) and Viśvanātha and he must be later than Vidyānātha, whose *Pratāparudra* is cited by him. He is himself cited by Kamalākara, Narasimha Ṭhakkura, Vaidyanātha (*Udāharaṇa-can°*), Nāgoji Bhaṭṭa, Ānanda and Ratnakaṇṭha. Probably a Naiyayika of Bengal. He mentions his guru Īśāna, and appears to refer in a punning verse¹ to the *Tattva-cintāmaṇi* of Gaṅgeśopādhyāya. Jhalakīkara thinks that the *cakravarti-lakṣaṇa*, found in the fourteen *gādādharī lakṣaṇas*, was formulated by him. Paramānanda, from his citations, cannot be earlier than the second half of the 14th century; and he probably flourished before the 16th century, at the end of which Gadādhara flourished. He must be distinguished from Śrī-vidyā Cakravartin, apparently a South Indian writer, who commented on Ruyyaka (q.v.) as well as Mammaṭa, and who is also cited under the common designation of Cakravartin. Paramānanda also wrote a commentary on the Naiṣadha (IOC vii p.1438).

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¹ *andhā doṣāndhakāreṣu ke vā na syur vipaścitaḥ nāham tu dṛṣṭi-vikale dhṛtaś cintāmaṇiḥ sadā.*

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MSS: Aufrecht i 101b, ii 19b, iii 22b; extract in Peterson ii pp. 108-9.

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12. GOVINDA ṬHAKKURA. His well-known commentary is called °Pradīpa.¹ Govinda also wrote an °Udāharaṇa-dīpikā, apparently the same as °Śloka-dīpikā² in Stein (pp. 60, 269), cited by Nāgoji Bhaṭṭa. This is supplementary to the larger exegetical work, being a commentary on the illustrative verses of the text. The °Pradīpa has been commented on by Vaidyanātha (°Prabhā) and Nāgoji Bhaṭṭa (°Uddyota). Govinda was a native of Mithilā, born in the family of Ravikara, eldest son of Keśava and Sonodevī, elder brother of the poet Śrī-harṣa who is not, however, as Peterson supposes, the author of the Naiṣadha.³ In addition to this information about himself, Govinda tells us that he learnt kāvya and sāhitya from his elder step-brother Rucikara. His exact date is not known, but Govinda refers to Viśvanātha as arvācīna, quoting the latter's criticism of Mammaṭa's definition of poetry, as well as the latter's own definition of the same, without actually naming him or his Sāhitya-darpaṇa. Govinda, therefore, is probably later, but not very much later, than the 14th century. On the other hand, he is earlier the last quarter of the 16th century, being quoted in Prabhākara's Rasa-pradīpa which was composed 1583 A.D. Narasimha Ṭhakkura, who flourished later, but not much later, than 1612 A.D. (having himself quoted Kamalākara), is supposed, on the authority of the family genealogy, to be fifth in descent from Govinda, This will roughly place Govinda towards the end of the 15th century¹.

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¹ The full name of the commentary is Kāvya-prakāśa-pradīpa, simplified generally as Kāvya-pradīpa: so Peterson’s speculation on the name (i 27) is idle trifling.

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² The second verse of this work refers to his Kāvya-pradīpa.

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³ His brother’s verse is cited in ch. x (p. 355) as nadbhrātṛuḥ śrī-harṣasya, but the Naiṣadha is cited by name in the same chapter (p.351) with iti naiṣadha-darśanāt. He laments, in one of the concluding verses, the death of this

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¹ See introd. to N. S. P. ed of the Pradīpa; also the Pandit xiii p. 74f.

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Editions : (1) In Pandit vols. x-xiii by Rāmaśāstrī Bhāgavatācārya (2) with comm. of Vaidyanātha, called, ºPrabhā, in Kāvyamālā 24, 1891, 1912 (our references are to the ed. of 1912) (3) with ºUddyota in Ānandāśrama Series 1911 (4) with ºUddyota (ch. i, ii vii, x) by Candorkar, Poona 1889.

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MSS : (of ºPradīpa) Aufrecht i 102b, 779a ; ii 20a, 193b : iii 22b. SCC vii 14, 15, 18 ; KBod 502, 503 ; SCB 306.

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13. JAYARĀMA NYĀYAPAÑCĀNANA. His commentary is called ºTilaka or Jayarāmī. The commentary called Rahasya-dīpikā by Jayarāma, entered in some catalogues, appears to be an alternative brother Śrī-harṣa, in which however he does not mention him, as he could have done, as the poet of the Naiṣadha.

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name. He seems to be identical with the author of the *Nyāya-siddhānta-mālā*, the *Padārtha-maṇimālā*, and of commentaries on the *Nyāya-kusumāñjali* and on the *Tattvacintāmaṇi-dīdhiti* (Aufrecht i 20a), which works indicate that he was a Naiyāyika. He is described as the pupil of Rāmacandra (or Rāmbhadra) Bhaṭṭācārya and guru of Janārdana Vyāsa. He is cited by Śrīvatsalāñchana and Bhīmasena, but the only writer who appears to quote him extensively is Viśveśvara (as Nyāyapañcānana) in the his *Alam. kaus.* pp. 11, 23, 106, 127, 161, 162, 172, 263, 327. Jayarāma was certainly later than Raghunātha Śiromaṇi (beginning of the 16th century), on whose *Tattva-cintāmaṇi-dīdhiti* he commented, but earlier than the beginning of the 18th century, the date of Bhīmasena.

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MSS: Aufrecht i 101b, 779a, ii 19b, 193b; *SCC* 305, 2154 (Jayarāmī). Extract in Peterson ii p. 107 and Mitra 1447.

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14. ŚRĪVATSALĀÑCHANA¹ and SUBUDDHI MIŚRA. Śrīvatsa's commentary is called *Sārabodhinī*. It is mentioned by Hall² and attributed to "Maheśvara, otherwise called Śrīvatsalāñchana.' Maheśvara appears to be another name of Subuddhi Miśra who, Aufrecht notes, wrote a commentary on Vāmana³ called *Sāhitya-sarvasva*; but Subuddhi also appears to be cited as a commentator on Mammaṭa by Narasimha Ṭhakkura, Vāḍiyanātha (Udāharaṇa-cun°), Bhīmasena and Ratnakaṇṭha. The two are probably different persons, as Bhīmasena and Ratnakaṇṭha cite both Śrīvatsa and Subuddhi Miśra. Śrīvatsa is also the author of an independent work called *Kāvya-parīkṣā*¹, which deals with the general characteristics of poetry and follows in the main the teachings of Mammaṭa. This work may not be identical with *Tattva-parīkṣā* by Subuddhi Miśra (which may the name of his commentary on Mammaṭa), cited by Ratnakaṇṭha and entered by Kielhorn in *Central Prov. Cat.* p. 100. Two other works, *Kāvyāmṛta*² and *Rāmōdaya-nāṭaka*, are also ascribed to Śrīvatsa. As Śrīvatsa cites Vidyānātha, he cannot be earlier than the 14th century; on the other hand, he is earlier than the 17th century, being quoted by Kamalākara (1612 A.D.) and Jagannātha. It appears also that the *Sārabodhini* in many places expands or condenses Paramānanda’s *Vistārikā*.

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¹ Also called Śrīvatsa-śarman, Śrīvatsa-varman or simply Vatsavarman.

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² introd. *Vāsavadattā* p. 54.

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³ Aufrecht's description (*ABod* 208a) of Subuddhimiśra as Subuddhimiśra-maheśvara, as well as Hall's statement, makes one think that the term is not *maheśvara* but *māheśvara*, which is often, as in the cases of Abhinavagupta and Vidyādhara, applied as an appellation of a Śaiva writer. This is

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¹ Aufrecht i 778b, ii 19b.

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² Aufrecht i 103a, ii 20a.

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MSS: Aufrecht i 102a (both under Vatsavarman and Śrīvatsavarman), 779a, ii 20a, 193b; *Madras Catalogue* 12827 (extract).

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15. PAṆḌITARĀJA. This commentator, cited by Ratnakaṇṭha, is probably identical with Raghunandana Rāya, disciple of the legist Maheśa Ṭhakkura (See Jhā’s transl. of *Kāv. prak.* introd. p. ix). He should not be confounded with Jagannātha Paṇḍitarāja.

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thus a surname of both writers, which might have led to their doubtful identification.

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MSS: Stein pp. 60, 269, extract given 1164 (Aufrecht i 19a). Stein's MS of this work goes up to Ullāsa ii only and quotes no authorities except the Miśras and Pratyabhijñākāras. Jhā's MS appears to have been copied in 1637 A.D.

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16. RAVI and RATNAPĀṆI. Ravi is the author of the *Madhumatī* commentary, the last verse of which tells us that the author had a beloved daughter named Madhumatī, after whom the commentary was baptised. He also informs us that he was the son of Gaurī and Manodhara, *alias* Ratnapāṇi, and grandson of Acyuta, who was a minister of Śivasimha or Śivasiddha of Mithilā (about the middle of the 15th century, *IOC* iv p. 875f). Ratnapāṇi or Manodhara also wrote a commentary on Mammata, called *Kāvya-darpaṇa*¹, which is cited by his son and on which the latter's commentary itself seems to have been based. The father and the son are cited by Bhīmasena, while Kamalākara and Narasimha cite the *Madhumatī*-kāra.

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¹ See Peterson iii App. p. 332 where the extract is given (esp. śl. 5). A MS of this work, called *Kāvya-darpaṇa* or *Kāvyaprakāśa-darpaṇa* is noticed in Mitra 3169, and the author's name given as Manodhara.

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MSS: Aufrecht i 102a, ii 20a; *Madras Cat.* 12822-23 *Madras Trm C* 1676; extract in Peterson iii p 332f.

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17. MAHEŚVARA, with the title Nyāyālaṃkāra. His commentary is called *Ādarśa*, or *Bhāvārtha-cintāmaṇi*. He is a Bengal writer, who also composed a commentary on the *Dāyabhāga*. As he is cited by Vaidyanātha he should be placed before the middle of the 17th century, and it is probable that he flourished about the commencement of that century.

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MSS: Aufrecht i 102a, 779a, ii 20a, 193b, iii 22b; *SCC* vii 58. Edition: ed. by Jīvānanda, Calcutta 1876.

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18. KAMALĀKARA BHAṬṬA. He is better known as a legist, and wrote a large number of works on Smṛti and Mīmāṃsā. He was a Mahratta Brahmin of Benares, son of Rāmakṛṣṇa Bhaṭṭa and Umā, younger brother of Dinakara Bhaṭṭa, and grandson of Nārāyaṇa Bhaṭṭa and great-grandson of Rāmeśvara Bhaṭṭa¹. Ananta Bhaṭṭa, who wrote the *Rāma-kalpadruma* at the request of Garibadāsa, minister of Rājā Rājasimha, was his son. Kamalākara’s date is known from the fact that he dates his *Nirṇaya-sindhu* in 1612 A.D. He also wrote a poem called *Rāma-kautuka* in 4 cantos.

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¹ For Kamalākara’s place in the Bhaṭṭa family of Benares, see the pedigree given in V. N. Mandlik’s ed. of *Vyavahāra-mayūkha* p. lxxvi. See also Bhandarkar, *Rep.* 1883-84, pp. 50-1. He is also the author of numerous works on Mīmāṃsā and Smṛti, some of which he mentions at the end of his comm. (see Aufrecht i 80). His descendants still live in Benares.

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Edition: ed. by Pāpā Śāstrī, Benares 1866. MSS: Aufrecht i 101b, 778b; ii 19b, 193b.

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19. RĀJĀNAKA ĀNANDA. His commentary is called *Nidarśana* or *Śitikaṇṭha-vibodhana*². Hall (*Vāsavadattā* p. 16) is mistaken in attributing this work to Śitikaṇṭha and taking it as dedicated to Ananda. The colophon, as well as the first verse¹, of this commentary accounts probably for Hall’s mistake; but the author himself explains that the commentary is so named from the fact that an attempt is made in it to interpret Mammaṭa’s text as having, besides its *ālaṃkārika* meaning, a mystical sense relating to Śitikaṇṭha or Śiva. Mammaṭa himself might have been a Kashmiriian Śaiva; but this leaves no doubt that Ānanda was one, although it is doubtful whether the text lends itself to such an interpretation. The date is given in the colophon as 1665 A.D., although Hall thinks that this is the date in which the MS of the work was copied. Stein remarks: “Ānanda, who composed his commentary in 1665 A.D. is still well remembered in the tradition of Kashmiriian Paṇḍits as the contemporary and friend of Rājānaka Ratnakaṇṭha²”, one of whose known dates is 1648 A.D. Ānanda, therefore, may be assigned to the second and third quarters of the 17th century. Ānanda also appears to have written a commentary on the *Naiṣadha*.

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² The colophon, as quoted by Bühler (*Kashmir Rep.* p. 69 fn), says: *iti śrīmad-rājanakānvaya-tilakena rājānakānandena viracitaṃ kāvyaprakāśa-nidarśanam*. But elsewhere in the Jammu MS of Stein, it says: *iti śrī-kāvya-darśane śitikaṇṭha-vibodhane kāvyôddeśa-darśanam prathamam*, col. to ch. i). It seems that the real name of the comm. is *Nidarśana*, as

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¹ *praṇamya śāradāṃ kāvya-prakāśo bodha-siddhaye*

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² Jammu Cat. p. xxvii fn.

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MSS: Aufrecht i 102a, ii 20a. Extract in Peterson i 74, also in Stein p. xxvii.

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20. RĀJĀNAKA RATNAKAṆṬHA. His commentary is called *Sāra-samuccaya* which, as its Peterson thinks, *Śitikaṇṭha-vibodhana* being an alternative or descriptive name arising from the second meaning relating to Śitikaṇṭha which the commentary finds in the text.

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1 *praṇamya śāradāṃ kāvya-prakāśo bodha-siddhaye*
*padārtha-viv ti-dvārā śitikaṇṭhasya darśyate.* Jhalakikara reads *sva-śiṣyebhyaḥ pradarśyate*, but remarks *atra śitikaṇṭhasya darśyate iti pāṭho vivaraṇa-kārair aṅgīkṛtaḥ.*

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*padārtha-viv ti-dvārā śitikaṇṭhasya darśyate.* Jhalakikara reads *sva-śiṣyebhyaḥ pradarśyate*, but remarks *atra śitikaṇṭhasya darśyate iti pāṭho vivaraṇa-kārair aṅgīkṛtaḥ.*

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title indicates and the author confesses, was composed by a compilation from “the principal commentaries of Jayanta and others.” He cites, therefore, some of the well-known commentaries¹ before his time, among which we find the *Sāhitya-dīpikā* (of Bhāskara), *Sārabodhinī* (of Śrīvatsa), the commentaries of Subuddhi Miśra and Paṇḍitarāja, the *Vistārikā* (of Paramānanda), the *Pradīpa* (of Govinda?), and two other works *Tattra-parīkṣā* and *Rasa-ratna-dīpikā*. This is the same Ratnakaṇṭha who copied the *codex archetypus* of the *Rājatarangiṇī*, mentioned by Stein (introd. p. viif) and also transcribed MSS of the *Saṃketa* of Ruyyaka in 1648, of Rāyamukuṭa’s commentary on Amara in 1655, and of Trilocanadāsa’s *Kātantra-pañcāsikā* in 1673 A.D. He is identical with Ratnakaṇṭha, who was the son of Śaṅkarakaṇṭha and grandson of Ananta-kavi of the Dhaumyāyana race and who wrote a *Stuti-kusumāñjali-ṭīkā* (called *Śiṣya-hitā*) in 1681 A.D., and a *Yudhiṣṭhira-vijaya-kāvya-ṭīkā* in 1672 A.D. (Aufrecht i 489b; Stein, *loc. cit*). These dates range from 1648 to 1681 A.D., during which apparently the literary activity of Ratnakaṇṭha falls.

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¹ For a list of authors cited by him, see Peterson ii p. 17f.

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MSS: Aufrecht i 102a, ii 193b; extract in Peterson ii p. 129 (also ii 16f).

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21. NARASIMHA THAKKURA. His commentary is called *Narasimha-maṇiṣā*. He belonged to the same family as Govinda Ṭhakkura and was fifth in descent from him. The latest writer he cites seems to be the *Madhumatī-kāra* and Kamalākara, and he is cited in his turn by Bhīmasena with the title *nyāya-vidyā-pāgīśa*. MSS: Aufrecht i 101b, ii 19b.

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22. VAIDYANĀTHA TATSAT. He wrote two commentaries (1) the *Prabhā* on the *Pradīpa* of Govinda and (2) *Udāharaṇa-candrikā* on the illustrative verses of the *Kāvya-prakāśa*. The date of the latter work is given in the concluding verse as *saṃvat* 1740 = 1684 A.D. He is probably different from Vaidyanātha, the Maithili grammarian, son of Mahādeva and Veṇī, and pupil of Nāgoji Bhaṭṭa; for our Vaidyanātha is known as the son of Rāmacandra (or Rāmabuddha) Bhaṭṭa and grandson of Viṭṭhala Bhaṭṭa of the Tatsat family, and is referred to by Nāgoji himself. Our Vaidyanātha cites Caṇḍīdāsa, Subuddhi Miśra, the Dīpikākṛt (Govinda’s *Udāharaṇa-dīpikā*), Cakravartin and Maheśa, and is cited by Bhīmasena. He may not be the same as Vaidyanātha Pāyaguṇḍa who wrote commentaries on the *Candrāloka* (see under Jayadeva below).

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Edition : *Prabhā*, ed. with *Pradīpa* in Kāvyamālā 24, 1891, 1912 (our references are to the ed. of 1912). MSS: *Prabhā*. Aufrecht i 102a and b, 779a ;ii 20a. *KBod* 504. *Udāharaṇa-candrikā*. Aufrecht i 102a, ii 20a, 193b. extract in Peterson ii p. 108, in *SCC* vii 54, in *IOC* 1151.

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23. BHĪMASENA DĪKSITA. His commentary is called *Sudhā-sāgara* or *Sudhódadhi*¹. It is dated in *saṃvat* 1779 = 1723 A.D.² He was a Kanauj Brahmin and describes himself as the son of Śivānanda and grandson of Muralīdhara; his genealogy being given thus: Gaṅgādāsa→Vīreśvara→Muralīdhara→Śivānanda→Bhīmasena. He is also the author of two independent works, called *Alaṃkāra-sāróddhāra* and *Kuvalayānanda-khaṇḍana*¹, the latter apparently directed against Appayya's work of the same name, and both referred to in his commentary on Mammaṭa. The last work was composed at Jodhpur while Ajitasimha (1680-1725 A.D.) was still reigning. He also wrote a commentary on *Ratnāvalī*². He cites a large number of commentators, such as Caṇḍīdāsa, Bhāskara, Acyuta, Ratnapāṇi, Ravi, Jayarāma Pañcānana, Vācasapati Miśra, Cakravartin, Ruci Miśra, Murāri Miśra, Pakṣadhara Upādhyāya, Devanātha Tarkapañcānana, Śrīvatsalāñchana, Govinda and Narasimha Ṭhakkura, Maheśa or Maheśvara, and Vaidyanātha.

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¹ The form *Sukhódadhi* given in Peterson’s extract (i p. 94) should be *Sudhódadhi*.

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² Peterson i p. 94.

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¹ The work is also called *Alaṃkāra-sāra-sthiti*, a MS of which is noticed in Mitra 4084 (Aufrecht ii 23a).

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² Aufrecht i 492.

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MSS: Aufrecht i 102a; ii 20a; extract in Peterson i p. 94 and in Jhalakīkara's ed. of *Kāv. prak.*

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24. BALADEVA VIDYĀBHŪṢAṆA, known simply as Vidyābhūṣaṇa. His work, dignified with the name of "a *vṛtti* on Bharata's *sūtra*" (so he calls Mammaṭa's *kārikās*³), is called the *Sāhitya-kaumudī*, on which he himself writes a *ṭippaṇa*, called *Kṛṣṇānandinī*. A work called *Kāvyakustubha* in 9 *prabhās* is noticed and attributed to one Vidyābhūṣaṇa in Stein pp. 59, 268, who appears to be a Vaiṣṇava and probably the same as our author (see pref. to *Kāvyamālā* ed. of the *Sāhitya-kaumudī* and Aufrecht i 101a, ii 19b, 193b, iii 22b). The work deals with (1) *kāvya-phalādi* (2) *śabdārtha-vṛtti* (3) *rasa* (4) *rīti* (5) *doṣa* (6) *dhvani-bheda* (7) *madhyama-kāvya* (8) *alaṃkāras*. He was a pupil of Dāmodara-dāsa (concluding verse and its commentary) and Gopāladāsa (*alias* Rasikānanda, commentary on śl. 1), and the *guru* of Uddhavadāsa. He was a Vaiṣṇava and follower of Caitanya, and wrote various vaiṣṇava works. According to a tradition in Bengal, to which place he belonged, he was a contemporary of Jayasiṃha of Jayapur, who flourished in the beginning of the 18th century. Aufrecht notes that his commentary on the *Utkalikā-vallarī* was written in 1765 A.D. A pun in the first verse of his *Sāhitya-kaumudī* refers, as he himself explains in the *ṭippaṇa*, to Gajapati Pratāparudra of Utkala or Orissa.

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³ See above pp. 164-65.

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Edition : ed. with *Kṛṣṇānandinī* in Kāvyamālā 63, 1897.

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MSS : Aufrecht ii 19b, 193b. The *Sāhitya-kaumudī* (in Oppert 1058), as well as *Bharata-sūtra-vṛtti* in Peterson ii 10, is the same work as ours.

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25 NĀGOJI or NĀGEŚA BHAṬṬA. He wrote two commentaries called *Laghu-* and *Bṛhat-Uddyota*. Also author of a *Udāharaṇa-dīpikā* or *pradīpa* on the illustrations in the text (Stein pp. xxvii, 268). He belongs to the beginning of the 18th century. Also wrote commentary on Jagannātha (q. v.) and other works.

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MSS : *Uddyota*. Aufrecht i 101a (anon.), 102b, ii 20a, 193b, iii 22b ; SCC vii 16, 17, 55 (extract). *Udāharaṇa-dīpikā*. Aufrecht ii 19b (extract in Stein pp. 268-9).

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Edition. *Uddyota* ed. with *Pradīpa* in Ānandāśrama Series 1911 : ed. with text and *Pradīpa* (ch. i, ii, vii and x by Candorkar, Poona 1889, 1915.

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We give below the names of the some of the less known commentators on Mammaṭa (alphabetically):

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(1) Kalādhara. Wrote *Kārikāvali*, which appears to be a synopsis of the *kārikās*. *KBod* 501.

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(2) Kalyāṇa Upādhyāya. Name of comm. unknown, mentioned by Jhā in his introd. to his trans. of *Kāv. prak.* p. ix.

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(3) Kṛṣṇa Dvivedin. Comm. *Madhurarasā*. Aufrecht i 101b.

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(4) Kṛṣṇa Śarman. *Rasaprakāśa*. HPS iii no. 58 (extract; ends with the 5th chapter).

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(5) Kṛṣṇamitrācārya, son of Rāmanātha and grandson of Devidatta : a Naiyāyika, for whose works see Aufrecht i 121b. *Ṭīkā*. Aufrecht i 101b.

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(6) Gadādhara Cakravartin Bhaṭṭācārya. *Ṭīkā*. Mitra 1527 ; *SCC* vii 13.

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(7) Guṇaratna Gaṇi. Name of comm. unknown. Aufrecht iii 22b.

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(8) Gokulanātha Upādhyāya, the Maithili Smārta. *Ṭīkā*, mentioned in Jhā *op. cit.* p. ix. (see chapter on Minor Writers below).

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(9) Gopāla, known as Bhaṭṭa Gopāla or Lauhitya Bhaṭṭa Gopāla Sūri. Comm. *Sāhitya-cūḍāmaṇi*. Aufrecht i 102a, ii 19b ; *Madras Trm A* 1282 ; *Madras Cat.* 12828 (extract). Cited several times in *Kāmadhenu* on Vāmana (ed. Benares, pp. 4, 8, 33 etc.). He is cited also by Kumārasvāmin (p. 93), hence earlier than the 15th century. K. P. Trivedi, however, thinks that this Bhaṭṭa Gopāla of Kumārasvāmin is the same as wrote the *Rasika-rañjanī* comm. on *Rasamañjarī* (q. v.). See above p. 101.

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(10) Gopīnātha. Comm. *Sumano-manoharā*. Aufrecht i 101b. He also wrote a comm. on Viśvanātha (q.v.). End of the 17th century.

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(11) Jagadīśa Tarkālaṃkāra Bhaṭṭācārya, the Bengal Naiyāyika. Comm. *Rahasya-prakāśa*. Aufrecht i 101b (Mitra 1651). He was a pupil of Bhavānanda and lived at Navadvīpa at the beginning of the 17th century.

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(12) Janārdana Vyāsa, pupil of Ananta. Comm. *Śloka-dīpikā*. Aufrecht i 101b, ii 19b. He also wrote commentaries on the *Raghu* and *Vṛtta-ratnākara*.

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(13) Tiruveṅkaṭa, son of Cinnatimma and grandson of Tirumala-guru. *Madras Trm.* A 318. A South Indian writer who quotes Bhaṭṭa Gopāla’s commentary.

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(14) Devanātha Tarkapañcānana. Comm. *Kāvya-kaumudī*. Aufrecht i 101b, ii 19b. Cited by Kamalākara and Bhīmasena. Bharata Mallika on Bhaṭṭi x 73 quotes one Devanātha. See Mitra 1447 where mention is made of an *Ekaṣaṣṭyālaṃkāra-prakāśa* which quotes Devanātha as one of its sources.

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(15) Narasiṃha Sūri, son of Timmaji and grandson of Raṅgaprabhu. Comm. *Ṛju-vṛtti*. Aufrecht ii 19b *Madras Trm.* B 381.

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(16) Nāgarāja Keśava. Comm. *Padavṛtti*. Aufrecht i 101b.

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(17) Nārāyaṇa Dīkṣita, son of Raṅganātha Dīkṣita and brother of Bālakṛṣṇa. Raṅganātha’s commentary on the *Vikramôrvaśī* was finished in 1656 A.D. Hence the date of our author is the end of the 17th century. *Ṭīkā*. Aufrecht i 101b (see also 292a: *AFl* p. 155).

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(18) Bhānucandra. *Ṭīkā*. Aufrecht i 101b. Also wrote a commentary on the *Daśakumāra*.

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(19) Bhavadeva, son of Kṛṣṇadeva of Mithilā and pupil of Bhavadeva Ṭhakkur. Comm. *Līlā*. Aufrecht ii 20a; *Madras Cat.* 12824-25 (extract). Also wrote a commentary on the *Vedānta-sūtra* (IOC 1428). According to the final verse in this commentary the author lived in the reign of Shāh Jahān and composed his commentary at Patna in śaka 1571 = 1649 A.D.

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(20) Madhumatigaṇeśa. Comm. *Kāvya-darpaṇa*. Aufrecht i 102a.

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(21) Yajñeśvara. Comm. *°Vyākhyā*. *Madras Cat.* 12821 (extract).

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(22) Raghudeva. Comm. *°Kārikārtha-prakāśikā*. Aufrecht ii 20a.

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(23) Ratneśvara. Name of Comm. unknown, but referred to by himself in his comm. on Bhoja (cf *A Bod* 209a).

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(24) Rāghava. Wrote an *Avacūri tippaṇa*, mentioned in Jhalakīkara p. 36.

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(25) Rājānanda. Comm. without a name. *Madras Cat.* 12820 (extract); cf Aufrecht ii 20a.

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(26) Rāmacandra. Wrote a *Kāvyaprakāśa-sāra*, which is apparently a summary exposition of the substance of the text. Aufrecht i 102b.

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(27) Rāmanātha Vidyāvācaspati, a Bengal commentator who wrote the comm. *°Rahasya-prakāśa*. Aufrecht i 102a. His commentary on Bhavadeva’s *Saṃskāra-paddhati* was composed in 1623 A.D. (see Aufrecht i 516a).

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(28) Rāmakṛṣṇa. Comm. *Bhāvārtha* or *Kavi-nandinī* (or *°nandikā*). Aufrecht i 102a, ii 20a : also ii 16b.

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(29) Vijayānanda. Comm. a *°Ṭīkā*. *Deccan Coll. Cat.* p. 44. The age of the MS is given as 1683 A.D.

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(30) Vidyā Cakravartin. Comm. *Sampradāya-prakāśinī*, which refers to comm. by himself on Ruyyaka (q.v.) Aufrecht i 102a ; *Madras Cat.* 12826-28 (extract).

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(31) Vidyāsāgara, apparently the title of some commentator, cited by Śrīvatsalāñchana. One Vidyāsāgara wrote a *Kalā-dīpikā-ṭīkā* on Bhaṭṭi, and is cited by Bharata-Mallika (on x 73), and by Rāmanātha on *Amara-koṣa*.

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(32) Veṅkaṭācala Sūri. Comm. *Subodhinī*. Aufrecht i 102a.

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(33) Śivanārāyaṇa Dāsa Sarasvatīkaṇṭhābharaṇa, son of Durgādāsa. Comm. *Dīpikā*. Weber i no. 819; Aufrecht i 102a. He wrote at the beginning of the 17th century. For his other works, see Aufrecht i 649b.

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Besides these, there are numerous commentaries, either anonymous or without the name of the author, some which are entered in Aufrecht i 101b, 778b, ii 20a, 193b. A work called *Kāvyāmṛta-taraṅgiṇī* or *Kāvyaprakāśa-khaṇḍana*, apparently an adverse critique on Mammaṭa, is entered in Mitra 2674.

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