War in Ancient India c11.t1.85

c11.t1.85

These last three methods, upekṣā, māyā, indrajāla, were perhaps recognised, to use modern phraseology, as safeguards for minorities against the unscrupulous aggression of superior powers. According to Kāmandaka, these three expedients are only aspects of the four main upāyas: sāma, dāna, bheda and daṇḍa. He says māyā is an aspect of daṇḍa. So also upekṣā and indrajāla are included as aspects of bheda.¹⁰⁰ As these different kinds of expedients have different objectives in view, each must be applied according to circumstances. If some cases require a combination of one or two methods, that must be also resorted to. In the course of the application of dāna, sāma may also be used. In the course of sāma and bheda, dāna may be used. The section of the Kāmandakīya dealing with this subject is concluded thus: