War in Ancient India c9.s4.9

c9.s4.9

If the ground is level, the army may be arranged on daṇḍa or staff-like array and maṇḍala or circular array; if uneven, bhoga or snake-like and asamhata or detached arrays, and if complex, viṣama or an irregular array.⁷⁸ Kauṭalya speaks of Sama, Viṣama, Hasti, Rathi, Aśva and Patti vyūhas. In all these arrays the fourfold forces are used, unlike the solid phalanx of the Greeks and the Romans, which was a square formation of heavy armed infantry drawn up in rank and file, close and deep. In the samavyūha all the four