History of Dharmashastra (Ancient and Mediaeval Religious and Civil Law in India) v4.c62.496.3

v4.c62.496.3

From this it is clear that in the terminology of Kauṭilya *ari* is a generic expression including actual and potential enemies who will generally be on the borders of the kingdom of the vijigīṣu. A *śatru* is an *ari* who invites attack or destruction or harassment or reduction. That enemy who is plunged in vices or calamities may be attacked and is then called *yātavya*²⁹¹; one who has no support or has only a weak support is to be extirpated; an enemy who is the opposite of this last (i.e. who has a support or strong support) is to be either harassed or to be reduced. Support (āśraya) means a strong fort or a good friend (Kām. VIII. 60). So that a *śatru* is of four sorts (yātavya, ucchedya, pīḍanīya, karśanīya). Harassment is caused to him who is without *mantra* and a strong army, while one who is strong in mantra and army is to be rendered weak in these respects. Both a *śatru* or a *mitra* are of three kinds, *sahaja*, *kṛtrima* and *prākṛta*. A sahaja (natural) friend is one who is related through one's parents (such as maternal or paternal aunt's son); one who is resorted to for wealth or safety is kṛtrima (acquired) i. e. one who has obliged the vijigīṣu or has been under his obligations; and the king who is next to the neighbour (i. e. who is separated from the vijigīṣu by the intervention of the neighbour king) is prākṛta (i. e. because he is a prakṛti, an element in the maṇḍala theory).