History of Dharmashastra (Ancient and Mediaeval Religious and Civil Law in India) v4.c62.496.4

v4.c62.496.4

A *sahaja* enemy is one who is born of the same family (such as a step-brother), a *kṛtrima* is one who is antagonistic or incites antagonists (i. e. one who has caused harm to or who has been harmed by the vijigīṣu), while the immediate neighbour is a *prākṛta* enemy. The Mit. on Yāj. I. 345 very concisely but lucidly explains all these and the four kinds of śatru. The Viṣṇudharmottara (II. 145. 15-16) and the Agnipurāṇa (233. 21-22) say that in their opinion the prākṛta is really kṛtrima. Kām. VIII. 56 also speaks of only two, *sahaja* and *kṛtrima*. Although it is possible that the vijigīṣu's realm is surrounded by many kings, the one who is taken for discussion is the enemy and is to be regarded as in front (*purastāt*) of the vijigīṣu. Therefore in front of the vijigīṣu come in order the ari (immediate neighbour), then the mitra (whose domain is next after that of the ari), then the arimitra (the friend of the enemy who will be immediately after the mitra of the vijigīṣu and so will be the enemy of the mitra), then comes the *mitramitra* (friend of the friend of the vijigīṣu) and then arimitramitra (ally of the enemy's friend). When the *ari* is said to be in front of the vijigīṣu, the ruler of the territory in the opposite direction is said to be in the rear of the vijigīṣu (*paścāt*) and is called *pārṣṇigrāha*²⁹² (lit. one who may seize or attack the heels).