History of Dharmashastra (Ancient and Mediaeval Religious and Civil Law in India) v4.c62.496.5

v4.c62.496.5

He is really an enemy but this special term is applied to him and he causes trouble in the realm of the vijigīṣu when the latter has started on an invasion or is about to start on one. The king who is the ruler of the country beyond the pārṣṇigrāha is called *ākranda* (lit. one for whose help a cry is or may be raised by the vijigīṣu). He would ordinarily be a friend being separated from the vijigīṣu by the realm of the pārṣṇigrāha. The friend of the pārṣṇigrāha (who would be immediately next after the ākranda) is called pārṣṇigrāhāsāra and the friend of the ākranda who would be beyond the pārṣṇigrāhāsāra is called ākrandāsāra. A *madhyama*²⁹³ king is one whose realm is close to (is on the border of) that of the vijigīṣu and that of the *ari* (the immediate enemy in front) and who is capable of helping (or favouring) both of them whether both are combined in alliance or not and who is capable of resisting either of them individually when the two are not in combination. An *udāsīna* king is generally defined as one whose territory is beyond or outside of the sphere of the realms of the vijigīṣu, his enemy in front and the madhyama, who is very strong on account of his elements of sovereignty, is capable of helping the above three kings whether they be in combination or not and who is capable of resisting any of the three when they are not in combination. Kullūka on Manu. VII. 153 differs from this explanation i. e.