Studies in Ancient Hindu Polity (Based on the Arthashastra of Kautilya), Vol. I c8.s2.13

c8.s2.13

प्राक्तः मारदो यश्च सन्नधातुवशात्तथा प्रकृत्या व्याधिभिश्चापि दुर्बलोऽप्यथवापि । viciousness; (2) *suvrata*, clever at mischief; and (3) *vishama*, i.e. having vices of all types. The only way to keep them under control was by punishment and the use of fetters and other means to control their vicious tendencies. For these purposes there were in use bridles (पारायण), leg-chains (परिक्षेप), frontal fetters (उन्नर), hooks (अङ्कुश), and other mechanical devices.