Local Government in Ancient India c17.80

c17.80

Gaṇapatideva-Mahārāja, 266, 267 Gaṅgā, 281 Gaṅgas, 296 Gardens, 110, 223, 255 Garland-makers, 47, 210 Garlic, 257 Gauḍa, 278 *Gautama*, 72, 122, 125, 160, 269 Geldner, 36 Gem expert, 52 General servant, 275 Germany, 5 Ghaṭikas, 285, 286 *Ghī*, 94, 95, 101, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 117 (note), 256, 281 Gifts, collective, 91–4, 99–100, 208–9, 261, 265, 266, 299–302; individual, 88–91, 242 Ginger, 257 Gleaners, 137 Goat-herds, 63 Go-betweens (messengers), 68, 72, 256 Gods, service of, 299–301 Golaki Maṭha, 272, 313 Gold as merchandise, 261, 267, 268; gifts of, 101, 102, 105, 108, 109, 149, 150; standard, 227–8; testing, 231 Goldsmiths, 64, 71, 85, 90, 209, 210, 211, 238, 254, 258, 278, 313 Gopa, 249 Gopīnāth, 269 Goṣṭhi, 92, 93 Govardhana, 97, 98 Government, spiritual factor in, 8; weak central, displaced by strong local, 202 Govindarāja, 29, 31 Govind Singh, 17 Grain, 100, 254 Gram, 257 Grāma (village), 314 Grammar, 283; — halls, 274, 277, 302, 304 Grants for heroism, 293–4, 294–5, 298 Grass, 228 Great assembly, 198–9, 199–200; — men of ancient India, 12–18 Greeks, 8, 115 Grierson, Sir G., 16 Group-formation, characteristic of Indian polity, 317 Groves, 255, 265 Guild members' names on seals, 112, 113; on coins, 115 (note) Guilds, scope of the term, 28; equivalent of Sanskrit *śreṇī* and *pūga*, 34; Vedic references to, require supplementing by history, 36–7; evolved from people-caste, 38–9; imply advanced development, 40–1; references to, in *Vedas*, 41–4; in *Epics*, 44–6; to be respected by kings, 45; Buddhist references to, 46–9, 122; heads of, 46, 47–9; trade, eighteen in number, 48; types of, 82, 122; eligibility of members, 82–3; ineligibility, 83; contributions, 83; duties, 83–4; penalties, proxies and rewards, 84; epigraphic evidence, 88; religious gifts by, 91–4, 99–100; permanence of, proved by their use as banks, 94–6; seals of, 111–13; coins of 114–15; laws of, respected by legal authorities and kings, 124–8; enforced by kings, 128–31