Local Government in Ancient India c17: Index
Local Government in Ancient India c17
- Language
- English
Contents
- c17.177 — 4 parts
Index
c17.1
Ablūr stone, 295 Accountancy, 61, 178, 184, 232-3 Accountants, 127, 139, 167, 178, 183-4, 203, 204, 210, 211, 232-3, 235, 241, 255, 278 Acting, 70 Actors, 68, 70, 74, 86 Adhikārin, 237, 238, 239, 255, 307 *Ādi Granth*, 16 Administrative divisions, 206-7 Adultery, 140, 177 Āḍutarai, 263 Āgamas, 287 Age limit for office, 175, 179 Agrahāras, 183, 285, 286, 287 Agreements, enforcing, 129, 130, 131, 143 Agriculturists, 38, 77, 82, 84 *Aitareya Brāhmaṇa*, 42, 65 Aiyengar, S. K., 189 (note) Ajātaśatru, 50 Ajmer, 16 Akbar, 15, 16 Alderman (jeṭṭhaka), 47 Alexander, 8, 33 (note), 115 Allahabad, 111 Almshouses, 117 (note), 272 Aloewood, 117 (note) Ambalakāras, 209 Ambūr, 295 Ānanda, 51, 65 (note), 195, 197 Anantapur, 294 Anāthapiṇḍika, 46, 51 Āṇḍār-Sundara-Perumāl, 271 Aṅgas, 161, 281, 287 Animal-trainers, 71 Annapota-Reḍḍi, 267 Anointing, 109, 118, 299 Anthill, 228, 248 Anuruddha, 51 Āpastamba, 126, 161 Appeal, king final court of, 133; penalty on losing, 134 Apprenticeship, rules of, 53-4, 75; fixed period of, 55; apprentice to be treated as son, 55-6; his obligations to master, 56-7; exhortation to humility, 57; success of these father-son relations, 58-9, and their great educational value, 59-60; unaffected by caste restrictions, 60-1; Buddhist references, 75-6; fees, 76 *Apūrva*, 282 Arachosia, 8 Arbitrators (madhyasthas), 148, 167, 171, 172, 178, 183-4, 232 *Archæological Survey of India*, 111, 112, 113, 148, 160, 164, 170, 245, 306 *Archæological Survey of Western India*, 92, 99 Archers, 63 Archery, 219 Architects, 71, 278 Areca-nuts, 100, 108, 254, 257, 261, 265, 267; — palms, 255 Arhats, 89 Ariñjaya, Prince, 150 Aristocratic Buddhism, 50 Arjuna, 16, 17 Arms, unlawful bearing of, 217-18, 246, 247 Arrears, 221, 224, 235, 236 *Artha-śāstra* of Kauṭilya, 249-50 Artisans, 71, 82, 90, 91, 122, 125, 130, 133, 134, 135, 208, 249, 256, 270 Artists, 122, 135 Arts as human knowledge, 53 (note), 213; —, low, 67 Aryan culture, democratic, 24; carried from north to south, 306; —— historical evidence, 36-7; castes, 37 Asahāya, 133 Ascetics, 136, 161, 185, 256, 277, 298, 316 Asitañjanā, 77 Aśoka, 9, 89 Ass, riding or driving, 178 Assemblies, types of, 202-4, 308; larger or combined, 204-6; hierarchy of, 206-7; composite, 207-9, 309, 310, 311-12, 313, 314-16 Assessment for taxes, 236, 249-50 Associated life: marked feature of ancient Hindu culture, 1 Association with criminals, 177 Associations, functions of, 27; laws of, 128, 129, 130; government of, 157-9 Astrologers, 71, 74, 211, 316 Astrology, 315 Astronomy, 139 Ātakūr stone, 295 *Atharva-veda*, 43, 194, 195, 196, 279 Attendance at meetings, 195-6 Auctions, 224-5, 248 Audit ordeal, 184, 233; —, king's, 235 Aurangzeb, 17, 18 Axes, 146 Ayyapadeva, 295 Ayyapolil guild, 265
c17.2
Babylon, 79 Bags, 100 Bahugrāma (Bāhūr), 152, 281 Baligāmi, 261 Ballaha, 52 Ballet-dancers, 68 Bamboo-workers, 66, 99, 122, 278 Bāṇa, *Harṣacarita*, 45, 64 Baṇajigas, 262 Bandhuvarman, 93 Bangalore, 294 Banishment, 129, 131, 143, 219, 233 Bankers, guild-seals of, 112, 113 Banks, evolution of, 94-8, 115-22; interest paid by, 97-8, 118-19, 121; credit of, 119-20; in vestments by, 120-1 Banyan trees, 99 Barbers, 66, 211, 258, 278 Bards, 70, 113, 139 Basāṛh (Vaiśālī), 112, 113 Basava, 13 Basket-makers, 63, 66, 72, 76 Baskets, 147, 151, 254, 255 Bath festival, 300 Bathing gods, gifts for, 103, 104, 107, 299; — hall, 121; — oil, 275, 277 *Bauddha*, 287 Baudhāyana, 70, 82, 126, 161 *Baudhāyanīya*, 269, 279, 282 Baṅgavādi, 295 Beads, 265 Beggars, 265
c17.3
Begūr, 287; — stone, 294 Belgami, famous centre of learning, 287, 288. Bell-ringers, 210 Benares, 17, 46, 51, 77, 79, 80 Benches, gifts of, 90, 303 Bengal, 14, 15 Bengali translations, 14 Betel-leaves, 108, 117 (note), 166; — nut, 117 (note); — leaf-sellers, tax on, 153, 166 Bhagavāna, 89 *Bhāgavata Purāṇa*, 14 Bhandarkar, D. R., *Carmichael Lectures*, 114 (note), 189 (note); *Commemoration Volume*, 232 Bharata, 288 *Bhāṣya*, 176 Bhaṭṭa-Nārāyana, 13 Bhaṭṭārikā, 260 Bhaṭṭas, 166, 169, 269, 276, 284 Bhavabhūti, 13 Bhikkus, 58 (note), 61, 68, 69, 189, 190, 192, 193 Bhikṣus, 116-17 (note) Bhīṭā, 111 Bhṛgu, 139, 219 Bihar, 14, 15 Bilhaṇa, 13 Bi-lingual inscription, 268-9 (note) Bimbisāra, 50, 51 Bird-fanciers, 71 Birds, 79; —, science of, 283 Birdwood, Sir George, on village communities, 2 Black arts, 67, 71, 74 Blacksmiths, 48, 71, 77, 90, 151, 209, 227, 258, 278, 313 Blind, 145, 252 Bloch, Dr., 112, 113 Board, or Executive, 157-9, 160-2 Boats, 108, 118, 147, 148, 149-50 Bodhagoṭhī, 92 Bodhisattas, 64, 68, 146 *Bombay*, 14 *Bombay Gazetteer*, 80, 117 (note) Bone-workers, 85 Books and registers, 232, 234, 242-3 (note) Boundaries, 225-6, 228, 238, 240-1 Boundary disputes, 136-8 Boxes, gifts of, 93 Boycotting, 246 Brahmadeya assemblies, 161, 162, 163, 164, 185, 200-2; — villages, 164, 198. Brāhmaṇas, 17, 29, 31, 51, 61, 62, 63, 65, 67, 68, 69, 73, 74, 75 (note), 77, 78, 82, 94, 108, 109, 117 (note), 118, 150, 161, 162, 163, 164, 166, 169, 177, 202, 208, 209, 211, 213, 216, 231, 240, 244, 245, 246, 253, 259, 264, 269, 272, 273, 277, 278, 280, 283, 284, 285, 286, 288, 309, 310, 313
c17.4
Brāhmaṇas, 175.
c17.5
Brāhmanical assemblies, origin and duties, 162-4; types of, 202-6, 308, 309; hierarchy of, 206-7; composite or federal, 207-9, 309, 310; joint action by, 208-9
c17.6
Brāhmanism under the Moguls, 15; Puritanic ideals of, 68-70; prohibitions relative, not absolute, 72-3
c17.7
Brahmapurīs, 285, 287
c17.8
Braziers, 99, 122, 211, 258
c17.9
Bribery, 46, 244
c17.10
Bride, giving away the, 269
c17.11
*Bṛhad Upaniṣad*, 43
c17.12
Bṛhaspati, 70, 74, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 122, 127, 129-30, 131, 132, 133, 135, 139, 140, 144, 145, 157, 158, 163, 197, 217, 218, 219, 233, 251, 253
c17.13
Brinjals, 257
c17.14
British India, 7
c17.15
Brokerage, 254
c17.16
Brotherhoods, 313
c17.17
Buddha, assisted by merchants, 46, 50, 51; by Brāhmaṇas, nobles and kings, 51; and by devout women, 51-2; on public assemblies, 195; opens public hall, 196-7
c17.18
Buddhaghosa, 61 (note), 76
c17.19
Buddhism, aristocratic leaning of, 50, (note); gifts for, 51-2; gifts principally from north, 118
c17.20
Buddhist assemblies, 188-93, 196-7
c17.21
Buffaloes, 95, 104 (note), 152 (note)
c17.22
Bugle, 263
c17.23
Bühler, 74, 92, 93, 99, 161; Bühler-Burgess, *Arch. Survey W. Ind.*, 92, 99
c17.24
Builders (of a caitya), 90
c17.25
Bull-tax, 254, 255
c17.26
Bullocks, 143
c17.27
Bureaucracy, temple, 210-11; delay of, 236-7
c17.28
Burgess, 92, 96, 99
c17.29
Burma, 261
c17.30
Burning-ground, 256
c17.31
Burnouf, 80
c17.32
Butchers, 66, 68, 71, 74
c17.33
Caityas, gifts of, 90, 91
c17.34
Calcutta, 18
c17.35
Calicut, 311
c17.36
Cālukyas, 184, 272, 276
c17.37
Campaka buds, 107
c17.38
Camphor, 107, 109, 118, 265, 267, 299
c17.39
Camphor-oil, 267
c17.40
Caṇḍālas, 62, 63, 65, 68, 278
c17.41
Caṇḍeśvara, 15
c17.42
Caṇḍīdās, 14
c17.43
Cane-workers, 72
c17.44
Caraṇa, 29
c17.45
Caravan-traders, 47
c17.46
Caravans, joint, 79
c17.47
Cargoes of Moṭṭupalli, 267
c17.48
Carpenters, 48, 71, 85, 135, 151, 178, 196, 211, 258, 278
c17.49
Carriage-builders, 66
c17.50
Cartwrights, 63
c17.51
Carvers, 64, 92
c17.52
Carving, gift of, 92
c17.53
Casket, gift of, 93
c17.54
Caste exclusiveness mainly religious, 72-3; no bar to political or social union, 316-17; — villages and quarters, 77-8
c17.55
Castes, low, 65-6, 66 (note), 256; — Vedic, 37-40; mingling of, 61-3; engaged equally in labour, 64-5; exceptions, 65-8; exceptions compared with those of Hindu law, 68-75; villages of, 77-8; laws of, 125, 126, 127, 128; numbering of, 249; questions of, settled by learned assemblies, 269
c17.56
Castor-seeds, 257
c17.57
Catholicity of ancient Hinduism, 278-9
c17.58
Cattle-lifting, 295, 296, 297
c17.59
Cattle-raisers, 38
c17.60
Cave-dwelling, 91
c17.61
Caves, gifts of, 90, 91, 92, 97
c17.62
Census for revenue, 249-50
c17.63
Central India, 14
c17.64
Ceylon, 64, 261, 262
c17.65
Chairs, gifts of, 90, 303
c17.66
Chamber of Commerce, 112
c17.67
Channels, 255, 256, 303
c17.68
Characters on seals and coins, 111: Aśokan, 115; Brāhmi, 115; Gupta, 112; Kharoṣṭhī, 115; Kuṣaṇa, 112
c17.69
Chariots, 146
c17.70
Charities in India, not stereotyped, 288-9; communal, 144-5; temple officials for, 210
c17.71
Charter, a king's, 266-8
c17.72
Chemistry, 283 *Chāndoga-sāman*, 279, 280, 282 *Chāndogya Upaniṣad*, 43, 175 (note) Chikballapur, 153 Chingleput, 147, 148, 154, 198 Chittoor, 259 Chronology, 26 Cisterns, 90, 91, 92, 109, 118, 257, 303 Civet, 267 Clay seals, 113-14 (note) Climbing trees, 255 Cloth-money, 97-8; — tax, 256; — duty, 268 Cloths, 268; — women's, 100, 261, 265 Clubs, 146 Cobblers, 71 Coco-nut, 228, 257; — trees, 255, 300 Co-habitants, 133, 134 Coins of communities, 31, 115 (note); of guilds, 114-15 Cola Empire, administrative divisions of, 206-7; decline of, 291 Colebrooke, *Digest of Hindu Law*, 219, 248 Collector of tolls, 258 Colleges, gifts of, 271-3, 302; — Vedic, 279-80, 281, 281-2, 283, 285, 286, 287 Colonies of culture, 283-8 Commentators, differences of, 28-9 Committees (goṭhīs), 92, 93; — special, 191-3 (*see* Village Committees) Common lands, mortgage of, 290, 291 Commonweal, necessary institutions of, 278 Communal enterprise, scope of, 144-5; — life, institutions of, 28 Communism in solution, 22-3 Companies, 133, 134, 135 Composite assembly, 270 Conch-blower, 210; — shell, 263 Confiscation, 143, 213, 214, 221, 233, 236, 251, 267 Conscription, 217 Constitutional pacts, 130-1 Contracts and compacts, 129, 130 Convening meetings, 186, 188 Conveyancing, 227 Cooks, 63, 76, 77 Coomaraswamy, Dr. A. K., *Indian Craftsman*, 60 (note) Co-operation, 79, 82, 316 Copper, 267 Copper-plate inscriptions, 184, 238, 281 Coppersmith, 278 Corals, 267 Corn-dealers, 92 Corn-ears, 255 Corporations, 30, 111, 112, 122-3, 128, 129, 132, 158, 233, 251, 252, 259-70 Cotton and cotton-thread, 265 Councillor, 258 County (nad), 311 Countries, laws of, 125, 126, 127 Court-martial, 135 Courts of Justice: kinds and relations, 132-5; how graduated, 134-5; lower and local: underlying principle of, 135-6; and its application to boundary disputes, 136-8; local procedure, 138-40; criminal procedure, 140-2 Cowherds, 249 Cows, gifts of, 94-5, 104, 110, 118, 152 (note); fines of, 140, 141; tax on, 254, 255 Craft-guilds, 216, 315-16; — villages and quarters, 76-8 Crafts, low, 65, 66-7 Craftsmen, four classes of, 85-6 Crane, feather of, 263 Cremation, 145; — ground, 256 Criminal law, 140-2 Crop assessment, 254 *Cullakaseṭṭhi Jātaka*, 79 *Cullavagga*, 46, 61, 67 Cultivation committee, 182 Cultivators, 122, 125, 135, 162, 249, 292 Cunningham, *Bhilsa Topes*, 90; *Stūpa of Bharhut*, 92; *Coins of Ancient India*, 114, 115 (note) Curds, 110, 281 Currency, 169, 231-2 Curry, 108 Cuscus, 265 Custom, law of, 127-8 Customs duties, 267, 268
c17.73
Dādū, 16 Dancers, 68, 70, 74, 82, 122, 136, 210, 256, 301 Dancing, 68, 70, 301; — masters, 210 Daśapura, 93, 315 Dasyus, 74 Dates, records of, 242-3 (note) Davids, Rhys, *Buddhist India*, 197 *Dāyabhāga*, 15 Death duties, 81-2
c17.74
Debate, rules of, 186, 188; practice in, 286 Debates, 196 Deeds, 116-17, 209, 226-7 Deer-trappers, 63, 68 Defalcation, 232-3 Defaulters, 148, 176, 221 Deformities, 69 Delhi, 15, 17 Demetrius, 115 Democratic basis of Hindu culture, 1; — development, 22 Deśi-merchants, 265-6 Deśīśvara, 265 Destitute, 83, 145 Devadatta, 33 (note) *Dharma*, 201, 265, 286, 314 *Dharma-śastra*, 281 *Dharmaskandha Brāhmaṇa*, 161 Dharmavardhana, 92 Dharwār, 295 Dicing, 196 Dietary, Brāhmaṇa, 108 Diseased, 145, 252 Dishonesty, 84 Disobedience, 57, 159 Dispensaries, medical, 288 Distress, caused relaxation of caste law, 39, 60; relief of, 144, 145, 163, 252, 289-91; times of, 130 Division (on a motion), 189-91 Doctors, 278, (*see* Physicians) Dog-trainers, 71 Dramas, 283, 301 Drāvidas, 278, 285 Drinking intoxicants, 177 Drivers, 139 Driving, rash, 24 Drugs, 261, 275 Drum, beat of, 107, 118, 188, 300 Drummer, 210 Dry corps, 257 Durgā, 17, 260 Dvārasamudra (Halebīd), 264 Dyers, 71, 77, 122
c17.75
Eating forbidden dishes, 177 *Economic Journal*, 78 Elder (*jeṭṭhaka*), 47, 48-9 Election, supervision of, 170-1; conducted by lot, 171-2, 175; lot method criticized, 172-3; month of, 174 Electoral qualifications, 175-6, 179, and disqualifications, 176-8, 179-81 Elephant forests, 77 Elephants, 52, 261, 267
c17.76
Eloquence, appreciated, 184, 185-6, 194; prayers for, 194 Embezzlement, 233, 246 Emergencies, the test of government, 289 Emperors, made few administrative innovations, 9 Empires, vast, difficult to govern, 7-8; problem of, not wholly mechanical, 8: Mauryan solution, 8-10; Mill on, 10-11 (note) Endowments, 94, 95-6, 97, 98, 116 (note), 148, 149, 154, 166, 168, 169, 271-89, 299 Enemies of guilds, 72, 74; of municipalities, 143, 148, 213, 221 Engineers, 71, 86, 98, 122 England, magnitude of local business in, 5; Elizabethan, 16 Engraving on copper and stone, 239, 240, 242, 262 Epic references to guilds, 44-6 Epics, 283 *Epigraphia Carnatica*, 241, 261, 286, 287, 288; — *Indica*, 89, 90, 91, 97, 101, 117, 153, 155, 182, 184, 228, 238, 279, 281, 295 Epigraphic evidence, confirms literary evidence, 88; summarized and that of N. and S. India compared, 115-19, 122-3, 164-5, 305-7 (and *see* Inscriptions) Eran Sattan, shepherd, 95-6 Erotics, science of, 282 Europe, individualism of, 23; democratic evolution in, 24 Evidence in writing, 138 Ewes, 95, 104 (note), 152 (note) Exchange rates, 105 (note), 151-2 (note) Excommunication, 260, 270 Expiatory ceremonies, 177 Export duty, 268 Exports, restriction of, 163-4 Expropriation, 240 Extortion, 141, 260, 297
c17.77
Factories, 77 Factory-workers, 71 Families, laws of, 125, 126, 127 Famines, 145, 289-92, 303 Federal assemblies, 207-8 Federalism, Mauryan, 10 Feeding-houses (*see* Hostels) Fees and duties, 254-6 Feet-washing, 295 Fencers, 70
c17.78
Fines, for breach of contract, 105, 109; contumacy, 158; *dharmāsana*, 272; failure to protect, 292; interference with water-courses, 230; manslaughter, 140, 141; municipal default, 143, 151, 183, 244, 245, 251; non-payment of levy, 152; obstructing meetings, 186, 188; theft of or injury to cattle, 200; as village taxes, 166, 169 Fire-pans, 109, 118, 166 Fiscal rights, municipal, 252 Fish, 256 Fishers (niṣādas), 71, 137, 147, 151, 303 Fleet, *Gupta Inscriptions*, 93, 116–17 (note), 130; *Imperial Gazetteer*, 295 Floods, damage by, 154, 224; protection tax against, 205 Flower-gardens, 256 Flower-sellers, 63, 67, 76, 77 Flowers, 117 (note), 223 Follet on group organization, 317 (note) Food, persons from whom Brāhmaṇas must not take, 70; principle of the prohibition, 73; distribution of, 265; provided for gods, 299 Forbidden trading, 75 (note);—dishes, 177 Forced labour, 147, 156, 256 Forefathers, usages of, 127 Foreign commerce, 52 Foremen, 47, 90, 91, 139 Foresters, 135, 137 Forest police, 48 Forests, Brāhmaṇa, 77 Forfeiture, 221 Forgery, 178 Fowlers, 71, 137 France, 5 Frazer, 15–16, 18 Freebooters, 87 Freeing trade, 266–7, 268 Free school, 277 Fruit-trees, 228 Fuel (firewood), 275, 281 Functions of local bodies, 27, 28 (note), 212–50
c17.79
Gambling, 248 Gamesters, 70, 74 *Gaṇa*, 29, 32, 307; interpretations of, 31, 33, 34 (note), 129 (note), 314; apparently means a kingless clan, 34–5; as court of justice, 132, 133; as trade body, 138
c17.80
Gaṇapatideva-Mahārāja, 266, 267 Gaṅgā, 281 Gaṅgas, 296 Gardens, 110, 223, 255 Garland-makers, 47, 210 Garlic, 257 Gauḍa, 278 *Gautama*, 72, 122, 125, 160, 269 Geldner, 36 Gem expert, 52 General servant, 275 Germany, 5 Ghaṭikas, 285, 286 *Ghī*, 94, 95, 101, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 117 (note), 256, 281 Gifts, collective, 91–4, 99–100, 208–9, 261, 265, 266, 299–302; individual, 88–91, 242 Ginger, 257 Gleaners, 137 Goat-herds, 63 Go-betweens (messengers), 68, 72, 256 Gods, service of, 299–301 Golaki Maṭha, 272, 313 Gold as merchandise, 261, 267, 268; gifts of, 101, 102, 105, 108, 109, 149, 150; standard, 227–8; testing, 231 Goldsmiths, 64, 71, 85, 90, 209, 210, 211, 238, 254, 258, 278, 313 Gopa, 249 Gopīnāth, 269 Goṣṭhi, 92, 93 Govardhana, 97, 98 Government, spiritual factor in, 8; weak central, displaced by strong local, 202 Govindarāja, 29, 31 Govind Singh, 17 Grain, 100, 254 Gram, 257 Grāma (village), 314 Grammar, 283; — halls, 274, 277, 302, 304 Grants for heroism, 293–4, 294–5, 298 Grass, 228 Great assembly, 198–9, 199–200; — men of ancient India, 12–18 Greeks, 8, 115 Grierson, Sir G., 16 Group-formation, characteristic of Indian polity, 317 Groves, 255, 265 Guild members' names on seals, 112, 113; on coins, 115 (note) Guilds, scope of the term, 28; equivalent of Sanskrit *śreṇī* and *pūga*, 34; Vedic references to, require supplementing by history, 36–7; evolved from people-caste, 38–9; imply advanced development, 40–1; references to, in *Vedas*, 41–4; in *Epics*, 44–6; to be respected by kings, 45; Buddhist references to, 46–9, 122; heads of, 46, 47–9; trade, eighteen in number, 48; types of, 82, 122; eligibility of members, 82–3; ineligibility, 83; contributions, 83; duties, 83–4; penalties, proxies and rewards, 84; epigraphic evidence, 88; religious gifts by, 91–4, 99–100; permanence of, proved by their use as banks, 94–6; seals of, 111–13; coins of 114–15; laws of, respected by legal authorities and kings, 124–8; enforced by kings, 128–31
c17.81
—, organization of: apprenticeship, 53–61, 75–6; craft-guilds, headship of, 76–7; localization of crafts, 77–8; control over members, 78; merchant-guilds, less developed than craft-guilds, 78; partnerships and co-operations, 79–88; banking functions, 94–9, 101–10, 115–22
c17.82
Gujarāt, 14, 315
c17.83
Guntūr, 277
c17.84
Guptas, 112
c17.85
Gurus, Sikh, 16–18
c17.86
Hair, loose-hanging, 263
c17.87
Hall, village public, 146, 196–9
c17.88
Halls, gifts of, 90, 91
c17.89
Handicraftsmen, ancient Indian, secret of their success, 58; kings as, 63–4
c17.90
Hansa Leagues, 78, 100, 261, 312
c17.91
Har Govind, 17
c17.92
Haradatta, 125
c17.93
*Harivaṁśa*, 45
c17.94
*Harṣacarita*, 130
c17.95
Haug, Martin, 42 (note)
c17.96
Heads of guilds, 47
c17.97
Hellas, city-states of, 306
c17.98
Helpless, relief of, 303
c17.99
Hemp, 265
c17.100
Herald, 186
c17.101
Herdsmen, 122, 125, 137
c17.102
Heretics, 128, 130, 247
c17.103
Hermits, 161
c17.104
Heroism rewarded, 218, 293–7, 298
c17.105
Hero-stones, 294
c17.106
Hewers of wood, 67
c17.107
Hierarchy of local government, 206–7
c17.108
Higher learning, 286
c17.109
High roads, 256
c17.110
Hindu India, unaffected by Muhammadan rule, 11–12, 19
c17.111
Hinduism, pre-Mogul, 12; gifts for, 117–18
c17.112
Hindus, 14, 15
c17.113
Hirelings, below slaves, 67, 70–1
c17.114
Historical research, order of, 26
c17.115
Homicide, unintentional, 140–2
c17.116
Honnāli, 295
c17.117
Honour for temple service, 264
c17.118
Hopkins, Prof., 40 (note)
c17.119
Horn, 263
c17.120
Horse sacrifices, 287
c17.121
Horses, 52, 79, 100, 261, 267
c17.122
Hospitals, 275, 277, 278
c17.123
Hostels (feeding-houses), 120–2, 275, 276, 277, 278–9, 280–1
c17.124
‘House of the Guild’, 111
c17.125
Householder (gahapati), 49, 161
c17.126
Hoysala, 52
c17.127
Hultzsch, Dr., *South Indian Inscriptions*, 78, 95, 101, 104, 105, 106 (note), 108, 151, 153, 165, 169, 196, 197, 203, 205, 206, 208, 209, 210, 211, 220, 221, 222, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 231, 235, 236, 238, 239, 244, 245, 254, 255, 272, 283, 301
c17.128
Humanities, Hindu, 283
c17.129
Hunter, Sir W. W., 316
c17.130
Hunters or trappers (*nesādās*), 63, 65, 66, 71, 137, 256
c17.131
Husain Shah, 14
c17.132
Huviṣka, Mahārājā Devaputra, 89
c17.133
Hydraulic-workers, 98, 122
c17.134
Iḍaṅgai community, 204, 262–3; its emblems, 263; combines with Valaṅgais against landlords, 264, 312
c17.135
Idiots, 145, 252
c17.136
Iguana, 228
c17.137
Illusions in smoke, 283
c17.138
Images, 64, 94, 107, 116 (note), 264, 291, 300, 301, 302
c17.139
Immorality, 244, 247
c17.140
Imperial registry, 242
c17.141
Import duties, 267, 268
c17.142
Incest, 177
c17.143
India, ancient, a civilized land, 8
c17.144
Infirm, 145, 252
c17.145
Individualism, restrained in Indian social system, 22–3
c17.146
Indra, lord of speech, 194
c17.147
Indrapura, 94
c17.148
Inscriptions, North Indian, 88–94, 96–9, 110, 116–17 (note), 118, 119, 123, 215, 219, 234, 303, 305, 313, 315:
c17.149
Inscriptions, North Indian (*contd.*) Amarāvati, 91 Beḍsā, 91 Bharhut, 92 Bhattiprolu, 93, 185 Bhinmāl, 117 (note) Gupta, 93, 116–17 (note), 130 Indor, 94 Junnar, 92, 99 Kanheri, 88, 90 Kārli, 88, 91 Kol, 91 Kuḍā, 91 Mahāḍ, 91 Mandasor, 31, 93, 110, 219, 315 Mathurā Jaina, 89 Nāsik, 96–7, 98, 108 (note), 114 (note), 117, 197, 234 Sānchi Stūpa, 89–90, 92 —, South Indian, 94–6, 99–110, 111, 118–19, 120, 122, 146–56, 162, 181–7, 189, 195, 197–9, 199–211, 212–15, 220–33, 235–40, 248–9, 253–7, 259–70, 271–88, 289–98, 300–4, 305, 306, 307, 311–13: Ambāsamudram, 184 Arcot, North, 149–50, 183, 259, 295 —, South, 100–2 Bāgali, 153 Brahmadeśam, 183–4 Chittoor, 259 Cola, 140, 141, 142, 150, 153, 174, 183, 236, 241, 276, 279, 311 Kurnool, 272 Madura, 208–9 Malkāpuram, 277 Manūr, Tinnevelly, 186, 200 Naṅguvaram, 150–1 Nattam, 198 Nellore, 206, 230, 282 Pāṇḍya, 153 Tamil, 198 Tanjore, 94, 95, 244, 262, 306 Tinnevelly, 186 Tirukkovalur, 102–4 Tirunamanallur, 100–2 Tiruppanandāl, 300 Tiruvallam, 245 Travancore, 185 Ukkal, 78, 108, 150, 152, 165, 166, 197, 199 Uttaramallūr, 148–9, 156, 160, 164, 167–81, 199, 202, 231, 245, 306 Vijayanagara, 153 Instrument-makers, 71–2
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Interest, 97, 98, 103, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 116 (note), 117 (note), 118–19, 120, 121, 149, 150, 152 (note), 290, 291 Intruder holds up a village, 244 Iron, 80 Irrigation works, repaired out of public deposits, 120–1; evidence of inscriptions thereon, 146–58; built or repaired by forced labour, 147, 156, and at both private and public cost, 147; maintained by municipality, 147, 148, 154–5, 303; famous Vayiramega tank, 148–9; maintained by farming, 151, 168; irrigation channels, 153, 154, 255, 256, 303; repairs of tank-bunds, 153–4, 169; managed by Tank Committee, 230; land compulsorily acquired for, 230; control of, 230; rates and taxes for, 230 Islam, revolts against, 17, 18 Iśvaradeva of Belagavatti, 295 Ivory, 267 Ivory-workers, 64, 77, 92, 122
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Jack-fruit, 110, 228, 257 Jahāngīr, 16 Jaina terminology, 34 (note) Jainas, 78, 89, 256, 288 Jainism, 117 Jambāvatī, 63 Jambudvīpa, 91 Jananātha-maṇḍapa, 275–6 *Jātakas*, 46, 47, 48, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 76, 77, 79, 80, 146, 197 Jaṭāvarman Vīra-Pāṇḍya, 261 Jāti, 29, 125, 127, 129 Jāts, 16 Jayacandra, 13 Jayadeva, 13, 16 Jayaswal, K. P., 189 (note) Jesters, 70 Jetavana, 46, 51 Jeṭṭhaka, 47, 48, 49, 76 Jīmūtavāhana, 15 Jīvaka, 50, 51 Jñāna-kāṇḍa, 283 Joint family, 22; — stock, municipal, 251–3 Jolly, 55 (note), 188 Judges, 133, 134, 135, 139, 258 Judgeship of guilds, 47 Jugglers, 68, 70, 74 Jyeṣṭhapāda-Somayājin, 283
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Kabīr, 14 Kaccāna, 51
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Kadambas, 153, 287 Kāhāpaṇas, 50, 61 (note) Kaiyaṭa, 33 Kākatiyas, 266, 267, 277 Kākusthavarman, 153 Kalhaṇa, 13 Kalipperumān, patriot, 292 Kamalākara, 15 Kāmaravalli-caturvedi-maṅgalam, 301 Kāmbojas, 30, 216 Kampavarman, 166 Kanakasabhai, V., *The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago*, 234 Kanara, 91, 153, 155, 262 Kāñci, 99, 266, 286, 312 Kāñcipuram, 245, 271 Kaṇhāyanas, 63 Kannaḍa-speaking countries, 288 Kannaradeva, 101 Kapilavastu, 196 Kāpotapākya, 33 Karañja-trees, 99 Karikāla, 311 Kārli, cave of, 88, 91 Karma-Kāṇḍa, 283 Karnam, 255 Kārttikai festivals, 257 Kāsi, 76 *Kāśikā*, 32, 33, 34, 314 *Kāśu*, a gold coin, 102, 264; its relative value, 105 (note), 106, 152 (note); standard, 227-8 Kāttūr, 260, 261 Kātyāyana, 31, 53 (note), 84, 85, 87, 138, 139, 188, 218, 219, 233 *Kauṣītaki Upaniṣad*, 43 *Kauṭilīya*, 29, 30, 34, 38, 39, 77, 84, 121, 127, 137, 138, 140, 143, 211, 215, 216, 217, 218, 224, 249-50, 269 Kāverī river, 100, 121, 154, 206, 224 Kavundas, 209 Kāvyas, 288 Keith, Prof. A. B., 175 (note) Khālsā, 17 Khaskhas roots, 107 Khubiraka, 93 Kielhorn, Prof., 169, 185, 187 Killing, 177 Kil-Muttugūr, 295 Kind, payments in, 83, 88, 118, 150, 151-2, 236 King, endowment for, 110; —, head of state and society in West, 4; of state only in India, 4; must appreciate power of guilds, 45; shares raid plunder, 87; must respect local laws, 125-8, 158, and enforce them, 128-31, 158, 159; judicial functions of, 132, 133, 136; as last court of appeal, 133; as check on municipalities, 151; must respect local governors, 158, and act as umpire in internal disputes, 158; Brāhmaṇa assemblies created and supported by, 162-3; invoked to protect the people, 213, 214-15; power of, checked by assemblies, 234, 311; as auditor, 235; as land surveyor, 235-6; his procedure with revenue defaulters, 236-7; machinery for interference with local government, 237-42; examples of such interference, 243-6; grounds for interference, 247-8; gifts of, to member of corporation, common to all, 253; charter granted by, 266-7, and its renewal and amendment, 267-8; indifference of, to people's welfare made good by assemblies, 290, 291 ‘Kingless’ states, 22, 33 (note), 34-5 King's messenger, 254 Kings as craftsmen, 63-4; —, Muhammadan, ignored by Hindu India, 11-12 Kinsmen, 128, 133, 134 Kīrtivāsa, 14 Kistnapatam, 100 Kolār, 153, 295 Kollidam, 300 Kosala, 51 Koṭṭam, 203, 205, 206, 207, 208, 240, 311 Kṛṣṇa III, 272 Kṛṣṇadās, 16 Kṛta age, 261 Kṣatriyas, 30, 61, 63, 82, 136, 161, 216 Kṣemendra, 13 Kubera, 113, 265 *Kuberavaṃśa*, 265 Kula, 29, 31; various explanations of, 30, 34 (note), 129 (note); as a court of justice, 132, 133, 134; based on kinship, 314 *Kulaśīla*, 68 Kulaśekhara I, 272 Kullūka Bhaṭṭa, 15, 31 Kulottuṅga I, 153, 182; — Cola III, 263, 273, 274, 275, 290, 291, 292, 300 Kumāragupta, 31, 93, 110, 219 Kumārila, 12 Kundavaiyār, 105 *Kūpaśulka*, 267
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Kurram, 206, 207 Kusa, 63 *Kusa-Jātaka*, 64, 76 Kuśīlavas, 70 Kutti, patriot, 298
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Labour, dignity of, 65; Ministry of, 121 Labourers' wages, 151 Lace looms, 257 Lakṣmī, 113 Lalitāditya, 13 Lambs, 101 Lamplighters, 211 Lamp-stands, 101 Lamps, gifts of, 101, 102, 104, 118, 291, 302; fines of, 140, 141, 142; maintenance of, 95, 102, 104, 106, 107, 109, 110, 116–17 (note), 118, 169, 245, 275, 299 Land, communally held, 22, 220, 221; enforced pledge of, 148; forfeited and confiscated, 221; compulsorily acquired, 221–2, 229–30; settlement of, 222; sold and maintained for charitable uses, 222–3; public gifts of, 224; sold by auction, 224–5; transfers, 225–7; boundaries, 225–6; deeds, 226–7; payment, 227–8; rights, 228–9; pre-emption right, 229; survey, 235–6; assessment, 236, 257; revenue, 254–6; privileges, 254–5; — gifts of, 108, 109, 110, 118, 149, 166, 298, 301; grants of, 232, 237, 239–41, 253, 294; jobbing of, 222–5; measurement of, 175, 235–6; sales of, 151, 152, 208, 221, 222–5, 235; shares of, as wages, 152 (note); survey and registration, 182, 235–6, 249; valuation, 248 Land monopoly and social decadence, 67 *Lapis lazuli*, 80 Lata Viṣaya, 315 Law, Narendranath, 189 (note) Law, civil, defined, 127; sacred, above civil, 125, 126; —, Hindu, social stigmas of, 68–9; agree with Brahmanical stigmas, 69, 70, 74–5; of partnerships, 80–4; Institutes of, 160, 161 Laws of local bodies prove status, 124; recognized by law-givers, 125; to be respected by kings, 125–7; kingly obligation to enforce, 128–31
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Lead, 265, 267; — workers, 85 Learned designations, 284 Learning, grant of village for, 283; promotion of, 284–5 Leather-makers, 71, 74, 85; — workers, 66 Legal exclusiveness and social standing, 73–5 Legends, 283 Levy by force, 264 Libation, sacred, 131 Licchavis, 197 Licences, 254, 256, 257–8 Lilies, 110, 255 Liṅgāyat revival, 13, 288; — Śaivas, 262 Literary evidence, method of using, 26; confirmed by epigraphic, 88; criticism of, 111, 164–5, 305 Loans, recovery of, 88; —, emergency, 290–1 Local Government, an earnest of freedom, 21; best school of political training, 21; ——, ancient: protected Hindu culture, 1–2, 19; survived all changes, 2–3, 9; practically *sui generis*, 6–7; state co-operation with, 7; smoothed the way for emperors, 9; study of, useful to government and people, 21; throws light on ancient Hindu democratic development, 22; general view of, 202; *sabhā*, 202, 307, 309; *agrahāra*, 202; *ūrār*, 203, 310; *mahāsabhā*, 203, 307, 310; *nagarattār*, 203; *naṭṭār*, 204, 310, 314; *nādu*, 204–6, 311, 314; hierarchy of bodies, 206–7; two types of, 308–9; parliamentary assemblies, 259–60, 264, 311–12; ——, functions of, 212; protective, 212–19; civil, 219–34; external, 234–50; ——, future, should rest on social grouping of the past, 316–18; ——, modern: two schools of, 20; a combination of these best, 20; conservative development of, promised, 21; ——, Western: importance of, 5–6; created by the central body, 6 Local Government Board, 237–42; the *adhikārin* and his functions, 237–9. Local institutions, ancient, still represented in India, 23; functions of, 27; terminology of, 27, 28–35; groups of, 275–6, 277–9 Logical order, 26
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Logicians, 160 Lokāyata, 287 Looms, 254, 257 Lot, election by, 171-3, 175 Low artists, 70 Lowest castes and classes, 65-6, 74-5 Lüders’s *List*, 89, 90, 303
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Mace-bearer, 72 Māca and Goma, patriots, 295 Madaksira, 294 Mādevi, 101 Mādhava, 275 Mādhavācārya, 15 Madhurāntaka-caturvedi-maṅgalam, great assembly of, 198-9 Mādhva Pūrṇaprajña, 13 *Madras Epigraphy, Annual Reports*, 78, 99, 140-2, 159, 162, 182, 183, 184, 198, 242, 244, 248, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267-8, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279-81, 284, 285, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 296, 297, 300, 301, 302-3 *Madras Review*, 311 Madura, 285, 297 Magadha, 50, 51, 113 Māgha, 13, 288 Magic, science of, 282 *Mahābhārata*, 14, 30, 31, 34, 45, 127, 215, 217, 218, 276, 301 Mahājanas, 198 *Mahā-parinibbānasutta*, 64-5, 195 Mahā-seṭṭhi, 46 *Mahāsīla*, 67 *Mahāvagga*, 46, 49 *Mahāvaṁsa*, 44, 46, 64 Māheśvaras, 101, 211, 273 *Māheśvara Sūtras*, 274 Maine, Sir Henry, *Village Communities*, 159 *Majjhimaśīla*, 68 Majority vote, 189-90; when invalid, 190-1; not allowed on basic questions, 191 *Malabar Manual*, 311 Mālādhar Basu, 14 Malik Kāfūr, 293 Māmallapuram, 203 Managing director, 84 *Mānasāra*, 77 Maṇḍalas (provinces), 206 Mandaram (Mandadam), 278 Mangoes, 110, 228 Mansions, 255
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Manslaughter, 140-2 *Mantra-Brāhmaṇa*, 175, 201 Mantras, 175 *Manu*, 15, 29, 31, 34, 70, 72, 74, 86, 113, 125, 126-7, 129, 136, 160, 161, 162, 177, 178 *Manu-śāstra*, 282 Mārañjadaiyan, 200 Marāthās, 17-18 Marco Polo, 267 Mariners, 47, 266-7 Markets, 77, 254; —, deposits with, 107, 108 Marriage fee, 254; — sacrament, 269-70 Marshall, Sir John, 111 Marudāḍu, 293 Marugal, 300 Masons, 48, 278 Maternity institution, 278 Mathurā, 34 (note), 45, 89 Matthai, Dr. John, *Village Government in British India*, 6 (note), 316 Mauryan Empire, natural difficulties of, solved by decentralization, 8-9; used existing machinery, 9; recognized local autonomy, 10 Mauryas, 96 Mayilārpura (Mylapore), 260 Mayūravarman, 287 Mazumdar, Dr. R., 189 (note) Measure (of capacity), 103, 151 (note); (of surface), 175, 235-6 Meat-sellers, 71 Mechanical engineers, 71, 86 Mechanics, 71, 74 Medhātithi, 29, 70, 74 Medicines, 52, 98, 118, 275 Megasthenes, 121, 234, 306 Memorandum of Association, 143 Mercenaries, 262 Merchandise, 79, 261, 265, 267, 268 Merchant (*seṭṭhi*), importance of shown in Buddhist literature, 46; wealth and influence of, 49-50; — princes, 49, 50, 52; gifts of, 88-91 Merchants, 49, 50, 51, 52, 63, 78-80, 88-91, 100, 135, 162, 203, 208, 211, 259-68, 281, 312, 313; as wanderers and heroes, 78-80, 261; —, guilds of, less developed than craft-guilds, 78; Sopāra guild, 80; Hansa Leagues of, 100, 261, 312; seals of, 112, 113; examples of, from inscriptions, 258-61, 265-6; protection of Kattūr by guild, 260; travel and merchandise of, 261, 265;
c17.160
temples built and repaired by, 261; sub-sects of, 262-6; charter granted to, 266-7, and its renewal and amendment, 267-8 Messengers, 256 Metallurgy, 282-3 Metcalfe, Sir Charles, on village communities, 2-3 Migration of guilds, 93, 120, 315 *Milinda Pañha*, 48, 67 Military arts, 83; — guilds, 87, 215, 216, 217-19; — power, important to the state, 216; — villages, 218 Milk, of ewes, 101, 104, 106, 109, 281; of cows, 104, 110 Milk-bush, planting, 226, 238, 241 Mill, J. S., 10-11 (note) Mīmāṃsakas, 160, 161 *Mīmāṃsā*, 276, 281, 282, 287 Miners, 71 Mines, 77 Mīrā Bāī, 14, 16 Misappropriation, 243-4, 251 Mismanagement, king's handling of, 245-6 *Mitākṣarā*, 15, 30, 32, 34, 134, 314 Moggallāna, 51, 197 Mogul monarchy, 15 Monarchies, ancient Eastern, 24, 113-14 (note) Monarchy, limited by democracy, 234 Monasteries (saṅghas), 31, 97, 98, 273, 302; seals of, 113-14 (note) Money and prices, 105, 106, 114 (note); — changing, 61; — chest, 113; — lenders, 88, 122, 123, 135; — lending, 39, 98, 290-1 Monks, 97-8, 118 Moral delinquencies, 69, 244 Mortgage of village lands, 290 Moss-troopers, 47 Mote-hall, 196-7 Motion (at a meeting), 190 Moṭṭupalli (Mutfili), 266, 267, 268 Muhammadan period, wrongly named, 11-12 Muhammadans, 14, 293 Municipalities: determined by agreement, 143-4; functions spiritual as well as material, 144-5; emergency powers of, 145, 303; maintenance of irrigation works a prime concern of, 147-56, 303-4; penalty of neglect, 151; finances of, held and expended in common, 250-3 (*see* Village Assemblies) Music, 68, 315 Musicians, 70, 82, 86, 210, 315 Musk, 265 Mustard, 257 Mysore, 153, 198, 261, 285, 287, 294; merchant princes of, 52 Mystic cults, 68
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Nāḍus, 204, 205, 206, 207, 238, 240, 255, 259, 292, 310, 311, 312, 315 Nagaras, 204, 205, 259, 266, 307, 311, 312, 314 Nagarattārs, 262, 312 Nagarttas, 262 Nahapāna, 97, 119 Naigamas, 29, 115 (note), 127, 128, 130 Nāiks, 209 *Naiṣadha*, 13 Nakulīsvara, 288 Names of local bodies, 29; interpretations of, 29-35, 313-14 Nānādeśi, 205, 259, 260, 261 Nānak, 16 Nandana, 29 Nandiviśāla, 89 Nārada, 29, 30, 31, 34, 53, 57, 60, 70, 72, 73 (note), 74, 75, 80, 81, 84, 87, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133, 138, 157, 188, 217, 218, 246, 247 Naregal, 295 Nāsir Shāh, 14 *Nāṭakas*, 288 Naṭṭārs, 204, 208, 310, 315 Needy, 265 Night sittings, 186 *Nirukta*, 160 Notification, 117, 159 Nuns, 52 Nurses, 275 Nyāya, 281
c17.162
Oath, 81, 131 Obstruction, 186 Octroi duties, 84, 252, 256 Office, qualifications for, 157-8, 175-6, 200-2; disqualifications, 176-8, 179-81; removal from, 171, 174; tenure of, 174 Officials: Adhikārin, Local Government Minister, 238, 239, 240, 245, 255, 307 Ghaṭikā, 183 Gopa, royal agent, 249 Jeṭṭhaka, alderman, 47, 48, 49, 76 Karaṇattān, accountant, 167, 211 Kāyastha, accountant, 278
c17.163
Officials (*continued*) Madhyastha, arbitrator, 131, 167, 172, 183, 227, 307 Maṭha-pati, 272 Olai-nāyakari, chief executive officer, 242 Pamukha, president, 47, 76 Rahasyādhikṛta, king's private secretary, 237, 239, 240, 241, 307 Salākāgāhāpaka, taker of votes, 189 (note) Senāpati, a royal officer, 237, 245, 307 Seṭṭhi, 46, 49, 50 Śreṣṭhī, 42 Sreṣṭhin, headman, 42, 43, 46 Uttaramantrin, 241 Oil, 94, 95, 102, 103, 108, 109, 166, 266, 273, 291, 299 Oil-millers, 71, 74, 94, 98, 122, 275; — mill tax, 100, 266; — mongers, 94, 99, 100, 122, 258, 266, 312; — presses, 254, 255 Oldenberg, Hermann, on early Buddhism, 50–2 (note) Once-born class, 38 Onions, 257 Orchards, 223 Ordeal, 81, 131, 184, 233 Orders, the three, 160, 161 Organic development, 26 Orphans, 145, 252, 265 Out-castes, 38, 67, 177 Outlaws, 213 Overseers, 90, 303
c17.164
Pabhāvatī, 63 Paddy (rice in the husk), gifts of, 103–4, 105, 149; gifts of service for, 302; price of, 105 (note), 152 (note); rates of exchange of, 105 (note), 151–2 (note); tax on, 257; wages in, 151 Padmagupta, 13 Pagan, 261 Painters, 48, 64, 210 Pāla court of Bihar, 13 Pāli works, 44, 46, 61, 69, 75, 188, 195 Pallavas, 281, 296 Pallis, classes of, 208, 264, 270; forcible levy by, 264; rescue of gods by, 264 Palm-leaves, documents on, 242 Palmyra-trees, 255 Pamukha, president, 76 *Pāṇini*, 32, 33, 34, 216, 274, 275, 302, 304, 313
c17.165
Panjāb, 8, 16 Parakeśari, 227 Parāntaka I, 101, 150, 164, 235; — II, 105 Parāntakanāḍus, 204, 264 Parasol, 263; — bearers, 210–11 Pariahs, 256 *Pariṣat*, 29 Parliament, British, 186 Parliaments, Western, not now chief seats of government, 5 Parru, 207 Partnerships of merchants, 79–80; general laws of, 80–4; special rules of, 85–8 Pasenadi, 51, 196 Passive resistance, 248; extreme cases of, 297–8 Pasture land, 231, 255 Pāśupatas, teachers, 136, 278 Pāṭaliputra, 7–8, 112 Paths, gifts of, 90, 300 Patriotism, local, 215, 292–8, 303–4 Patronage of poets, 265, 285 Payments in kind, 118, 151 Peace, binding over to keep, 212–13 Pearls, 52, 267, 268 People-caste, 37–8; divisions of, 38; developed guilds, 39; quarter of, 77 Pepper, 100, 261, 267 Perundirukkoyil-Ālvār, 293 Percentage, gift of, 100 Perfumers, 77 Perfumes, 261, 267 Periyavāykkāl channel, 153 Philosophy, Hindu, centred in temple, 276, 277 Physicians, 50, 51, 63, 68 (note), 275 Piety, 130, 315 Pigeon-hunting, 33 Pillars, gifts of, 91 Pipal-tree, 198 Plantains, 108, 110, 257 Ploughmen, 71, 74 Plunder, sharing of, 87 Poachers, 71 Pocket-money, 97, 98, 118 Poems, 283, 285 Poet, grant to, 285 Political formation, two types of, 308–9 Police, 66, 72, 218, 219, 256 Polishers, 90 Politics, Western and ancient Indian compared, 4 Pon, 105 Ponds, 256 Poor Law, widening of, 145
c17.166
Poor relief, 145 Pork-vendors, 68 Pots and pans, 79 Potters, 63, 66, 76, 77, 98, 122, 211, 254, 258, 278 Poulterers, 68 *Prābhākara*, 276, 280 Pratāparudra, 15 Prayers for royal patient, 244 Preachers, 68, 316 Precious stones, 52, 261, 267 President (*pamukha*), 47, 49 Price control, 84 Prices, 105 (note), 106, 151-2 (note) Pride of birth, 64, 83 Priestly caste, 37 Priests, as witnesses, 227; at elections, 172, 173, 199; guilds of, 82, 86-7; mercenary, 71, 72, 74 Privileged speeches, 188 Procession paths, 90, 300 Processions, 109, 118, 299-300, 301 Professionals, 162, 203, 208, 270 Professions, choice of, 61; taxation of, 258 Professors, college, 280, 282 Profits, gifts out of, 261, 265-6 Property qualifications, 175, 179, 201-2 Prostitution, 244, 247, 248 Protection of property, 84; — of the people—instances, 212-15; assembly's guarantee, 213; king's help invoked, 213, 214; implies military force, 215; individual heroism 215; military assemblies and guilds, 215-19; — (police and military), 144 Public amusements, 68, 70, 301-2; — hall, 144, 196-9, 303; — institutions, 144-5; — fund, 145, 251-2; — spirit, local, 264, 292, 297, 298, 299, 303-4; — works as trustee investment, 120-1; profits on, held in common, 251; expenditure on, 253; —— department, 229; controls water supply, 229-30; registration, rates and taxes of, 230; upkeeps pasture land and roads, 231 Publicans, 72 *Pudukkoṭṭai*, 298 *Pūga*, 29, 32; meanings of, 31-2, 33 (note), 34, 129 (note); generally means guild, 34; a court of justice, 133, 134, 135; as trading guild, 138, 139; based on citizenship, 314 Pular-Kottan, 274 Pumpkins, 257
c17.167
*Pukkusas*, 66 Punishment of apprentices, 54, 57 *Purāṇas*, 276, 278, 281, 288 Puritanism, Buddhist, 65; Brahmanical, 68-9; Hindu legal, 69-72; special religious significance of, 72 *Pūrṇa*, 80 Purohitas, 210
c17.168
Quacks, 72, 74 Qualifications, membership, of village assemblies, 200-2; of village committees, 175-6, 179
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Raghunandana, 15 Rāhula, 51 Raids, 144, 215, 294, 295-6, 296-7 Rail-bar, gift of, 91 Rājādityadeva, 101 Rājagaha, seṭṭhi of, 46, 49 Rājakesarivarman, 151 Rājarāja I, 119, 151-2 (note), 152, 153, 154-5 (note), 182, 199, 206; 235, 259, 292, 301, 306; — II, 153, 300; — III, 273, 301-2 Rājarāja-caturvedi-maṅgalam, 279-81 Rājaśekhara, 13 Rājāśraya-caturvedi-maṅgalam, 269 *Rājātaraṅgiṇī*, 13 Rājendra-Coladeva, 95, 290 Rājendra-Cola I, 155 (note), 260, 279 Rajputana, 16 Rajputs, 12 Rāmadās, 18 Rāmānanda, 14 Rāmānuja, 13 *Rāmāyaṇa*, 14, 44, 282 Rapson, 115 (note) Rāṣṭra, 206, 207 Rāṣṭrakūṭas, 272 Rathakāras, 269 Razors, 146 Record Office, 117, 232-3 Red flag, 33 (note); — tape, 236-7 Reference, 192-3 Refund, compulsory, 233, 244 Registration, 117, 230, 232-3, 234, 239, 240, 241 Relatives of defaulters and sinners, 176-7 Religious discourses, 315; — orders, 122, 136; — sense, Hindu, modern in tendency, 288-9; — spirit of assembly and people illustrated, 298-302; pervaded all ranks, 302-3 Rents, rates and taxes office, 232 Representatives or nominees, 201, 202
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Reservoirs, 255 Resin, 265, 267 Resolutions, wording of, 192-3 Rest-houses, 144, 197, 230 Revata, 192 Revenue officers, 230, 241; —, sources of, 251-2, 257-8 *Ṛg-veda*, 127, 193, 195, 276, 279, 282, 284 Rice, 103, 108, 166, 264, 272 Rice's *Mysore and Coorg Inscriptions*, 52; *Epigraphia Carnatica* (*see* ante) Rivers and streams, 256 Road maintenance, 146, 156, 231 Robber guilds, 47-8, 87, 122; — tribes, 74 Robbers, disputes among, 136; danger from, 217 Robing, 97, 118 Rock-salt, 265 Rogues, 217 Roman law, 23 Root-diggers, 137 Ropemakers, 85 Rosewater, 267 Rotation of office-holding, 175, 178, 180-1 Roth, 36 Royal gifts to corporations, 251, 253; — interference, grounds for, 246, 247-8 Rudramādevī, 267 *Rūpāvatāra*, 275, 280, 282 Ryots, 148, 156, 240
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Sabhā, strength of, 187; meeting-places of, 195-9; Brāhmaṇa governing unit, 202, 203, 286; a Vedic term, 307; not limited to caste, 309 *Saddharmapuṇḍarīka*, 68 Saffron, 265 Śaivas, 13, 262, 273, 278, 279 Śaivism under the Colas, 273 Śākhā, 34 (note) Śākhoṭaka-tree, 248 Śākiyas, 196 Śākkai Mārāyan Vikramasolan, 301 Salt, 100, 254 Sāman, 283 Samaṇas, 67 Samayas, 259 Samboga, 34 (note) Sambhūya-samutthāna, 29 Samūha, 29, 197 Sandalwood, 265, 267, 268 Saṅgha, 29, 32, 33, 216, 313, 314; apparently means a kingless clan, 34-5; rules of its meetings, 188-93 Śaṅkarācārya, 12, 43 *Sāṅkhya*, 287 Sannyāsins, 18, 273 Sanskrit translations 14; — terms, 28-35, 307 Saracenic culture, 24 Sarasvati-Bhāṇḍāra, 284 Sāriputta, 51 Sarkar, B. K., 189 (note) *Śāstras*, 77, 145, 275, 276, 282, 283, 287 Sastry, H. K., 189 (note), 232 *Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa*, 43 *Satyāṣṭa* (*ādha*)-*Sūtrā*, 282 Sāvatthi, 51, 76, 77, 79, 80 Sāyaṇācārya, 13, 42 (note), 194-5 (note), 196 Sciences studied by Hindus, 282-3 Scribes, 139 Sculpture, 294, 296, 297 Sealing-wax, 265 Seals and sealings, N. Indian, 111, 112, 113 Seamen's guild and a charter, 266-8 Seat-regulator, 193 Secretary, king's, 236, 237, 239, 240, 241; —, chief, 236, 237, 240, 241 Sedition, 213, 221 Self-sacrifice, 292, 295, 296, 296-7, 297-8 Śembaikkuḍi, 273 Semitic culture, monarchic, 24 Serfs, 249 Servants, 70-1, 74, 143; hospital, 275, 278; temple, 210, 211, 302 Seṭṭhi, 46, 49 Sewell, 208, 211 Shāh Jahān, 17 Shakespeare, 16 Share (agrahāra), individual unit in village government, 202 Shareholders, village, 201 Sheep, fine in, 141; gifts of, 85, 86, 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 118; value of, 106 Shepherds, 94, 95, 122, 254, 302 Shimoga, 153, 295 Ships, jointly chartered, 79; wrecked, confiscated, 266-7 Shopkeepers, 72, 258 Shops, 254 Shrines, 256, 299, 301 Sikhs, 16, 17 Silk ball makers, 85; — cloths, 264; — thread, 265, 267
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Silt removal, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152, 169 Silver, 115, 268 Silversmiths, 85, 258 Sindhuvalli, 153 Singers, 70, 117 (note), 210 Singing, 68, 70, 117 (note), 301-2 Sins, five great, 177 Śīrāla-Pillayār, 300 Śīrāvalli, 259, 260 Siri-Sātakaṇi, Rājā, 90 Śiva, 102, 213, 265, 281; as teacher of grammar, 274-5 *Śivadharma*, 121 Śivājī, 18 Śivayogins, 107, 273, 277 Skandagupta, 94 Slaves, better treated than hirelings, 67; as witnesses, 139 Sluices, 149, 150, 153, 154, 229, 303 Smith, V. A., *Early History of India*, 33 (note) *Smṛti-Candrikā*, 30, 31, 83, 84, 85, 114 (note) *Smṛtis*, 68, 133, 135, 143, 157, 158, 160, 162, 186, 188, 197, 217, 233, 251, 283, 284, 287, 303, 305 Snake-catchers, 71, 74, 137; — charmers, 63 Socialism in solution, 22-3 Society, separate from State, 3 Soldiers, 82, 128, 135, 216-17, 262, 294, 316 Somadeva, 13 Somaṅgalam, 154 Sopāra, 80 Sorcerers and witches, 136 Special committees, 191-3, 231 Spells, for speakers, 194; science of, 282 Spenser, 16 Spiritual factor in government, 8; — life, municipal provision for, 144, 145 Spooner, Dr. D. B., 113 Śrāddha, 69, 70, 73 Śraiṣṭhya, 42, 43 Śramaṇas (Jainas), 78 *Śrauta Sūtras*, 282 Śreṇī, 29; variously explained, 29-30, 33, 128 (note); distinguished from pūga, 32; generally means guild, 34, 314; as a court of justice, 132, 133, 134, 135; as traders, 138, 139; as soldiers, 216, 217 Śreṣṭhatā, 43 Śreṣṭhin, 42, 43, 46 Śrīraṅgam, 210 Śrī-Bhārata, 282 Śrī-Caitanya, 14 Śrī-Harṣa, 13 Śrī-Kṛṣṇa, 18 Śrīvaiṣṇavas, 210, 280 Śrutimans, 263 *Śrutis*, 158, 283 Stables, 256 Stage, encouraged by royalty, 301 Stalls, 254 Stamp duty, 257 State and society, 3; —, functions of, restricted in India, 3-4; extended in the West, 4 'Steel-yard', 115 Sthānikas, 211, 249, 307 Sthānattār, 211 Stone-cutters, 90; dressers, 85; fence, 256; polishers, 90; memorials carved on, 294, 295, 296, 297 Stones, boundary, 226, 238, 241 Stories, 283 Story-telling, 315 Strangers, 144, 145, 230, 273, 277 Street-sweeping, 66 Students, order of, 161; — provision for, 274, 275, 277, 278-9, 280-1, 283 Subandhu, 288 Śūdras, 18, 39, 77, 82, 136, 139, 140, 246 Sugar, 281; — cane, 257 Suicide, 141; —, as last protest, 297, 298 *Śukranīti*, 135 Sun, temples of, 93, 94, 316 Sundara Pāṇḍyadeva III, 214, 274 Śuṅgas, 96 Supervisors paid less than labourers, 151 Suppāraka, 79 Surāṣṭras, 30, 216 Surat, 18 Sūrdās, 16 Surgeons, 275 *Sutta-Vibhaṅga*, 66, 78 Sword, washing the, 295 Symbols, communal, 263; of merchants' guild-seals and coins, 113, 114
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Tailors, 72, 211 *Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa*, 196 Tālagunda, 153 *Talavakāra-sāman*, 279, 280, 282 Tamarind-tree, 197, 198 Tamerlane, 15
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Tamil evidence, 234, 311; — poets, 285; — sailors, 268-9 (note) Tanjore, 94, 95, 106, 107, 108, 119, 147 (note), 152 (note), 244 Tank Committee, responsibilities of, 155; — endowments and finance, 155-6, 166; —, famous, of Vayiramega, 148-9; —, gift of, 110; cleaning, 151; tax, 254 Tanks, 144, 146, 147, 148-56, 229, 256, 265, 303-4 *Tattvabodhini*, 33 Tax as gift, 100, 266; — free land, 109, 147, 205, 229, 232, 239-40, 256-7, 300; —— village, 256, 260 Taxes, exemption from, 149, 256-7; local and royal, 254-6; general scheme of, 257-8 Taxila, 114 Teacher and taught, personal relationship of, 59-60 Teachers, free school, 277; head, 279; of arts, 70, 76; of grammar, 274, 277; of logic, literature, and the āgamas, 278; of religion, 277; of *Vedas* and *Sūtras*, 178, 276, 277, 278, 280, 282 Teaching, piece-work payment for, 280 Teg Bahādur, 17 Telugu, 133, 170, 185 Temple, gift of, 93; funds of, banked, 106; acting as bank, 117 (note); as school of local government, 209; officials of, 209-11; collective management of, 211; royal interference in, 243-4, 245; voluntary service to, 264; as school of philosophy, 276, 277; as money-lender, 290, 291; building of, interrupted by famine, 291-2, collective gift of, 301; reconsecration of, 293, 302 Temples, construction of, 265, 275, 299; provision for, 299; —, tax-free, 256 Terms, general, do not imply looseness of structure or function, 27; Sanskrit, various and often of doubtful meaning, 28-35; existence of, proves reality of institutions designated, 35; transplanted from North to South, 307 Terra-cotta, 111 Theatrical performances, 68, 70, 301 Theft, 140, 177 *Thondai-Maṇḍala-paddayam*, 311 Thread, 100 Threshing-floor, 256 Tiger, killing a, 297; — skin, 265 Tiles, 255 Tin, 265; — workers, 85 Tiraimur, 187 Tirucchattimuram, 273 Tiruccheṅgāttāṅgudi, 300 Tirukkacchūr, 266, 290 Tirupputūr, 293 Tiruvaraṅgulam, 292 Tiruveṅgavāśal, 301 Tiruvorraiyūr, 274, 302, 304 Toddy-drawers, 254, 255, 256 Toleration, ancient Hindu, 278-9 Tolls, 84, 100, 252, 256, 258; collector of, 258 Torch-bearers, 210 Tortoise, 228 Town Hall, 197 Towns, gifts by, 91, 93 Trade dealings forbidden to Brāhmaṇas, 75 (note); — teaching, 58-60; — union, 235 Traders, 38, 39, 48 (note), 82; 112, 113, 122, 125, 135, 249; —, guild-seals of, 112, 113 (see Merchants) Trades, low, 65, 66-7, 68-75 Traitors, 213, 248 Trappers, 63, 65, 71 Travellers (strangers, visitors), 144, 145, 230, 273, 277 Treason, 159, 247, 248 Treasurer, king's, 47, 49, 61, 76; —, village, 185, 211 Treasuries, 218, 231 Tree-planting, 99, 255 Trees, 255, 257 Trial by one's peers, 135 Trichinopoly, 153, 263 Triraśmi, Mount, 98 Tribal communities, two types of, 24; Aryan type, developed into democratic states, 24; Semitic types, developed monarchically, 24-5; more primitive than Indian institutions, 25 Trumpet summons, 186 Trustees, 92, 166 Tukārāma, 18 Tulsīdās, 16 *Tulsi-krit-Rāmāyana*, 16 Tumblers, 68 Turmeric, 257 Twice-born classes, 37, 39, 60, 125-6, 161, 162
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Ugappar, 228 Ujjeni (Ujjain), 80, 92
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Ukkal, 78, 108, 165-7 United Kingdom, 5; — States, 5 Unrest, associated with weak central government, 291; how dealt with by local bodies, 291-2 Untouchables (polluting castes), 65-6, 256 *Upāṅgas*, 287 Upaniṣads, 16, 40 (note), 43 Ūrār, 203, 208 Urrattur-nādu, 204 Uru, 206, 207 Uṣavadāta, 97, 119 Utkar, 108 Uttaramallūr, two famous inscriptions of, 167; committee of for gold-testing, 231 Uttarapāñcāla, 47 Uṭṭatūr, 263 Uyyakoṇḍān channel, 153
c17.177.1
Vācaspati Miśra, 15 *Vaikhānasa-śāstra*, 282 Vaikhānasas, 78 Vaiśālī (Basāṛh), 112, 113 *Vaiśeṣika*, 287 Vaiṣṇavas, 14, 262, 272 Vaiṣṇavism, 13, 14 Vaiśyas, 61, 82, 136, 139, 161, 265, 275 (*see* People-caste) *Vājasaneya*, 279, 280, 282 *Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā*, 195, 196 Vajjians, 195 Valaṅgai, 204, 263-4, 312 Valañjiyārs, 260, 262 Validity of meetings, 193 Valika Ārāma, 193 Vallabha Ācārya, 14, 16 Vāmaśakti, 288 Varaguṇa-Mahārāja, 184 Vargas, 138-9 Vasiṣṭha, 70, 72, 126, 129, 138 Vāsudeva, 63 Veda, followers of the, 130; gift of college for reciting the, 271; popularity of, 276 *Vedāṅgas*, 283 *Vedānta*, 280, 282 Vedāntadeśikācārya, 13 Vedas, as original records of Hinduism, 36; references in, to guilds, 36-7, 40, 41; knowledge of, a qualification for office, 136, 139, 157, 160-2, 175, 176, 201; references in to assemblies, 193-5; legal respect for, 246; colleges and hostels for students of, 271, 279-81, 281-2; schools for study of, 275, 276, 277-9 Vedic period, defined, 39 (note); — society, differentiation of, 37, 41; castes of, 37-8; sub-divisions of people-caste, 38-9 Vedisa, 92 Vehicle tax, 257 Velagiri, 91 Velaikkāra community, 262 Venkayya, Mr., 120, 148, 169, 170, 175, 206, 306 Vesālī, 65 (note), 192 Vidyāpati, 14, 16; — Thākur, 14 Vijayanagara Empire, 13 Vijaya-nṛpatuṅga-varman, 281 Vijaya-Nandivikramavarman, 102 Vijñāneśvara, 15 Vikrama-Cola, 243 (note), 265, 301 Village assemblies, as charitable trustees, 100-10, 119; wider in scope than guilds, 123;
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their agreements, 129, 130; authorized to try cases, 133, 134, 135; decided cases without reference to governors, 140-1; maintained tanks, 144, 147-56; executive officers, number and qualifications of, 157-8; executive to be respected by the king, 158, and its decisions enforced, 159; disobedience treated as treason, 159; number and composition of administrative boards, 160-2; had developed different functions and organs, 164-5; various names for these, 184-5; attendance at meetings, 188, 195-6; majority vote, 188-9; validity of meetings, 193; oratory at, 193-5; meeting-place — the village hall, 196-9; full meetings of, 199; accounting to, 200; membership qualifications, 200-2; Brāhmaṇa types of, 202-4; joint action by, 208; absolute proprietors of village lands, 220-1, 229; public works of, 229-31; currency control, 231-2; secretariat and records, 232-3; check to kings, 234, 311; as collectors of royal revenues, 234-7, 253; reception of royal orders by, 238, 239, 240-2; as trustees of royal properties, 243; royal interference with, 243-50; limits to powers of, 246-7; sources of revenue, 251-2, 257-8; distribution of revenue, 252-3; local revenue, 253-4; charges and duties, 254-6; exemptions, 256-7; educational work, 285; efficiency of, in times of famine and unrest, 289-92; protected cultivators, 292; appreciated local patriotism, 292-8; religious spirit of, 298-303; secular benefactions of, 303-4; system of, probably carried from North to South, 306-7;
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