Theory of Government in Ancient India (Post-Vedic) c8.s5.65

c8.s5.65

Such is the theory of the Arthaśâstra. It constitutes the most complete statement of Hindu ideas on government. It exercised a deep influence on the thought of subsequent generations. Quotations from Kautalya or references to him may be traced in numerous Brahmanic and Jain niti writers, poets and story-tellers. Nor were direct abridgments wanting. For instance, it was on Kautalya that a later writer, Kâmandaka, who flourished probably in the 8th century A.D., based his celebrated versified Essence of Policy. He rearranges the ideas of his master and here and there offers explanations of his own. He thinks that the seven elements of sovereignty are dependent on one another. The king, of course, is the most important of them all. In Kâmandaka, as in other Hindu writers, Râjan or Swâmin often conveys the sense of government or state. Not only economic prosperity but also morality, aye, the very life of the people, depends on the king. The king must protect the people. That is why the people pay him revenue. He dilates on secret as distinct from open punishment. Royal favourites who may grow too powerful and oppressive may be got rid of by poison, secret weapons, etc. Kâmandaka revels in the doctrine of Mandala when he treats of inter-state relationships. He would permit unfairness in war when it may be necessary.¹