Studies in Cola History and Administration c11: Appendix I
Studies in Cōḻa History and Administration c11
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Contents
- c11.s1 Pallava Inscriptions — 91 parts
Appendix I
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A select list of inscriptions from Uttaramērūr chronologically arranged.
Pallava Inscriptions
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Dantivarman.
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Year 7. (c. A. D. 782) *Peruṅguṛi Sabhā* sells land to a *Svāmikumāra Caturvēda Sōmayāji* for digging a tank and raising a bund for it—the tank being called *Svāmikumārakuttaṃ*. (80 of 1898.)
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Year 9. (c. A. D. 784) A private endowment accepted by the *Sabhā* for dredging the *Vairamēgha* tank. The *Sabhā* ordered that the proceeds of the endowment must, without being spent in any other manner, be utilised every month by the *vāriyar* for the time being for dredging the tank (*kuḷi-kuttuvadāka*). (74 of 1898).
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Year 21, day 122. (c. A. D. 796) *Sabhā* made a *vyavasthā* (settlement) regarding the lands of the cultivators owning lands in the village (*emmūr pūṇi uḍaiya kuḍigaḷ*) (61 of 1898).
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Nandivarman.
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(c. A. D. 850) A detailed regulation of an *arcanā-bhōga* (endowment for worship) by the *Sabhā*. Four *paṭṭi* of land was set apart for a *Brahmacāri Brāhmaṇa* who could repeat the Veda and was of good character (*pārāyaṇa-mārgam vēdam vallāṇayuktaṇāgiya*) carrying on the *arcanā* in the Tiruppulivalam-uḍaiyār temple. The appointment was to be for a term of three years on each occasion. The date of the record is obtained by reading this together with No. 72 of 1898 of year 24 of Nandivarman. (71 of 1898).
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Nṛpatuṅgavarman.
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Year 16. (c. A. D. 865) No mention of the *Sabhā* as such. The *vāriyapperumakkaḷ* were to protect the endowment, by a lady, of 13 *kalañju* of gold for a lamp. (63 of 1898).
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Vijayakampavarman.
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Of uncertain date. Hultzsch suggests that he might have been a brother of Nṛpatuṅga (E. I. VII. p. 196) and remarks apropos of the Nandi-Kampēśvara temple at Śōḷapuram (North Arcot): "As the alphabet of the inscriptions of Vijayakampa, Kampavarman or Vijayakampavikramavarman resembles that of the inscriptions of Vijaya Dantivikramavarman, Vijaya Nandivikramavarman and Vijaya Nṛpatuṅgavikramavarman, I feel tempted to explain Nandi-Kampa by ‘Kampa the son of Nandi’ and to assume that Kampavarman was a son of Nandivikramavarman and a brother of Nṛpatuṅgavikramavarman."
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Year 6. Mentions a share including house and *śrāvaṇai* (*maṇaiyum śrāvaṇaiyum uḷḷiṭṭa oru paṅgu*) l. 2. (64 of 1898).
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Year 8. Endowment by a member of the executive committee of the *Ūr*; *emmūr-yāḷuṅgaṇattar*. (63 of 1898).
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Year 8. *Sabhā* orders some fines accruing from certain defaults to be set apart for the Vairamēgha *taṭāka*. (85 of 1898).
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Year 9. A *vyavasthai* (settlement) by the *Sabhā*. (7 of 1898).
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Year 10. A record by a member of the *yāḷuṅga-nattar*. The members of the tank committee (*ēri-vāriya-pperumakkaḷ*) are mentioned.
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Year 18. Mentions the members of the tank committee for each year (*avva-vāṇḍu ēri-vāriya-pperumakkaḷē*) l. 5. (65 of 1898).
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Year 21. A large endowment of 200 *kalañju* yielding 30 *k.* as interest for dredging the Vairamēgha taṭāka and the grateful recognition of it by the *Sabhā*. (84 of 1898).
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*Cōḷa Inscriptions.*
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*Rājakēsari and Parakēsari records (unidentified).*
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.....Kēsarivarman, Year 3—The residents of Śaṅkarappāḍi in the north bazaar of Uttaramēru-caturvēdimaṅgalam take fifteen *kalañju* of gold from an individual and agree to keep a perpetual lamp burning in the temple of Mahādēva at Tiruppulivalam. (78 of 1898).
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*Parakēsarivarman.*
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Year lost—The year committee (*samvatsara-vāriya*) of every year was, on behalf of the *Sabhā*, to supply, from an endowment, one quarter of a measure of oil every day for a lamp before the Mahādēva of the eastern structure, in the temple of Jyēṣṭhā on the banks of the lake in Kumaṇapāḍi. (10 of 1898).
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*Parakēsari.*
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Year 16, day 267. The *Mahāsabhā* of Uttaramērūr assigned tax-free land to the temple of Mahādēva in the neighbouring village of Tiṭṭāttūr. (4 of 1898).
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*Rājakēsari.*
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Year 8. Land sold tax-free by the *Sabhā* for feeding twenty Brahmans daily in the temple of Kurukṣētra in the village. The *Mahāsabhā* ordered that the charity should be administered by those who managed the temple affairs. (40 of 1898).
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Year 8. A resolution (*javasthai*) of the assembly not to take *paṭṭikāḍi*. (?) The meeting is described in the quaint terms: *abāla-vṛddhar-amaiya epperppaṭṭadum niramba-kkuḍi-yirundu* i. e., "everybody including the young and the old met and sat in the full assembly." (62 of 1898).
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Year 17. An order (incomplete) of the *Mahāsabhā* on endowments for worship in two temples of the locality (*emmūr*). (91 of 1898).
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Year 26, day 280. A gold endowment, for a shed for the supply of drinking water, bearing interest at 3 *mañjāḍi* per *kalañju* or 15%, placed under the purview of the members of the tank committee (*ēri-vāriyañjeyyum-perumakkaḷ*) doing duty from year to year. (75 of 1898).
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*Parāntaka I.* (*A. D.* 907—*c.* 952).
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Year 12 (*A. D.* 919). Settlement of the constitutional rules for the election of committees of the *Sabhā*. (2 of 1898).
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Year 14 (*A. D.* 921). Revision of the rules mentioned in the last record. (1 of 1898).
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Year 15 (*A. D.* 922). Inscription of the *Sabhā*; also mentions *Mahāsabhai-ttiruvaḍi*. The *Ūr* sold some lands to two temples for lamps and offerings. The duty of administering these charities was, by the orders of the *Mahāsabhā*, ordinarily the work of the *samvatsara-vāriyam*; but in this instance the *Ūr* was allowed to undertake the duties. (8 of 1898).
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Year 15, day 55, (*A. D.* 922). A resolution of the *Sabhā* regulating procedure to be followed for testing the fineness of gold in the transactions of the village. Nine persons neither too young nor too old were to be chosen from among the tax-paying citizens by the method of pot-tickets—māḍavidiyār to elect four, Sēnai (?) to elect two, Śaṅkarappaḍi to elect three; and their duties and relations to the ēri-vāriyam and samvatsara-vāriyam were defined in detail. (12 of 1898).
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Year 16. (A. D. 923). The Sabhā decided that a road that had been submerged and had therefore become unfit for use even by cattle, should be renewed and widened by the purchase of land from the ryots, and assigned the duty to the garden committee and an officer called ūr-mēl-ninṟa-tiruvaḍi. (9 of 1898).
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Year 24. (A. D. 931). An endowment of gold for a lamp, by the son of a member of the ruling group (aṭuṅgaṇattār), left by the Sabhā under the supervision of the tank committee. (58 of 1898).
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Inscriptions of Kaṇṇaradēva who took Kacci and Tañjai towards the close of Parāntaka I's reign.
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Year 18. An endowment, by a Brahman lady, of 12½ Kalañju of gold left in charge of the Ūr of Uttaramērūr for a lamp, the charity to be supervised by the samvatsara-vāriyam of each year. The inscription was engraved under orders from the Mahāsabhā. (89 of 1898).
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Year 23, day 296. An inscription of the Mahāsabhā. It is a record of an assignment of taxes or dues from Uḷḷiyūr by the Ūr of Uttaramērūr to the temple of Īśvara in Uḷḷiyūr itself, said to be in the southern division (tenpiḍakai), as provision for music for śrībali thrice a day. The record also says that the people of Uḷḷiyūr will themselves protect the temple and that no
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chief so ever shall enter the temple (eppērppaṭṭa kōvum puga-pperādāgavum). (41 of 1898).
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Year 25. An interesting but difficult record containing a resolution of the Peruṅguṟi Sabhā relating to fines and their prompt collection; mentions grāma-kāryañjeyyum-perumakkaḷ of every year. (77 of 1898).
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Inscriptions of Pārthivēndravarman,* the contemporary of Āditya II.
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Year 2. Order of the Peruṅguṟi Sabhā making some lands tax-free. The Ūr agreed not to collect any iṟai from these lands. (S. I. I. III 152; 88 of 1898).
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Year 3. The Peruṅguṟi Sabhā gave land as vyākhyāvṛtti to the person who expounded the vyākaraṇa-śāstra in that town. (S.I.I. III 161; 18 of 1898).
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Year 3. The Peruṅguṟi Sabhā gave to the temple some of the land which had fallen to the village for default in paying its dues (iṟai-yiṟādu ūr-nōkki viḷunda bhūmi). (S. I. I. III 162; 17 of 1898).
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Year 4. The Peruṅguṟi Sabhā records its sale to a merchant of some land to be endowed by him as Śrībalibhōga. The land was made tax-free. (S. I. I. III 171; 55 of 1898).
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Year 5. Inscription of Peruṅguṟi Sabhā. Land was set apart as tax-free viṣaharabhōga. The appointment to the place of viṣahara (curer of poisons) was to be made from time to time by the Sabhā. (S. I. I. III 177; 36 of 1898).
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∗ It is not improbable that this was only another name of Āditya himself. See S. I. I. III No. 158.
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Year 7. The *Peruṅguṟi Sabhā* declared some land belonging to a temple tax-free after getting *pūrvācāram* from an individual. (S. I. I. III 183 ; 79 of 1898).
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Year 12, day 326. The *Mahāsabhā* remitted, after receiving *pūrvācāra*, taxes on some lands purchased from the agriculturists (*kuḍikal*) of the village by queen Tribhuvaṇamahādēvi and handed over by her to a Viṣṇu temple erected by Koṅgaraiyar as provision for *śrībali*. Those who violated this charity were to be amerced 25 *kalañju* each by the *Śraddhāmantas* themselves. (S. I. I. III 194 ; 49 of 1898).
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*Inscriptions of Rājarāja I Rājakēsari.*
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Year 9, day 158. (*c.* A. D. 994) An incomplete record. Mentions the *mukha-maṇḍapa* of the Tulābhāra-śrī-kōyil as the place where the assembly met to regulate the payment by the several castes and communities of Uttaramērūr of fines imposed on them. (197 of 1923).
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Year 22. (*c.* A. D. 1007) Gift of sheep by a lady of Vāmaṇaccēri for a lamp in a temple. The *Pēriḷamaiyār* were responsible to the *Sabhā* for the maintenance of the lamp. Punishment for default was meted out by the ‘annual supervision committee’ (*samvatsara-vāriyan-jeykinṟa perumakkaḷ*) along with *śrī vaiṣṇavarāṇa emberumāṇaḍiyār*, the devotees of the temple. (163 of 1923).
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Year 23. (*c.* A. D. 1008) Endowment of lamps by a merchant of Naḍuvilaṅgāḍi and a resident of Gōvindaccēri. The *Viraḻanattar* were made trustees for the merchant’s gift. (187 of 1923).
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Year 23. (*c.* A. D. 1008) Gift of sheep for a lamp by a merchant of Teṟkilaṅgāḍi (the south bazaar). The *Kaḷigaṉattar* were trustees. (189 of 1923).
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Year 25, day 154 (c. A. D. 1010) Land given by Peruṅguṟi Sabhā for tiruccennaḍai to the temple of Puruṣōttama. (177 of 1923).
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Year 26. (c. A. D 1011) Sheep endowed for a lamp by a lady of Gōvindaccēri were left in charge of the residents of Paṇmaiccēri. (190 of 1923).
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Year 29. (c. A. D. 1014) Sheep for lamp by a lady of Trivikkiramaccēri. (178 of 1923).
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*Inscriptions of Rājēndra I Parakēsari*
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(with the *Tirumaṇṇi vaḷara* introduction.)
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Year 5. (c. A. D. 1017) Land given by the Mahāsabhā for daily offerings and worship and certain festivals and for a flower garden to Śrīkṛṣṇa in the temple of Koṅgaraiyar, called Rājēndra-śōla-viṇṇagar. The land was left in charge of the Śrī Kṛṣṇagaṇapperumakkaḷ. (174 of 1923).
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Year 6. (c. A. D. 1018) Apportionment by the Peruṅguṟi Sabhā of shares in the arcanā-vṛtti among the four vaikhānasas of Koṅgaraiyar-śrī-kōyil in lieu of those held by them at Araśāṉimaṅgalam (171 of 1923).
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Year 19, day 343. (c. A. D. 1031) Reclamation of waste land by the Peruṅguṟi Sabhā, and gift of the land as provision for offerings to the image of Anantanārāyaṇa on the third storey of the temple. Provision was also made, among others, for the recitation of Tiruvāymoḷi hymns by three persons during the morning and evening services. (176 of 1923).
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Year 26, day 180. The Mahāsabhā sold land, and exempted it from the levies called śittāyam, pañcavārum, śillirai, eccorukkuṟṟarisi, aṟrukkāl amañji; also ērikkāḷi, pāḍakanellu, uḷavirai, nīrrilai and other piḍiyaiyirai.
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This land was intended to provide seven *kuruṇi* of paddy daily to three persons reciting the *Tiruvāymoḻi* hymns in the temple of Veḷḷaimūrti-Āḻvār of the Rājēndra-śōḷa-viṇṇagar. The same assembly made a gift of two separate plots of tax-free land, one as *vājasanēya-kkiḍaippuṟam* and the other for a festival on the day of Punarvasu in the month of *māśi*. (194 of 1923).
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Year 30. (*c.* A. D. 1042) Sale of land made tax-free by the *Peruṅguṟi Sabhā* to the temple of Rājēndra-śōḷa-viṇṇagaram for a flower-garden and a *maṭha* called after Kundavi Āḻvār for feeding Śrīvaiṣṇavas. (184 of 1923).
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*Inscriptions of Rājēndracōḷadēva-Parakēsarivarman* (with no characteristic introduction).
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Year 3. The *Peruṅguṟi Sabhā* endowed sheep for lamp to Veḷḷaimūrti-Āḻvār temple. The record refers to *Iraṇḍupakkattu-ppēṟiḷamaiyār* as trustees for the lamps in the temple. (185 of 1923).
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Year 3. The *Peruṅguṟi Sabhā* gave land for offerings to Rāghavadēva in the temple of Veḷḷaimūrti-Āḻvār and for a flower-garden, with the stipulation that the food offered at the two services should be given away to the Śrīvaiṣṇavas reciting the *Tiruppadiyam* hymns. (181 of 1923).
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Year 4. Land given tax-free by the *Mahāsabhā*, also called *Peruṅguṟi Mahāsabhā*, of Uttaramēlūr alias Rājēndra-śōḷa-caturvēdimaṅgalam as *Bhaviṣya* (paviḷiyak)-kiḍaippuṟam, so that some one might reside in the place permanently and impart instruction and enjoy the proceeds of 720 *kuḻi* of land.
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Year 4. Similar gift by the Mahāsabhā of 240 kuli of land as Taittirīya (tayittiriyak)-kiḍaippuram.
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Year 4, day 84. The Mahāsabhā, also called Peruṅguṛi Mahāsabhā, made the hereditary appointment of a Śivabrāhmaṇa as arcaka in the local temple of Subramanyadēva. (53 of 1898).
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Inscriptions of Kulōttuṅga I-Rājakēsari.
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Year 9 (c. A. D. 1079) An endowment by a private individual of thirteen good current kāśu (anrāḍu-naṟkāśu) left with two Bhaṭṭas of the temple who converted the money into 2½ pāḍagam * of land. agreed to pay the antarāyam on the land and maintain a perpetual light in the temple, and gave an undertaking to the same effect on behalf of their successors also. (57 of 1898).
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Year 46 (c. A. D. 1116) The Peruṅguṛi Sabhā ordered the remission of taxes on thirty pāḍagam of land purchased by a person and granted by him along with a house-site (purchased from other resources) for the maintenance of a maṭha, called Aruḷāḷadāsan, which he had founded. The land had been lying fallow for sixty or seventy years and was now called Śōḷaviccādiraviḷāgam after the donor. The tax on the land was remitted for the year (46) then current, but for the years following 5 kāśu per annum was to be levied as iraiyilikkāśu. Other taxes such as piḍaguivari, uppu-kāśu etc., were remitted altogether. The local Śrīvaiṣṇavas were to supervise the charity under the general control of the Śrīvaiṣṇavas of the eighteen nāḍus. † (168 of 1923).
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∗ A pāḍagam was indefinite in extent. (Nos. 5 and 8 of 1898). † The names of these are nowhere mentioned. See A.R.E. 1923 II. 33.
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Inscriptions of Vikrama-cōḻa Parakēsari.
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Year 11. (*c.* A. D. 1129) Gift of land by a private individual to the temple of Veḷḷaimūrti-emberumān. The record mentions *Śrīvaiṣṇava-vāriyar*.
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(188 of 1923).
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Year 15. (*c.* A. D. 1133) The *Mahāsabhā* executed a sale-deed-in-discharge-of-debt (*iraṇa-krayāvaṇa-kkai-yeḻuttu*) in favour of the Ēkambam-uḍaiyār temple. The *Sabhā* had obtained a loan of the temple in year 13, and by the month of *kārttigai* in the fifteenth year, the debt including interest amounted to 230½ *kāśu*. This sum was demanded by the temple authorities including the *Mahēśvaras* and accountants, and as the *Sabhā* was unable to pay down the money, it met the claims of the temple by transferring to it some land which, with the capitalised value of the minor dues on it that were remitted, amounted to the sum of the debt due to the temple. The *Sabhā* was declared to be free, after the date of this transaction, from all dues to the temple other than 500 measures of ghee on the day of Tiruvādirai in the month of Mārgali and the transfer of Veṇṇaikkūṭṭanallūr (the land sold in lieu of the payment of the debt); and all other claims recorded on copper, stone and palm-leaf were declared cancelled. Veṇṇaikkūṭṭanallūr was thenceforth to be called by the Śiva-nāme Tiruvēkambanallūr, and was to be so entered in the land-register (*pottakam*) of the village and tax-account (*vari*).
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(68 of 1898).
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Inscriptions of Kulōttuṅga III Parakēsari.
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Year 26, day 300. (*c.* A. D. 1214) At the request of one Bhāraśivan Tiruvīraṭṭāṉam-uḍaiyāṉ alias Kulōttuṅga-śōḻa Paṇḍitan, who had the birth-right (*jaṉmakkāṇi*) of worshipping at the *mātṛsthānas* of the village, a
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certain Cēdirājan obtained the sanction of the king for a tax-free gift of ten *vēli* of land as *arcanābhōga* to the shrines of two Piḍāris, Vaḍavāyircelvi and Tiruvāṇḍal. The king also sanctioned this transaction being engraved on the walls of the temple of Veḷḷaimūrti-nāyaṇār, and ordered the *Sabhā* and the *taṇḍuvān* to enter it in the accounts as tax-free. We have duplicate records of this transaction, the king’s sanction and the execution of the order by the *Peruṅguri Sabhā*.
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(175 of 1923 * and 76 of 1898).
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Year (3) 7. (c. A. D. 1215) The *Mahāsabhā* of Uttaramelūr *alias* Rājēndra-śōḷa-caturvēdimaṅgalam entered into a fresh agreement with the *Māhēśvaras* and the *Sthānattār* of the temple of Tiruppulivalam-uḍaiya-nāyaṇār regarding the future administration of old endowments for eight perpetual lamps. These endowments were: (as recorded in the Tiruppulivalam-uḍaiyār and Naḍuvil temples)—four lamps for 100 *kalañju* of red gold taken charge of by the Assembly for the time being (*eṅgaḷ pūrvapuruṣahaḷ*, ll. 3-4) from Rājamārtāṇḍa *alias* Aparājitavikramavarman on the occasion of a solar eclipse in the fourteenth year of his reign; (as recorded in the Naḍuvil temple)—*one* lamp for 12½ *kalañju* taken from a private individual in the 18th year of Kaṇṇaradēva who took Kacci and Tañjai; *two* lamps to be maintained from proceeds of the sale of land given for the purpose by an individual in the thirteenth year of Parakēsarivarman who took Madura; and *one* lamp for 12½ *kalañju* taken from another person in the fourteenth year of the same king. In the 37th year of Tribhuvanavīradēva, when the *Māhēśvaras* called upon the *Sabhā* to keep to its engagements, it was unable to do so (*ivviḷakkukku nittattēvai-yiṟukka muḍiyāmaiyil*, ll. 11-12) and had to persuade the temple authorities to accept a less onerous schedule of obligations for the future. (67 of 1898).
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∗ By some mistake this record is treated as one of Rājarāja III in *A. R. E.* 1923, II 41. It is clearly one of Kulōttuṅga III. The *taṇḍuvān* is not heard of in No. 76 of 1898 which records the execution of the order by the *Sabhā*.
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Year 38, day 233. (c. A. D. 1216) In recognition of useful additions to the structure of the temple carried out by a courtesan, the *Mahāsabhā* conferred on her certain hereditary rights in the temple of Rājēndra-śōḻa-viṇṇagar, with the concurrence of the trustees of the temple—*kōyiṟ-tāṉattār kaṇḍu*. (172 of 1923).
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Inscriptions of Rājarāja III Rājakēsari.
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Year 3. (c. A. D. 1219) Some further rights during the car-festival conferred upon the same courtesan by the *Mahāsabhā*. (180 of 1923).
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Year 29. (c. A. D. 1245) The *Mahāsabhā* of Uttaramēru *alias* Gaṇḍagōpāla-caturvēdimaṅgalam conferred similar rights on a certain Śīyaṉācci *alias* Śrī-vaiṣṇava-māṇikkam in recognition of further improvements made by her in the temple. (183 of 1923).