An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v2.c28: A

An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v2.c28

Language: English

A

v2.c28.1

**Abanpalli,** Dt Chandrapur. Early Stone Age (Lower Palaeolithic [4.2]) site. *IAR 1961-2*.

v2.c28.2

**Abar,** Dt Bharatpur. Site with PGW [11.14] and Kushan red ware. *IAR 1971-2*.

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**Abbasganj,** Dt Basti. Site with NBPW [11.16]. *IAR 1963-4*.

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**Abbihalli,** Dt Kolar. Megalithic [4.17.8] site. (Same as **ABHIHALLI?**) *IAR 1971-2*.

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**Abchand,** Dt Sagar. Three rock-cut caves with paintings [13]. *IAR 1959-60*; *1960-1*.

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**Abdulpur,** Dt Dholpur. Site with PGW [11.14] and black-and-red ware [11.6.3]. *IAR 1964-5*.

v2.c28.7

**Abha,** Dt Saharanpur. OCW [4.12] site. *IAR 1967-8*.

v2.c28.8

**Abhihalli,** Dt Kolar. Site with Megalithic stone circles [4.17.8]. (Same as **ABBIHALLI?**) *IAR 1972-3*.

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**Achal-Saheb,** Dt Gurdaspur. Remains of the early historical period [4.18.1] including black-and-red ware and Red Polished Ware [11.23]. *IAR 1961-2*.

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**Acharapakkam,** Dt Chingleput, Megalithic site [4.17.9]. See **PERAMBAIR**. *ASI-AR*, 1908-9, p. 92.

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**Acheja,** Dt Bulandshahr. PGW [11.14] and grey ware site. *IAR 1959-60*.

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**Achenna,** Dt Nilgiri. Megalithic site [4.17.9]. Sewell, R., 1882, *List of Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras*, Madras, p. 227.

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**Achhala,** Dt Panch Mahals. Mesolithic site [4.5]. *IAR 1972-3*.

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**Achhola,** Dt Allahabad. Grey ware with painting, similar to that from **KAUŚĀMBĪ**. *IAR 1959-60*.

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**Adadra,** Dt Panch Mahals, Mesolithic [4.5] site. *IAR 1972-3*.

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**Adaggapaddi,** Dt Dharmapuri. Megalithic [4.17.9] site. *IAR 1969-70*.

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**Adamankottai,** Dt Dharmapuri. Early historical [4.18.12] site. *IAR 1969-70*.

**Adamgarh,** Dt Hoshangabad, with a small group of natural rock-shelters [14.1.1], a large number of which exist in the Vindhyan hills in c. India clothed with fairly thick forest vegetation readily providing suitable habitat for wild animals. The shelters formed by the natural process of differential weathering of the sedimentary rocks are valuable for the investigations of Stone Age cultures as quite a few of them contain prehistoric habitational deposits. The location of the Adamgarh hill, about 2 km s. of the Narmada river at Hoshangabad, is very suitable for tracing the cultural sequence and stratigraphy in the undisturbed deposits in rock-shelters and for attempting a correlation of the material exposed in the cliff sections on the NARMADA between Hoshangabad and Narsinghpur which region has long been known for its rich prehistoric potentialities.

v2.c28.19

Although the rock paintings [13] of Adamgarh were first noticed in 1922 (Ghosh, 1932; Gordon, 1958) Stone Age artefacts were discovered here only in 1935 by de Terra and Teilhard de Chardin (de Terra & Paterson, 1939, p. 322). Following the discovery of Lower Palaeolithic [4.2] as well as Mesolithic [4.5] implements on the hill the site was explored from time to time by several scholars and a large number of Palaeolithic tools were obtained from the surface or from the pockets exposed in the stone quarries on the hill. With a view to investigating the Palaeolithic and Microlithic potential of the site and to tracing evidence for dating the rock paintings the author conducted a systematic excavation in 1961 on this hill both in the rock shelters as well as on the open ground in front of them on behalf of the ASI.

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The Palaeolithic stratigraphy revealed in the excavated trenches shows a laterite deposit resting on the quartzite rock which in succession is overlain by partly hardened sandy gravelly deposit and a sticky red clay, the last two derived from the underlying laterite. Above them and partly enclosed within these deposits is the fragmentary talus or debris containing Palaeolithic implements. The surface soil resting on the implementiferous bed is composed of red silty clay with a few dark humus patches here and there. Wherever the tool-bearing talus is absent the red sandy clay is extremely eroded and on the resultant uneven surface the microlith-bearing dark soils rest with a clear erosional unconformity. None of the deposits is laid down by water and the surface dark clays seem to have been deposited by wind.

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Nearly all the Lower Palaeolithic implements are made on quartzite and fine-grained sandstone that are locally available in the Vindhyan rocks on the hill or as river pebbles. Most of the tools are on flakes obtained from rock blocks or pebbles and consist of handaxes, cleavers, choppers, scrapers, points and flakes, discoids and cores. The standardized forms like handaxes and cleavers constitute about 20% of the total tool collection. Techno-typologically the industry belongs to the typical Acheulian culture but in the absence of clear stratigraphic evidence no further divisions within the Acheulian are possible.

v2.c28.22

In some trenches the debris containing Lower Palaeolithic tools is overlain by layers of rock fragments containing tools of smaller dimensions. Thus chronologically the industry belongs to the early post-Acheulian stage. The tools are generally made on quartzite and rarely on chert, chalcedony or vein quartz. It is an assemblage of scrapers, points and flake-blades typologically comparable with other Indian Middle Palaeolithic [4.3] artefacts.

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The topmost deposit on the hill is the black clay. It is a massive deposit without any partings or layers produced by water action. In mineral contents and chemical composition it is the same Black Cotton Soil [9.1] occurring on the Narmada terrace surrounding the hill. This clay is the horizon of Mesolithic (Microlithic) industries and yields quantities of microliths and waste material. In one trench the finished tools were about 5000 and the waste material weighed approximately 250 kg. The tools are made on siliceous minerals like chert, chalcedony, jasper, agate, etc., pebbles and chunks of which must have been obtained from the adjoining river bed as no geological formation on the hill contains these minerals. In the tools the most predominant are points and blades (point-and-blade industry) and also include borers, awls, scrapers, burins, triangles, trapezes and cores. A detailed analysis of tools obtained from successive levels from a deposit nearly 1 to 3 m thick clearly indicates that the earlier microliths belong to the Mesolithic stage and the later ones show Neolithic-Chalcolithic [4.6.14] affinities. This is also borne out by associated objects like pottery, animal bones and stone objects like mace-heads. A thin deposit occurring at the top at places yields iron objects and beads; a coin of the historical period has also been found.

v2.c28.24

The animal bones [15.1] found associated with the Mesolithic cultures include both domesticated animals (dog, zebu or one-humped cattle, buffalo, goat, sheep and pig) and wild animals (lizard, porcupine, horse or donkey, *barasinga*, *sambhar*, *chital* and Indian hare), almost in equal proportions. Thus the Mesolithic industry reveals a hunting-based economy and a nomadic (camp) life. There is no evidence of agriculture or pastoralism. The presence of domestic animals may at the most suggest some sort of Neolithic tradition hitherto unrecognized. In a way it is comparable with that of the Natufians of Mount Carmel who lived as a primitive group in the milieu of a Neolithic environment. Some fragments of human bones have been found in the Mesolithic level but the Palaeolithic deposit has not yielded any animal or human bones. It may be mentioned that a large number of thoroughly mineralized animal bones occur in the sediments forming the Narmada cliffs. On the basis of typological comparisons of the tools of the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic cultures obtained in the excavation with those associated with the animal fossils in the Narmada alluvia the lithic cultures appear to be the late Middle Pleistocene to the Late Pleistocene [9.8.2], approximately falling within the time range 200000 to 20000 years B.P. The ¹⁴C date of shells associated with the earlier microliths is 7450±130 B.P. and that of the uncharred bones from the upper level is 2845±105 B.P.

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Most of the rock-shelters at Adamgarh as well as those situated on the BHIMBETKA hills on the n. bank of the Narmada lying not far from Hoshangabad, as also those from PACHMARHI, Mirzapur, etc., in the Vindhyan region, possess rock paintings made in red, dark brown and white colours. Although no direct evidence of the antiquity of these paintings has been found in the excavation a systematic study of the paintings—style, depicted objects, superpositions, etc.—has been recently carried out by Wakankar (Wakankar and Brooks, 1976). According to him only a few paintings belong to the Mesolithic phase while the rest are of Chalcolithic [4.14], early historical [4.18] and medieval periods.

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The Adamgarh hill thus seems to have been a much frequented site from the Palaeolithic through the Mesolithic down to the early historical and medieval periods. During prehistoric times its convenient situation in the vicinity of a perennial stream met the basic needs of water. The thick forested hills on both banks of the river provided animal and vegetable food. Natural rock-shelters on the hills could have served as emergency shelters during rains and also as a defence against wild beasts. The rock fragments in the talus on the escarpment side and pebbles from the adjoining river were within easy reach for the manufacture of implements for hunting and digging up edible roots. In the later periods when man acquired the knowledge of cultivation the fertile black soil of the adjacent Narmada plains would have been useful to him. Although no palaeoclimatic deductions can be made from the available evidence it seems broadly that the climate was more humid during the Palaeolithic times but gradually became dry towards the Mesolithic.

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de Terra, H., & Paterson, T.T., 1939, *Studies on the Ice Age in India & associated Human Remains*, Washington. Ghosh, M., 1932, *Rock Paintings & other Antiquities of Prehistoric & Later Times*, Mem. ASI, 24. Gordon, D.H., 1958, *Prehistoric Background of Indian Culture*, Bombay (for rock paintings). Joshi, R.V., 1978, *Stone Age Cultures of c. India*, Poona. Wakankar, V.S., & Brooks, R.R.R., 1976, *Stone Age Paintings in India*, Bombay.—R.V. JOSHI

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**Adichanallur, Adichchanallur, Adittanallur** (80°50′; 76°40′), Dt Tirunelveli, an urn-burial site of the s. Indian Megalithic complex [4.17.10], haphazardly excavated in 1876 by Jager (mentioned in Rea, 1915) and more extensively by Rea between 1889 and 1905, with a short spell of exploration by Louis Lapique in 1903-4. The urn-burials of the site are a part of the typical pure urn-fields that are found in a large part of the s.most Tamil Nadu Dts—Madurai, Ramnad and Tirunelveli—with a spillover all around, including the neighbouring coastal parts of Kerala. They are singularly free of any lithic appendage, except that at Adichanallur itself there are low heaps of quartzitic chips which are largely found in the bed rock in this locality. Those chips are believed to mark the tops of the pits where the urn-burials were interred. It is not clear from surface explorations in the areas outside this primary urn-burial zone, especially in Pudukkottai and Coimbatore, whether urn-burials of these areas, which are a significant part of the interment in the spectacularly quarried and dressed slab-cist tombs—typical megalithic monuments—have a cognate kinship with those of the extreme s. of Tamil Nadu. There are certainly some differences in the associated elements at Adichanallur in the types and fabric of the pottery and in the large variety of bronze objects, the like of which is not forthcoming from any of these other areas, in the characteristic forms and sizes of the iron objects which include impressive quantities of hoe-spades, triple-forked spears, horse-bits [15.19] different in form from those, for example, of Dt Chingleput as indicated in the types excavated at SANUR, and in the occurrence of a serrated carnelian blade from one of the burials. The bronze objects which include vegetal, animal, bird and other naturalistic forms, apart from perforated sieve-basins, and an unusual and outstanding example of a bronze statuette of the mother goddess (Aditi?) [12.6] which bears resemblance to the typical repoussé gold-leaf figures of the mother goddesses found in the Ganga valley at LAURIYA-NANDANGARH and PIPRAHWA, all of possibly pre-Aśokan affiliation. In pottery not only are the types generally less than medium in size with several diminutive examples of the bowl, dish, carinated pot, *loṭā*, knobbed lid, etc., but some of the pots have white-painted Black-and-red Ware [11.15] designs also on them. Such paintings have been noticed elsewhere at T. KALLUPATTI and Madurai (Annupanadi) in Dt Madurai and in the Megalithic levels of SANGANAKALLU and HALLUR. It is not clear if these ceramic traits are earlier or later than the standard stage of the pre-Christian period to which the urn-burials of Adichanallur themselves can be assigned.

v2.c28.29

The burials proper would seem to give an impression from the published descriptions that complete bodies in crouching and bent positions were stacked into the urns. The general evidence of the urn-burials in Chingleput and other Dts of Tamil Nadu and outside is that only secondary and fractional burials are found in the urns. Pudukkottai has not yielded any bones even in the urn or in the tomb in a controlled excavation carried out by the ASI.

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The skulls [15.2] retrieved from the Adichanallur burials excavated by Rea were studied by Zuckerman, 1930, according to him the crania might pertain to the Dravidian type. In a later examination (Chatterjee and Gupta, 1963) of 13 skulls eight appear to be male and the remaining female. The skulls were much broken and distorted and had to be reconstructed for measurements. They have resemblances, according to them, with the Mediterranean and the Proto-Australoid (as the Veddid types). Since a neat classification between these two groups is not possible, they apparently represent a homogenous and mixed population. According to these authors the present Dravidian stock is of this kind of admixture. These two types appear to be widely available elsewhere in India and at Mohenjo-daro and Harappa.

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No specific direct or comparative dating for the Adichanallur burials has been possible, although in view of their qualitative divergences and at the same time basic common factors in the form of pottery, iron objects and the shape of the pyriform peduncular urns it might be appropriate to place them within the chronological framework and time bracket of the Megalithic burials, perhaps in the middle of the 1st millennium B.C. It is customary to date the urn-burials below the AMARAVATI *stūpa*, to the 3rd century B.C. or earlier. Owing to the complex nature of the associated finds the site calls for a controlled and systematic excavation.

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The entire proceeds of the excavations of Rea is now in the Government Museum, Madras.

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Chatterjee, B.K., & Gupta, P., 1963, *Report on Adittanallur Skulls*, Calcutta. Rea, A., 1888, in *Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal*, 7; 1902-3, in *ASI—AR, 1902-3*, p. 118-9; 1915, *Cat. Prehistoric Antiquities from Adicchanallur & Perumbair*, Madras. Sen, D.K., 1964 & 1965, in *AI*, 20 & 21, p. 185 (for racial types). Zuckerman, S., 1930, in *Bull. Government Museum*, Madras, N.S. 2, 1, pp. 1-24 (for racial types).—K.V. SOUNDARA RAJAN

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**Adikarapatti**, Dt Dharmapuri. Megalithic cairn circles [4.17.9].

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*IAR 1970-1*.

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**Adinal**, Dt Raichur. Chalcolithic [4.14.8] site.

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*AR Hyderabad Arch. Dept. 1937-8*, p. 8.

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**Adampalli**, Dt Kolar. Megalithic stone circles [4.17.8].

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**Adanakottai**, Dt Pudukkottai. Megalithic site [4.17.9].

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*Manual of the Pudukkottai State*, Pudukkottai, 1944, pp. 515-8.

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**Adatala-1**, (21°58'; 71°37'), Dt Bhavnagar. Late Harappa site corresponding to RANGPUR II B [4.10]. *AI*, 18, 19, 1962 & 1963, p. 205.

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**Adatala-2**, 3, Dt Bhavnagar. Early historical site [4.18.2]. *IAR 1971-2*.

v2.c28.43

**Addagoopah**, Dt Bellary. Megalithic site with postholed cists [4.17.8].

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Taylor, M., 1853, in *Jour. Royal Asiatic Soc. Bombay*, 4; 1873, in *Trans. Royal Irish Academy*, 24.

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**Adegaon**, Dt Chandrapur. Palaeolithic site [4.2]. *IAR 1959-60*.

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**Aderkatti**, Dt Dharwar. Early historical site yielding the Black-and-red Ware [11.15], red-slipped ware and Russet-coated Painted Ware [11.22], areca-nut-shaped beads and polished stone axes. *IAR 1961-2*.

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**Adeva**, Dt Kaira. Late Harappa [4.10] site. *IAR 1972-3*.

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**Adiampalli**, Dt Kolar. Megalithic site with stone circles and cists [4.17.9].

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Information from C. Krishnamurthy through A. Sundara.

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**Adkot** (22°00'; 71°05'), Dt Rajkot, situated on the Bhadar, with a small temporary settlement made by the Harappa [4.10] refugees in the late Harappa days. The pottery is analogous to RANGPUR II B. Another mound opposite the bus-stand at Adkot has yielded late Harappa pottery [11.4] of RANGPUR II B and a poor variety of the Lustrous Red Ware [11.9]. *AI*, 18 & 19, 1962 & 1963, p. 186. *IAR 1957-8*.

v2.c28.51

**Adoni**¹, Dt Bellary. Neolithic [4.6.9] site with pointed butt polished stone axes. *AI*, 4, 1947-8, p. 296.

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**Adoni**², Dt Kurnool, Neolithic [4.6.8] site. *IAR 1964-5*.

v2.c28.53

**Adrahalli**, Dt Dharwar. Megalithic [4.17.8] site with cist circles. *IAR 1961-2*.

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**Adurru**, Dt E. Godavari. Megalithic Black-and-red Ware [11.15.3]. *IAR 1962-3*.

v2.c28.55

**Aduturai**, Dt Thanjavur. Neolithic [4.6.10] site with pointed butt polished stone axes. *AR Madras Museum 1936*.

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**Advi-Hulagbal**, Dt Bijapur. Microlithic [4.5] site. *IAR 1961-2*.

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**Adwa**. *See* TONKWA.

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**Agaram**¹, Dt Dharmapuri. Megalithic tombs [4.17.9]. *IAR 1965-6*.

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**Agaram**², Dt Tirunelveli. Megalithic [4.17.9] site. *ASI—AR*, 1902-3.

v2.c28.60

**Agarhunda**, Dt Banda. Neolithic [4.14.2] site yielding polished stone celts with pointed butt splayed edge, convex sides and lenticular cross-section. *IAR 1955-6*.

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**Agatgi**, Dt Raichur. Site with stone beader and flakes. *AR Hyderabad Dept. of Arch. 1936-7*, p. 8.

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**Aghapur**, Dt Bharatpur. PGW [11.14] site. *IAR 1961-2*; *1962-3*; *1963-4*.

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**Aghiana**, Dt Saharanpur. OCW [4.12] site. *IAR 1965-6*.

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**Agoli**, Dt Raichur. Megalithic [14.17.8] site with port-holed cists. *AI*, 4, 1947-8, p. 308. *AR Hyderabad Dept. of Arch. 1936-7*, p. 2.

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**Agraharam**¹, Dt Chittoor. Early (Lower Palaeolithic [4.2]) and Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) site.

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**Agraharam**², Dt Dharmapuri. Megalithic site with dolmens [4.17.9]. Sewell, R., 1882, *Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras*, Madras.

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**Agroha**, Dt Hissar, on Hissar-Fatehabad road, at a distance of 22 km from Hissar town, with a high and extensive mound first excavated by Rodgers in 1888-9 (*Report of Punjab Circle of ASI 1889-9*, pp. 41-3) and re-excavated by H.L. Srivastava of the ASI in 1938-9 down to a depth of about 3·65 m. The upper stratum had a few fragmentary walls, but the lower one revealed the remains of a well-planned and prosperous settlement of baked brick. The next lower stratum was touched here and there. The middle stratum was rich in portable antiquities, including terracotta and copper objects, stone sculptures, plaques, grinding stones [6.19], beads, shell bangles and iron implements. While no clear classification of the pottery is available, if includes large earthen jars with incised lines around, spouted jars, *hāṇḍīs*, perforated vases and bowls, vases with or without spouts, incense-burners [12.2], cups, lids and dishes. A decorated rattle and a small model shrine a flat oval tablet pierced with two holes at the centre and circular groove all round and animal figurines of terracotta and a sword, spoon, ear ornament and discoid scraper of copper are the noteworthy objects. A stone pedestal with hunting scene and sculptures of Mahiṣamardinī and Kubera belong to the late historical period. Beads of semiprecious stone, shell, clay and glass, ivory and horn finger-rings, shell bangles and a horn libation spoon deserve mention. Of special interest are a burnt birch-bark manuscript in script resembling that of the Bakhshali manuscript of the 9th century and a clay tablet with notes of musical scale in script of the same century.

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A hoard of four Indo-Greek and one punch-marked [3.1] coins and another of 51 coins with the legend *Agodaka Agāca janapadasa* were found. The latter establishes the identity of Agroha with Agrodaka.

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Srivastava, H.L., 1952, *Excavation at Agroha, Punjab*, Mem. ASI, 61.—A. GHOSH

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**Agtari**, Dt Jaipur. Non-megalithic black-and-red ware of the AHAR² variety found in association with the black-on-red painted pottery. The painted designs, executed in deep-black pigment over a deep-red surface, included horizontal bands and herring-bone and leaf patterns. A bowl of black-and-red ware was painted internally in dull-white wavy lines.

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**Aguibani**, Dt Midnapur. Copper shouldered axes and rings [4.11]. Information from S. Asthana.

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**Agwan Pur**, Dt Rohtak. Grey ware and early historical ware. *Jour. Haryana Studies*, 3, 1, p. 6.

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**Ahar¹**, (28°25′; 78°15′), Dt Bulandshahr, located 43 km e. of Bulandshahr on the right bank of the Ganga. The deserted mound to the w. of the village is known as Kundilpur. Stray antiquities from the site have been recorded from time to time by F. Growse, A. Cunningham, W.E.J. Dobbs, M.S. Vats and others. Growse recorded a mutilated round pillar with its base encircled by snakes and Cunningham found an inscription of Mahīpāla of Kanauj in Kuṭila characters [20.4.2], dated A.D. 980 (*ASI—AR*, 12, pp. 27-36). Dobbs discovered another inscription of 28 lines, also in Kuṭila characters, recording the safe investment to the temple of Kanakadevī in the town of Tattānandapura. Vats explored the site intensively in 1924-5 (*ASI—AR 1925-6*, pp. 56-8, 172-4). He laid five trenches, A, B, C, D and E, A and C of late medieval period, yielding Muslim copper coins and glazed pottery. Trench A revealed seven structural levels and Trench B four, the structures of the second and third phases being the best preserved. The third phase revealed oblong chambers on either side of a long wall, running e. to w., with another series of chambers across in the n. Trench D yielded antiquities of the 10th and 11th centuries. Trench E was not properly examined.

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The finds include a hand-grinding mill, mortar [6.19], a casket, a saucer, a spoon, a scythe, a trefoil, a star-shaped boss, a bell, a rattle and five silver coins, three of them of Vigrahapāla.

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During subsequent exploration of the site by the ASI OCW [4.12] and grey ware have been recovered, thus taking back the antiquity of the site far back into pre-Christian times (*IAR 1970-1*). Growse, F., unpublished note on the history of Bulandshahr in the District Magistrate's Library.—R.P. SHARMA

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**Ahar²**, Ahad (27°42′; 75°38′), Dt Udaipur, about 3 km e. of Udaipur on the river Ahar, a tributary of the Banas. Though archaeologically it is a rich site, its Sanskrit name Āghāṭapura first finds mention in epigraphical records only in the 10th-11th centuries A.D. The site thus seems to have been abandoned during the early centuries of the Christian era and reoccupied later after a considerable lapse of time. The mound which originally lay on a bend of the river Ahar is now cut into two. It was discovered and probed by R.C. Agrawala on behalf of the Rajasthan Dept of Arch. (*IAR 1954-5*, p. 14). This led to a joint excavation of the site in 1961-2 by the same Dept and the Deccan College under H.D. Sankalia. The occupation at Ahar has been divided into two Pds, Pd I Chalcolithic [4.14.1] in nature and Pd II marked by the introduction of iron and the NBPW [11.16]. Though chronologically there is a gap between the two it is not attested to stratigraphically and no weathered layer separates them.

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*Pd I, Chalcolithic*. This Pd has been divided into three phases on the basis of the ceramic assemblage. Phase Ia has yielded mostly convex-sided bowls in the black-and-red ware [11.6.2] and sherds of the buff and imitation buff-slipped ware. In Phase Ib there is an absence of the buff and buff-slipped wares, while the grey ware, cut ware and ribbed ware occur in large quantities. In Phase Ic the sharply carinated bowl appear in the black-and-red ware together with the Lustrous Red Ware [11.9]. The black-and-red ware is however the most distinctive pottery at the site. It is often painted with white before firing, so that sometimes only the impressions of designs or negatives are left. The bowl is the most recurrent type in this ware, next in frequency being the globular vessel, the *loṭā*-like vessel and the jar. A few sherds bear graffito marks [20.1] The associated wares include the metallic grey ware, the unburnished and burnished grey wares, the red-tan metallic ware and the red-slipped ware. Of great interest is the bowl and the dish-on-stand in the metallic grey ware. A common type in the unburnished and burnished grey wares is a flat, shallow, coarse-bottomed vessel called the pan and identified with the present-day *tavā*. The stepped dish in the red-tan metallic ware made of well-levigated clay and finely finished shows similarities with the Harappa pottery [11.3].

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The plinths of the houses were made of blocks of schist with black and brown sticky soil as mortar. The stones were well-dressed on the outer face and irregular on the inner. The walls were of clay mixed with cow-dung and quartz nodules and the floors were prepared by firmly ramming the black and brown soil. Though no complete house plans have been found, a few walls have been exposed. On the basis of these it may be surmised that the houses were large, often 9 m in length and partitioned into smaller rooms. The longer axis was usually oriented n.-s., while the shorter axis was e.-w. Large rectangular *chulhās* with more than one arm have been found in these structures. Near these lay saddle querns [6.19]. Another feature of these houses was that storage pots were often kept sunk into the floor.

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There is a complete absence of stone tools at the site, only six fluted cores of chert, chalcedony and quartz having been found, while a couple of microliths were found in the middle and upper strata in the previous excavation. Surprisingly however a few Middle Palaeolithic tools [4.3] such as scrapers and borers made on quartz have been collected. It has been suggested by the excavator that the hills around Udaipur are full of quartz veins which could have been used in Middle Palaeolithic times. These were also exploited in the Chalcolithic period for collecting quartz nodules used in the walls. It is quite likely that in the process Middle Palaeolithic scrapers found their way into later structures.

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Copper was used for a variety of objects such as celts, rings, bangles and knives. Together with these metallurgical slag was also found in a number of trenches. This shows that Ahar was possibly a copper-smelting centre in this Pd. A metallographic study conducted on one of the axes shows that it was cast in a crude unventilated sand or earth mould [16.10] and was left in the cast condition.

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This Pd has yielded a large number of beads, clay being the most common material. These terracotta beads are largely handmade though some show regular striations indicating that these were possibly fashioned on a rotating needle. They are either plain or decorated with incised designs. These beads are so far unique in India though some of the designs are similar to those reported from w. Asia. Beads of semiprecious stones, shell, faïence and steatite do not show any unusual features, though the last two are only meagrely represented. Other finds include: terracotta skin-rubbers [18.4], ear-studs, toys, discs [6.7.3] and balls; stone balls, hammer-stones, mace-heads and mullers; bone points; and shell bangles.

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An analysis of the plant remains shows that a long-seeded variety of rice, *Oryza sativa* Linn. var. *Sativa* Bor was in use. Together with this, bones of *Bos indicus* (cow), buffalo, goat, sheep, pig and dog are also found in large numbers, though bones of the ass are few. Other species represented are the deer, birds, reptiles and fish.

v2.c28.83

¹⁴C dates show that Pd Ia ranges between 1940 ± 95 B.C. and 1765 ± 95 B C., while the solitary date for Pd Ib is 1725 ± 110 B.C. The last Pd Ic covers a span between 1550 ± 110 B.C. and 1270 ± 110 B.C.

v2.c28.84

*Pd II*, early historical. The occupants of this Pd settled directly on the debris of the previous Pd as is amply attested to by the numerous pits which disturb the horizon of Ic. Hence a good deal of early historical material has been found in the layers of the earlier Pd. Sahi, 1979, has shown that iron has been found in Pd Ic, though the excavator says that it occurs only in Pd II. Pd II is also divisible into three phases on the basis of the ceramic assemblage. The pottery of IIa shows affinities with the Rang Mahal ware [11.24] and comprises: red wares with a preponderance of red wash; red wares painted in black bands over a murky-red wash; and a coarse black-grey ware and grey ware with mica coating. The pottery of IIb is made up almost entirely of a red ware with or without a wash. There are only three sherds of the micaceous grey ware and one of dull-black painted in red bands. The ceramics of IIc consist of the ware with red wash, ware with red slip and mica coating, blotchy black-and-grey ware and red ware painted in black over red slip.

v2.c28.85

The evidence for structures in this Pd is scanty and is limited to a well-made compact floor, mud-walled structure and a ring-well [14.15]. Two huge storage jars contained ash, charcoal and animal bones and appear to be pot-burials.

v2.c28.86

The layers of Pd II also yielded six coins, one of them belonging to king Apollodotus who ruled about the 2nd century B.C. and three seal impressions bearing legends in Brāhmī dated palaeographically to the early centuries of the Christian era. Copper objects comprised rings, bangles and antimony rods [18.1], whereas as many as 79 objects of iron were found. Of these 36 were iron slag pieces. Arrowheads were prominent in the repertoire of tools, the other identifiable implements being axes, nails and chisels. Glass was represented by four fragments of monochrome bangles. The recovery of shell bangles and ear-studs together with numerous waste pieces suggests local manufacture. Other finds include bone points, terracotta skin-rubbers, votive tanks [12.11], toys and human figurines and beads of terracotta and semiprecious stones.

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Impressions of husks on potsherds imply the cultivation of millets. This is an important evidence, because even though millets find mention in ancient Sanskrit literature factual evidence is wanting in n. India. Another point to be stressed is that though the husk impressions occur in the top levels of Pd Ic, the evidence should be treated as early historical owing to the disturbed nature of the deposit.

v2.c28.88

To recapitulate, chronologically Pd IIa is associated with the NBPW and seals datable to the 3rd century B.C., Pd IIb is characterized by the painted wares of the Kushan times and Indo-Greek coins, while IIc has yielded mica-coated pottery which appears to be late medieval.

v2.c28.89

Sahi, M.N., in Agrawal, D.P., & Chakrabarti, D.K., ed., 1979, *Essays in Indian Protohistory*, Delhi. Sankalia, H.D., Deo, S.B., & Ansari, Z.D., 1969, *Excavations at Ahar (Tambavati)*, Poona.—H.P. RAY

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**Aharwan**, Dt Gurgaon. PGW [11.14] site. A large number of brick structures belonging to the Śuṅga-Kushan periods were noticed in the exposed sections and rain-gullies.

v2.c28.91

**Aherdi**, Dt Surat. Lower and Middle Palaeolithic [4.2.3] and Mesolithic [4.5] tools.

v2.c28.92

**Ahicchatrā**, Dt Bareilly, known in ancient literature also as Ahicchatra and Adhicchatrā, the capital of N. Pañcāla, identified by A. Cunningham (*ASI—AR*, 1, pp. 255-66) with the ruined fort near village Ramnagar between the Ramganga and Ghangan, 11 km n. of Aonla, a Tehsil headquarters, though the fort is in the revenue jurisdiction of Nusratganj, the adjacent village. The fortification, 5·60 km in circuit, rises prominently above the surrounding fields and encloses a series of rolling mounds, the highest of which, representing a ruined temple (see below), rises to height of 23 m from the field level. A feature of the fortification is that a long n.-s. partition wall abutting at both ends against the main fortification wall was built at a late stage of the city’s life dividing it into two sectors, e. and w. The e. sector ceased to be occupied earlier than the w.

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Cunningham identified a few sites, including *stūpas*, inside and outside the fortified area mentioned by Hiuen Tsang but they can no longer be located. He also excavated a *stūpa* of solid brickwork within which he found a small steatite box with seed pearls, blue glass, a large bead of stone amber, large bits of rock crystal and other beads. Later on Führer partially excavated a temple with indifferent results.

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The ASI under K.N. Dikshit assisted by the writer and others conducted extensive excavations here during 1940-4. For purposes of excavation the whole of the fortified area was divided into plots designated as AC I, AC II, AC III, etc., each plot a distinct mound separated from each other by long depressions, possibly roads. Among the excavated plots it was in AC III in the w. sector that digging was started at a sufficiently high level to ensure that the area had been in occupation till the last days of the city and was carried down to the natural soil. AC III thus represents a cross-section of all the structural stages of the w. sector and provides a stratigraphic basis for dating objects found elsewhere in the city.

v2.c28.95

Nine Pds of occupation were identified in AC III, and following the custom then prevalent (at least in India) they were called ‘strata’, their numbering starting from the top to bottom. The strata could be surely dated by the coins they yielded. While Stratum IX, the lowest, was represented only by pits cut into the natural soil, strata VIII and VII, excavated in a limited area, had mud and mud-brick houses; the former had round cast coins with simple symbols and the latter square ones [3.1] with more complex symbols. Strata VI and V, both with scanty remains of baked-brick structures, had in addition to cast coins those of the Pañcāla rulers of the first century B.C. Stratum IV, with blocks of single contiguous chambers of burnt brick, measuring 46×23×5 cm, had Kushan coins and at its later stage imitation Kushan coins. Stratum III had four phases of construction and renovation of a temple complex with the unusual plan of a central square altar within an irregular compound, the w. wall of which had small cells to contain terracotta, deities. The stratum was marked by the first appearance of coins of Acyu, unanimously identified with Acyuta who was defeated and whose territory was annexed by Samudragupta in the first half of the 4th century. Acyu coins continues to occur till the last days of site, perhaps due to the shortage of other coins that could replace them. Stratum II was devoid of and significant structures but had a large number of pits filled with ash and potsherds probably representing potter’s kilns and was without coins (except those of Acyu), but Stratum I had below its walls three hidden hoards of 203 debased Indo-Sassanian coins of Ādivarāha and Vigraha. The houses of this stratum had rooms roughly built of brickbats at the back and a spacious court in front, showing that the city was then sparsely populated and ample open space was available. A feature of the excavated area was the existence of a road consolidated again and again with the rising level from Stratum III down to Stratum VIII.

v2.c28.96

On the basis of the find of coins as mentioned above, the following dates have been proposed for the different strata: Stratum IX, before 300 B.C.; Stratum VIII, 300 to 200 B.C.; Stratum VII, 200 to 100 B.C.; Strata VI and V, 100 B.C. to A.D. 100; Stratum IV, A.D. 100 to 350; Stratum III, A.D. 350 to 750; Stratum II, A.D. 750 to 850; and Stratum I, A.D. 850 to 1100.

v2.c28.97

The two tallest mounds, one in AC I and the other in AC II, turned out on clearance to be terraced temples of brick, each terrace made on foundation cells round a square frame, filled with earth. Both of them underwent many restorations and extensions resulting in the increase of their dimensions. The larger of them was founded on a layer with typical Stratum IV (Kushan) pottery and could not therefore have been founded before the early Gupta age. Loose in its debris were found a large number of carved bricks and a few terracotta sculptured panels that once adorned the walls of the temples. A pair of highly artistic life-size Gaṅgā and Yamunā figures was evidently placed at the entrance.

v2.c28.98

It has been said above that a partition wall divided the city into two unequal halves, the e. and smaller half having been deserted earlier. The fact that the wall ran over the lowest terrace of the e. temple in AC I shows that it was erected fairly late in the life of the city when the temple, itself of Gupta construction, had fallen into disuse.

v2.c28.99

The main fortification of the city was partially excavated at two places and it was found that below the top brick wall there were two successive mud ramparts.

v2.c28.100

From the fact that grey pottery appeared in the core of the heaped-up material it seems likely that the original rampart was erected around 100 B.C. and can be attributed to the Pañcāla rulers with whom the first baked-brick walls of the site were coeval.

v2.c28.101

The site is extremely rich in antiquities, of which the pottery (Panigrahi, 1946), terracottas (Agrawala, 1947–8) and beads (Dikshit, 1952) have been published, the first two have provided for the first time corpuses for the chronological study of the corresponding objects in the upper Gaṅgā valley.

v2.c28.102

The pottery of AC III has been classified into three groups: early, intermediate and late. The early groups, consisting of material from strata IX to VII, includes the grey ware, now known from sites like Hastināpura and elsewhere to be contemporary with the NBPW [11.16]; though not found in AC III, the NBPW is found in the e. sector, which also has the PGW [11.14]. In fact the identification of the NBPW and PGW was for the first time established at Ahicchatrā (Wheeler and Krishna Deva, 1946), the mutual chronological relationship of the two at that time remaining uncertain, though it was significantly remarked that the indication was that 'the painted wares [PGW] and the black polished wares [NBPW] were coeval with each other' and that 'the priority of the painted to the black polished wares must be regarded as probable,'— an observation amply confirmed by subsequent excavations elsewhere in the upper Gaṅgā valley with the modification that the priority of the PGW to the NBPW, regarded then as probable, is now well-established as also the overlap of the two wares towards the end of the former and the beginning of the latter.

v2.c28.103

In the intermediate group, strata VI and V, grey ware and the NBPW completely disappear. Decoration on red ware is formed by the stamp of symbols found on coins of the 1st century B.C. to the 3rd century A.D. Most of the vessels are devoid of slip or wash.

v2.c28.104

In the late group, strata IV to I, the pottery shows a large variety. Stratum IV has many innovations in types and decoration. Carinated and 'waisted' jars and bottle-necked jars (*surāhi* type) are typical of the period, as also vessels stamped with *nandi-pada*, *svastika*, twin fish and other symbols common on tribal coins [3.1].

v2.c28.105

While the lower levels of Stratum III ceramically form a family group with Stratum IV, the upper levels show strong affinities with the upper strata. The guide types are all handmade. The mould-made decorated vessel appears in the last two stages of occupation and show a distinct refinement in potting and decoration. The best guide-characteristics are found in the finer jars having two or three cordons with ribbings or ridges demarcating their limits and showing on the reserved bands a polished red ground and on the decorated bands designs such as beads or fish-scales in relief. Powdered mica is sometimes used as a wash on the decorated bands. A medium-sized jar is shaped and decorated in relief with bristles in imitation of a young jack-fruit, with a reserved neck portion showing a polished red ground.

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Stratum II is characterized by the mould-made decorated bowl bearing on the slipped red ground a variety of designs in relief.

v2.c28.107

Stratum I retains the basic earlier features but has at the same time new utilitarian devices. Thus the cooking vessel, with a ridge to mark the transition between the upper and lower bodies, has lug handles or indented rims. The ring-stand for the large storage jar replaces the practice of scooping out of the mud floor to keep the jar in position.

v2.c28.108

Mother goddess figurines [12.6] in grey ware are a distinctive feature of the terracottas of Stratum VII. Allied to their Mathurā counterparts, they are crude and entirely handmade, with facial features of a bird or animal and represent a predetermined iconographic concept. A sole moulded head has its head-dress in a trefoil pattern and streamers falling on each side of the head. Śuṅga and Pañcāla moulded plaques from strata VIII and VII represent *mithuna* types and allied individual male and female figures. Dwarfs and grotesque figures are characteristic of Stratum IV. The votive tanks [12.11] of the age provide definite evidence of their association with the mother goddess. Gods and goddesses—Viṣṇu, Sūrya, Gaṇeśa and Mahiṣamardinī—occur among the figurines from strata III to I, some of them are excellent specimens of classical art. A peculiar type, both male and female from Stratum III, has goat-like features and long dangling ears with pierced holes or slit marks, a hooked nose and deep-cut slit mouth; the figures are believed to represent Naigameśa. A large number of figurines from Stratum III, conforming to a set art style, are cast from single moulds with moderate relief; they are remarkable for the great variety of hair styles. A small group of female heads shows the head covered by a veil. Also characteristic of the Stratum is the mother-and-child type. Horse- and elephant-riders produced out of double moulds are found in the middle levels of the Stratum, as also figures with foreign ethnic features in its early and middle levels. Hollow round plaques, one of them with reliefs of elephants in different poses, are another product of the Stratum. Large plaques with mythological scenes, such as Śiva-gaṇas destroying Dakṣa's sacrifice, Śiva as Bhairava and as a beggar and the fight between two warriors (Kirātārjunīya?), are from the debris of the temple in AC I and must have adorned the walls of the temple. Fighters or wrestlers (*mallas*), deities on thin plaques and plaques with roughly executed male and female figures—probably representing *satī* scenes (*sattī-* *sattā* plaques)—are typical of Stratum I.

v2.c28.109

Among the beads, which represent only a few special types, two eye beads of agate, both from Stratum VIII, etched beads of agate and carnelian from different levels and leech beads from uncertain levels deserve special mention. Beads of faience [16.6], which regained a short-lived popularity in India in the few centuries before and after Christ, are confined to Stratum III. Gold-foil beads, in which a layer of gold foil is pressed on a glass matrix when hot and is laid over again with another coating of transparent glass, have a wide distribution in India; at Ahicchatrā they occur in strata III and I.

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Further excavation at Ahicchatrā was undertaken by N.R. Banerjee of the ASI in 1963-4 and 1964-5 (*IAR 1963-4*, p. 43; *1964-5*, p. 39) in the e. sector of the fortified area, which, as stated above, seems to have had an earlier origin and end. Pd I, without any structural remains and clear-cut deposit, had the OCW [4.12] over the natural soil. Pd II was characterized by the PGW and a red-ware dish-on-stand. Mud bricks and a broken baked brick were present. Both copper and iron were known. A terracotta object with flattened bits of stone fixed in a mosaic pattern on blocks of flattened clay in the shape of truncated bicones was evidently used for grinding purposes. Similar objects are reported from the corresponding levels of HASTINĀPURA, ROPAR and ALAMGIRPUR. Pd III, with overlaps with the preceding and succeeding Pds, had the NBPW with the usual associated red ware. Baked bricks were in use; there was also a mud floor with multiple ovens. Pd IV had the Kushan bowl, sprinkler, inkpot-shaped lid [20.2] and jar with stamped decoration; Pañcāla, Kushan and Acyu coins were present. Houses of burnt bricks of four sizes (43·7 × 26·67 × 5·08 cm; 41·6 × 22·67 × 5·71 cm; 44·97 × 25·4 × 6·35 cm; and 25·4 × 25·4 × 6·35 cm) were in evidence.

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The rampart was seen to have been initially built of mud in the beginning of Pd IV as evidenced by sherds of the PGW and NBPW in its core. In the second phase was erected a brick wall 4·98 in width and 2·59 m in extant height with rectangular gaps in its core. In the third phase the brick wall was protected by a mud cover, which again was buttressed in the fourth phase. Lastly gaps in the outer wall or mud packing were filled with fragmentary walls of brick and brickbats.

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Agrawala, V.S., 1947-8, in *AI*, 4, pp. 104-79 (for terracottas). Dikshit, M.G., 1952, in *ibid*., 8, pp. 33-63 (for beads). Führer, A., 1969 (reprint), *Monumental Antiquities & Inscriptions of the N.-W. Province and Oudh*, Varanasi, p. 26. Ghosh, A., 1946, in *AI* 1, pp. 37-40 (for general introduction and chronology). Panigrahi, K.C., 1946, in *ibid*., 1, pp. 40-55 (for pottery). Wheeler, R.E.M., & Krishna Deva, 1946, in *ibid*., 1, pp. 55-9 (for PGW and NBPW).—A. GHOSH

v2.c28.113

**Ahir,** Dt Saharanpur. PGW [11.14] site.

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*IAR 1967-8*.

v2.c28.115

**Ahmadgarh,** Dt Bulandshahr. Black-and-red ware, PGW [11.14], grey ware, Black-slipped Ware [11.13] and red ware of the Śuṅga-Kushan period.

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*IAR 1970-1*.

v2.c28.117

**Ahmadnagar,** Dt Ahmadnagar. Microlithic [4.5] site.

v2.c28.118

*IAR 1956-7*.

v2.c28.119

**Ahmadpur Hill,** Dt Vidisha. Painted rock-shelters [13] were discovered on the Vidisha-Bhopal road, 18 km from Vidisha. Palaeolithic [4.2] and microlithic [4.5] tools were found on the slopes of the hill.

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Khare, M.D., 1977, paper read at Madhya Pradesh Itihasa Parishad, Annual Session, Bhopal.

v2.c28.121

**Ahranva,** Dt Gurgaon. PGW [11.14] and early historical site.

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Punia, D.S., 1976, unpublished thesis.

v2.c28.123

**Aihole,** Dt Bijapur. Lower Palaeolithic [4.2] and Megalithic site with port-holed cists and passage chambers. An early historical site with pre-Cāḷukyan brick structures and coins was located in the cultivated field away from the larger Jain cave.

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*Indian Antiquary*, 3, pp. 306-8; *Karnataka Bharati*, 9, 4, p. 79; Sundara, A., 1975, *Early Chamber Tombs of s. India*, Delhi, pp. 30-6.

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**Ainapur** (16°08′; 74°20′) Lower Palaeolithic site. See GHATAPRABHA VALLEY.

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**Ainapur Harali,** Dt Kolhapur. Megalithic [4.17] site with passage tombs.

v2.c28.127

*IAR 1966-7*.

v2.c28.128

**Airahalli,** Dt Mysore. Megalithic burial [4.17.8] site.

v2.c28.129

*IAR 1968-9*.

v2.c28.130

**Airaini,** Dt Dharwar. Early historical remains.

v2.c28.131

*IAR 1960-1*.

v2.c28.132

**Aiyarattali,** Dt Thanjavur, Megalithic [4.17] site yielding Black-and-Red Ware and early historical remains.

v2.c28.133

*IAR 1964-5*.

v2.c28.134

**Ajabpura,** Dt Vadodara. Early historical site yielding sherds of amphorae [11.19], Kṣatrapa coins and a terracotta seal with Brāhmī legend reading Varunadeva.

v2.c28.135

*IAR 1968-9*; *1969-70*.

v2.c28.136

**Ajamer** (22°40′; 70°50′), Dt Rajkot. Transitional phase of Harappa culture [4.10] corresponding to RANGPUR II C.

v2.c28.137

*AI* 18 & 19, p. 205.

v2.c28.138

**Ajanad Bungalow,** Dt West Khandesh. Chalcolithic [4.14.6] burial site.

v2.c28.139

*IAR 1959-60*.

v2.c28.140

**Ajaneraghar,** Dt Ballia. NBP ware [11.16].

v2.c28.141

*IAR 1963-4*.

v2.c28.142

**Ajanta caves,** Dt Aurangabad. On either bank of the river Waghora Middle [4.3] and [4.4] tools were found near the Ajanta caves with world-famous paintings.

v2.c28.143

*IAR 1965-6*. Joshi, R.V., & Pappu, R.S., 1979, in *Man & Environment*, 3, p. 86.

v2.c28.144

**Ajaram,** Dt Hoshiarpur. Site yielding Black-slipped Ware [11.13], and black-and-red, black-painted red, stamped and medieval wares and coins of Taxila, Indo- Greeks, Kushans and Kangra kings. As indicated by two layers of ashy material, seen in all the exposed sections of the mound at different places, the site seems to have been burnt successively.

v2.c28.145

**Ajjampatti**, Dt Dharmapuri. Megalithic site with dolmens [4.17.9]. Sewell, R., *Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras*.

v2.c28.146

**Ajmel**, Dt Kutch. Historical site yielding a coarse red and a cream-slipped red ware, often painted. *IAR 1965-6*.

v2.c28.147

**Ajmeripur**, Dt Saharanpur. Site with Śuṅga-Kushan red ware. *IAR 1965-6*.

v2.c28.148

**Ajota**, Dt Sorath. Red Polished Ware [11.23]. *IAR 1957-8*.

v2.c28.149

**Akabarpur-Baroth**, Dt Rohtak. PGW [11.14] and NBPW [11.16] site. *IAR 1960-1*, p. 65. *Jour. Haryana Studies*, 3, 1, p. 6.

v2.c28.150

**Akahintala-Gollahalli**, Dt Kolar. Megalithic burial [4.17.8] site. *IAR 1969-70*.

v2.c28.151

**Akalgarh**. *See* MOONAK.

v2.c28.152

**Akalpada**, Dt Dhule. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.5]) site. *IAR 1964-5*.

v2.c28.153

**Akaori**, Dt Sidhi. Early and Middle Stone Age (Lower and Middle Palaeolithic [4.2, 3] site. *IAR 1962-3*.

v2.c28.154

**Akavidu**, Dt Kurnool. Early and Middle Stone Age (Lower and Middle Palaeolithic [4.2, 3]) site. *IAR 1964-5*.

v2.c28.155

**Akbarabad**, Dt Nellore. Lower and Middle Palaeolithic [4.2.3] site in the Pannar valley. *IAR 1965-6*.

v2.c28.156

**Akbarpurgarhi**, Dt Meerut. Red ware of Śuṅga-Kushan assemblage and medieval ware. *IAR 1962-3*.

v2.c28.157

**Akhada**, Dt Dhule. Site with Late Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.5]) tools. *IAR 1965-6*

v2.c28.158

**Akhatvada**, Dt Dhule. Site with palaeoliths [4.2] and microliths [4.5]. *IAR 1960-1*.

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**Akhbai**, Dt Agra. PGW site [11.14]. *IAR 1959-60*.

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**Akhnur**, Dt Jammu, explored by the ASI in 1961-3 (*IAR 1961-2*, p. 16; *1962-3*, p. 9), which brought to light a few plain red and black-painted red ware sherds with varied designs. The red ware types include the bowl with a sharp-edged rim and thickened base, vase having splayed-out flat rim, bottle-necked jar, sprinkler [11.23], basin, handle, spout etc., some of them slipped. Some sherds bear incised decorations. The site is assignable to the early part of the Christian era. — A. BANERJI

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