An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v2.c31: D

An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v2.c31

Language: English

D

v2.c31.1

**Dabakheri**, Dt Kurukshetra. PGW [11.14] site. *Kurukshetra Univ. Res. Jour.*, 10, 1976, pp. 28-9.

v2.c31.2

**Dabathua**, Dt Meerut, PGW [11.14] site. *IAR 1969-70*.

v2.c31.3

**Dabheri**, Dt Bharuch. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.5]) site. *IAR 1969-70*.

v2.c31.4

**Dabka**, Dt Meerut. PGW [11.14], grey ware associated with the NBPW [11.16], black-and-red ware and medieval ware. *IAR 1962-3*.

v2.c31.5

**Dabkaheti**, Dt Chandrapur. Palaeolithic (of unspecified nature) site. *IAR 1960-1*.

v2.c31.6

**Dabkia**, Dt Jabalpur. Microliths [4.5] and a copper celt [4.11]. *IAR 1957-8*; *1961-2*.

v2.c31.7

**Dabla-ka-Dhora**, Dt Jalore. Microlithic site yielding blades, cores and scrapers [4.5]. *IAR 1967-8*.

v2.c31.8

**Dabli**, Dt Ganganagar. PGW [11.14] and Rang Mahal [11.24] site. See SARASVATĪ VALLEY. Unpublished.

v2.c31.9

**Daboh**, Dt Bhind. NBPW [11.16] and black-and-red ware site. *IAR 1958-9*.

v2.c31.10

**Dabok**, Dt Udaipur. Series I (Lower Palaeolithic [4.2]) tools and microliths [4.5]. *IAR 1956-7*; *1959-60*.

v2.c31.11

**Dabra¹**, Dt Bankura. Microliths [4.5]. *IAR 1959-60*.

v2.c31.12

**Dabra²**, Dt Bharuch. Middle Palaeolithic [4.3] and Mesolithic [4.5] site. *IAR 1970-1*.

v2.c31.13

**Dabra river**, Dt Gwalior. Early Stone Age tools (Lower Palaeolithic [4.2]) consisting of handaxes, cleavers and scrapers were found on the surface along the banks of the Dabra. *IAR 1968-9*.

v2.c31.14

**Dabris**, Dt Parbhani. Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) site. *IAR 1970-1*.

v2.c31.15

**Dabur**, Dt Santal Parganas. Microliths [4.5] and black-and-red ware. *IAR 1963-4*.

v2.c31.17

**Dadampatti**, Dt Madurai. Megalithic [4.17.9] site. *Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal*, 57, 1888, pp. 48-71.

v2.c31.19

**Dadasar Tral**, Dt Anantnag. Megaliths [4.17.2]. *IAR 1966-7*.

v2.c31.20

**Daddi**, Dt Belgaum. Megalithic [4.17.8] site. *IAR 1966-7*.

v2.c31.21

**Dadha¹**, Dt Bulandshahr. Grey ware. *IAR 1962-3*.

**Dadha²**, Dt Purulia. Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) scrapers, blades, points, cores and flakes were picked up together with Late Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.5]) microlithic blades, crested-ridge blades, lunates, scrapers, points, borers, burins and fluted cores. *IAR 1967-8*.

v2.c31.23

**Dadheh**, Dt Ludhiana. Late Harappa [4.10] and PGW [4.15] site. Suraj Bhan, 1975, *Excavation at Mitathal & other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide*, Kurukshetra, p. 122.

v2.c31.24

**Dadheri**, (30°40′; 76°15′), Dt Ludhiana, 5 km e. of Gobindgarh, excavated by the writer on behalf of the ASI in 1976-7. A 6 m thick deposit has a threefold sequence of cultures, Sub-pds I A and I B and Pd II, the middle one showing an overlap between the late Harappa [11.4] and PGW [11.4] as at BHAGWANPURA², KATPALON, MANDA and NAGAR.

v2.c31.25

In Sub-pd I A, late Harappa, there is evidence of mud-walled houses and huts. A huge storage jar and other pottery in the late Harappa tradition, copper objects, terracotta beads, wheels and round cakes [6.27], faïence bangles and terracotta painted bull have been found. In Sub-pd I B which marks the arrival of the PGW people and during which there was a flood, three structural phases have been noticed. The earlier people lived in semicircular huts as attested by the position of post-holes. Three oval sturctures of burnt earth are probably of a religious character. In the next stage houses are of mud walls; one such room measuring 2·50 × 1·10 m of a house complex can be identified. The last phase is represented by a wall of baked brick of two sizes, 12 × 12 × 7 and 25 × 20 × 5 cm, brickbats and brick jelly. The other finds include terracotta beads and wheels, copper rings and faïence bangles. There is no iron.

v2.c31.26

The last phase, Pd II, medieval, has remains of a mud wall, typical plain and painted pottery and terracotta figurines and gamesmen [6.7.2]. —J.P. JOSHI

v2.c31.27

**Dadhi** (31°5′; 76°30′), Dt Solan. Lower Palaeolithic [4.2] site in the SIRSA VALLEY. *IAR !954-5*.

v2.c31.28

**Dadmarhatti**, Dt Belgaum. Megalithic site with passage chamber tombs [4.17.8]. Sundara, A., 1975, *Early Chamber Tombs of s. India*, Delhi, pp. 15-23.

v2.c31.29

**Dadri¹**, Dt Bhiwani. Pre-Harappa [4.8] and Copper Hoard [4.11] site. Suraj Bhan, 1975, *Excavation at Mitathal & other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide*, Kurukshetra, p. 126.

v2.c31.30

**Dadri²**, Dt Bulandshahr. Early historical and medieval site. *IAR 1963-4*.

v2.c31.31

**Dadri³**, Dt Mahendragarh. Flat celt of copper [4.11]. State Museum, Jhajjar, Collection.

v2.c31.32

**Dadri⁴**, Dt Meerut. Historical mound. *IAR 1970-1*.

v2.c31.33

**Dadupur**, Dt Lucknow. PGW [11.14] and NBPW [11.16] site. *IAR 1960-1*.

v2.c31.34

**Dagamagapur**, Dt Mirzapur. Microliths [4.5]. *IAR 1962-3*.

v2.c31.35

**Dagru** (30°54′; 75°0′), Dt Faridkot. Pre-Harappa [4.8] site in the SUTLEJ VALLEY. Suraj Bhan, 1975, *Excavation at Mitathal & other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide*, Kurukshetra, p. 122.

v2.c31.36

**Dahar**, Dt Kangra. Terraces of the SUTLEJ yielded Early Stone Age (Lower Palaeolithic [4.2]) tools. *IAR 1961-2*.

v2.c31.37

**Daheru**, Dt Ludhiana. Harappa [4.9] site. *IAR 1961-2*. Suraj Bhan, 1975, *Excavation at Mitathal & other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide*, Kurukshetra, p. 122.

v2.c31.38

**Dahidula Budruk**, Dt Dhule. Microliths with ochre-coloured pottery. *IAR 1957-8*.

v2.c31.39

**Dahidula Khurd**, Dt Dhule. Microliths and sometimes neoliths were found in association with the black-on-red painted pottery along with a coarse grey ware similar to that from the Chalcolithic levels at BRAHMAGIRI and BAHAL. The site also contained the remains of burials together with Black-and-red Ware bearing graffiti [20.1]. *IAR 1957-8*.

v2.c31.40

**Dahigara**, Dt Singhbhum. Lower Palaeolithic [4.2] site. See DHALBHUM.

v2.c31.41

**Dahisar**, Dt Greater Bombay. Middle Palaeolithic [4.3] site. *IAR 1957-8*.

v2.c31.42

**Dahivad**, Dt Dhule. Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) site. *IAR 1966-7*.

v2.c31.43

**Dahivel**, Dt Dhule. Palaeolithic tools [4.2.4] mostly on flakes of basaltic trap were found together with a couple of fragmentary fossil bones. *IAR 1959-60*.

v2.c31.44

**Dahman**, Dt Hissar. Early historical site. Silak Ram, 1972, unpublished thesis, Kurukshetra Univ.

v2.c31.45

**Dahra**, Dt Ghazipur. Site yielding Black-slipped Ware [11.13] of the RAJGHAT type. *IAR 1962-3*.

v2.c31.46

**Daidungri** (22°00′; 71°05′), Dt Rajkot. Post-Harappa [4.10] site corresponding to RANGPUR II C and III. *AI*, 18 & 19, 1962 & 1963, p. 205.

v2.c31.47

**Daimabad** (19°31′; 74°42′), Dt Ahmadnagar, a deserted village situated 18 km s.-e. of Shrirampur, a Taluka headquarters, on the left bank of the river Pravara, a tributary of the Godavari. The site was discovered by B.P. Bopardikar (*IAR 1958-9*, p. 15) and has been excavated on three different occasions—first in 1958-9 by the first writer (*IAR 1958-9*, p. 15), then in 1974-5 by S.R. Rao and finally between 1975-6 and 1978-9 by the second writer—all of the ASI.

v2.c31.48

The first excavation revealed evidence of three Phases. Painted pottery was scarce in Phase I. The main ceramic was a thick and coarse grey ware, similar to that of BRAHMAGIRI I, with such types as the large globular urn with flared rim, basin with a slightly out-turned rim, spherical bowl and stemmed lid with a pointed or rounded tip, the rim and the tip being painted in red ochre. The other associated ware was handmade with incised and applied decorations. To this phase also belonged a grave represented by a skeleton, partly cut by a later pit. Blades of chalcedony and beads of terracotta and semiprecious stones were the other finds. Phase II was represented by the well-defined Malwa Ware [11.10]. Of medium fabric, this ware was treated with a thin slip which had turned brown, deep-red, light-orange or pink in colour. The ware was painted in black with geometric designs such as hatched triangls, squares and lozenges, hooks, loops, festoons, etc. The types included the subspherical bowl, sometimes with a tubular spout, shallow cup, short-necked *hāṇḍī*, high-necked jar and vase with a channel-spout. A grave—a specially dug pit with a complete skeleton oriented n.-e. and without any associated furniture—was also found in the levels of this phase. The other finds included a fragmentary celt, a pin-head and a piece of knife, all of copper, terracotta head of a dog and a humped bull and beads of semiprecious stones, shell and faïence [16.6]. Phase III was characterized by the occurrence of the Jorwe Ware [11.11]. Of fine fabric, the ware was turned on fast wheel and well-fired. The types mainly included the concave-sided carinated bowl, occasionally with tubular spout, a *hāṇḍī*-type vase with flaring mouth and tubular spout and vase with globular body, high neck and beaded rim. The painted designs in black were linear and geometric though animal motifs were also roliths, tanged arrowheads of bone and stone mullers and querns [6.19].

v2.c31.49

Phase II was characterized by a thick, sturdy red ware of fine fabric. Made of fine clay mixed with fine sand and powder of lime and/or shells as a tempering material, the ware was turned on fast wheel as is indicated by the uniformly running striation marks on the inside. The core of the ware is fairly dense and uniformly light red or brick-red in colour suggesting that the pottery was baked under controlled as well as uniform heat and oxidizing conditions. On the outside the ware was treated with a thin slip which turned red and occasionally chocolate or light brown, pink, light-grey and their shades. The painted designs in black included horizontal bands on the rim, neck, shoulder and body, cross-hatched triangles, groups of vertical wavy and straight lines between horizontal hands, chain pattern, double-horn motif, plant-like motif, interlaced loops on the inside of rim of dish-on-stand, loops, spirals, rows of dots above and below horizontal band and radiating lines. On one of the almost complete pots (but without rim and neck) was found a painted design in black consisting of two vertical lines above a horizontal band with their upper parts curved making the design resemble a snake. The types included in this ware were the dish-on-stand, dish with internally collared rim, bowl-on-stand, vase with beaded rim, vase with clubbed rim, cup or bowl, vase with flat base and vase with beaked rim. The other associated wares were the ribbed bichrome ware, deep-red fine ware, black-and-pale grey ware, burnished grey ware and thick coarse ware.

v2.c31.50

The structural remains of this phase were of mud brick and mud walls. Mud bricks were used for walls and a grave. A mud brick wall was fragmentarily represented, the size of one of the bricks being 30 cm in length and 8 cm in thickness; two fragmentary bricks were found bonded together by mortar of black clay in between. These and other brick fragments found in a mass appeared to represent the debris of a collapsed mud-brick wall. A mud-brick-lined grave with an extended human skeleton was found within the occupational deposit. The bottom of the pit, ovaloid in shape, was made in two successive stages. In the first stage mud brickbats, occasional pebbles and clayey earth ware rammed, over which a layer of clayey earth mixed with lime gravel and burnt clay lumps was spread and rammed, whereafter it was plastered. Along the sides of the pit were then aligned full-sized mud bricks one edge as also mud brickbats leaving sufficient space for the corpse to rest on the plastered bottom in an extended position with the head towards n. but tilted to the left. The body was covered with a fibrous material like hemp, the fibres of which were found sticking to the skeleton. The grave was then covered with earth mixed with a number of brickbats into a tumulus and a stone placed at the point where the head was resting. The sizes of the full mud bricks used in the grave were: 32 × 16 × 8 cm and 28 × 14 × 7 cm, both the sizes being in the ratio of 4 : 2 : 1. The mud bricks were found preserved only along the head: the rest of the grave pit was disturbed by later pits.

v2.c31.51

The available evidence of mud-wall houses was fragmentary: most of the walls were destroyed by later disturbances. The walls were made of black earth with their foundations in the black soil. The shortest extant exposed wall was 45 cm long and 43 cm broad and the longest, lying n.-s., was traced to a length of 33 cm, its thickness varying from 30 to 50 cm. With the help of the extant walls and their traces as also the surviving patches of floor, six structures, called Houses 16 to 21, could be demarcated, although the complete plan of none of them could be made out. Large patches of finely plastered floors were found in Houses 16, 17, 18 and 20. A circular hearth, 50 cm in the diameter and 10 cm deep, containing ash and charred animal bone fragments was found in House 16. In this very house was found a terracotta button-shaped seal bearing an Indus sign [20.41]. In the adjoining House 17 was found another terracotta button-shaped seal with two Indus signs. The lower half of a vase of thick coarse ware with flattish vase was also found embedded in the floor of this house.

v2.c31.52

The most important finds which have established the Harappa character of Phase II were the two terracotta button-shaped seals and three potsherds, all bearing Indus symbols. The symbols on two of the potsherds were engraved and on one painted in black colour.

v2.c31.53

Among the other finds special mention should be made of a crescent-shaped potsherd, the shape being artificially given by grinding the edges, bearing on one side an engraved scene of a tiger attacking a buffalo from behind. On the other side is engraved a horizontal row of six lozenges with oblique lines inside the upper half of each lozenge and in the open space between the two lozenges below. Equally important are the finds of: a worn-out terracotta oval-shaped cake; a heart-shaped potsherd; a carrot-type cone of clay from House 20; a fragment of a terracotta rule with a division of 11 mm marked by two incised lines; a circular potsherd bearing deeply engraved cross-mark on both the sides; a fragment of a copper/bronze celt; and a gold-lead bead.

v2.c31.54

The buff-and-cream ware which characterized Phase III was mainly a slow-wheel-made ceramic, fast-wheelturned examples being only occasionally met with. Of medium fabric the clay used in the preparation of this pottery contained vegetable matter, indicated by the presence of air-holes in the core which showed a band of grey or ivory suggesting that the ware was underfired. It was treated on the outside with thin slip, flaked off at places, and was painted in black with chiefly geometric designs, such as cross-hatched triangles, diamonds and squares, horizontal bands, groups of many lines, comblike design, circles and animal motifs with stippled body. A couple of fragments of graduated terracotta rings used perhaps as measuring devices represented the important finds from this phase. Evidence of symbolic as well as partial burial systems was also met with in this phase.

v2.c31.55

Phase IV was represented by the Malwa Ware. Ample evidence has now come to light at Daimabad to show that the Jorwe was mainly derived from the Malwa. Types such as the carinated bowl, the *hāṇḍī*-type vase with tubular spout, incurved bowl and the *lotā*, which occur in the Malwa Ware, continue in the Jorwe and become the fossil types of the latter. So also as the so-called black-painted potter's marks and graffito marks. Similarly the double urn burials which are characteristic of the Jorwe culture of the upper Godavari valley occur first in the Malwa levels. In one of the double urn burials of this phase one of the urns was of the Malwa Ware painted in black with the sun, dog and peacock motifs. The dog was a favourite animal, the representation of which occurred frequently on the Malwa Ware, one of the examples being that of a pair of dogs in union. Another noteworthy scene on one of the potsherds was that of a man standing in a river with fish and vegetation around him.

v2.c31.56

Among the structures exposed in the Malwa levels the most interesting was the 'religious complex'. It comprised, besides the residential houses or rooms closely connected with the complex, a large mud platform with a channel cut into it and ending in a soak-pit meant to be used for ablution purposes, and six or seven types of sacrificial altars including an apsidal mud-wall structure, perhaps a sacrificial temple, an altar comprising a series of mud rings, a heart-shaped altar, an oval-shaped altar with a sunken floor, an oval-shaped altar with rounded sides, a rectangular altar and a U-shaped fire-pit.

v2.c31.57

The floors of the Malwa houses were decorated with potsherds by embedding them either on edge or flat. Each of the exposed houses had a low step of mud at the entrance, one of them being semicircular in shape, recalling the *candra-śilā*.

v2.c31.58

The Jorwe Ware of the lower levels of Phase V, with all its characteristic types and painted designs, was deepred in colour and had a shining surface showing resemblance with the Lustrous Red Ware [11.9]. But this was because of the natural outcome of the transition from the Malwa Ware to the Jorwe Ware and there was evidence neither of the true Lustrous Red Ware nor of the stemmed bowl of RANGPUR II C type in the Jorwe Phase at Daimabad or for that matter in any other level. The painted marks or the so-called potter's marks on the Jorwe Ware occur only singly, barring one example, and many of them do not have any parallels in the list of the Indus signs [20.4.1]. The associated wares were the burnished grey ware and the thick coarse handmade ware.

v2.c31.59

Five structural phases, 1 to 5, were exposed in the Jorwe levels. The houses of Phase 4 were circular huts with a road and a lane, whereas those of the rest were either rectangular or square. Important structures of the Phase I included two potter's kilns, an apsidal sacrificial temple, a crescentic mud structure, perhaps a sacrificial altar, a circular ash-pit connected with rituals relating to children, and mud-wall houses among which one 7 m long and 3·5 m broad, was an interesting example. The largest among the houses was found in Phase 2 (House 38), which originally measured 9 m long and 5 m broad. It had five major floor levels and with each successive floor level the size of the house shrank. One of the potter's kilns, which was fully exposed, measured 5 m square and consisted of a platform, an outer mud wall 1·40 m high and 50 cm broad at the base tapering upwards to 15 cm, the central ash-packing serving as an insulator and the inner thin burnt wall of laminar clay. The kiln was filled with fine gravel used for artificially raising the temperature in the kiln. It had two stake holes. The kiln was divided into two compartments and on the floor of one were found 15 crushed pots. The different painted marks occurring on the Jorwe pots from the kiln suggest that they cannot be considered as 'potter's marks', as has been generally held. A huge jar of handmade ware found close to the kiln had profuse applied decoration of arch designs, human and bull figures and reptiles.

v2.c31.60

Among the important finds from the Jorwe Phase were included a unique terracotta covered with a coat of red ochre, consisting of the figure of a deified sage and his three consorts united with him and a cylinder seal of terracotta showing a scene of procession through jungle, a horse drawing a cart, followed by a deer looking majestically at the back and in front an animal with a long neck, perhaps a camel.

v2.c31.61

The ¹⁴C dates of samples from the different phases at Daimabad are as follows: (i) overlap between phases IV and V, 1370 ± 100 B.C.; (ii) topmost layer of Phase IV, 1390 ± 120 B.C.; (iii) Phase III, 1120 B.C.; (iv) Phase II, A.D. 540; (v) Phase II, 1760 ± 210 B.C.; (vi) Phase III, 1550 ± 140 B.C.; and (vii) Phase I, 1540 ± 220 B.C.. The date around 1400 B.C. for the end of the Malwa and the beginning of the Jorwe arrived at from samples (i) and (ii) appears consistent with the date obtained for the beginning of the Jorwe at INAMGAON. Sample (iv) was collected from the slope and silt deposited in a later rain gully and is suspected to be contaminated. The date of sample (v) is near to what was expected (1800 B.C.) for the upper levels of the late Harappa phase on grounds of Daimabad stratigraphy, and of the date of the beginning of the Malwa in Maharashtra as known at INAMGAON (c. 1600 B.C.); it is also consistent with the date of sample (ii). The dates of samples (iii), (vi) and (vii) are inconsistent.

v2.c31.62

Agrawal, D.P., Krishnamurthy, R.V., & Kusumgar, S., 1978, in *Man & Environment*, 2. Dhavalikar, M.K., 1979, paper read at Srinagar Seminar on Harappa Civilization (in press). Rao, S.R., 1978, in *Illustrated London News*, April, pp. 74-5. Sali, S.A., 1979, paper read at Srinagar Seminar on Harappa Civilization (in press).—M.N. DESHPANDE & S.A. SALI

v2.c31.63

Daimanhal, Dt Gulbarga. Megalithic site with chamber tombs enclosed in ash circles [4.17.8].

v2.c31.64

*Jour. Geological Survey of Hyderabad*, 4, 1, p. 157. Paddayya, K., 1973, *Investigations into the Neolithic Culture of the Shorapur Doab, s. India*, Leiden, p. 52. Sundara, A., 1975, *Early Chamber Tombs of s. India*, Delhi, p. 52.

v2.c31.65

Dainihill, Dt Mirzapur. Microliths [4.5].

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*IAR 1962-3*.

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Daithangunjale, Dt Ahmadnagar. Tools of Series II (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) and microliths [4.5], possibly a factory site.

v2.c31.68

*IAR 1960; 1966-7*.

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Dakacha, Dt Indore. Ancient site.

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*IAR 1970-1*.

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Dala-Chak, Dt Gurdaspur. Early historical remains. See ACHAL-SAHEB.

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*IAR 1961-2*.

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Dalband, Dt Almora. Two rock-shelters [13] on the banks of the river Suyal near village Dalband, 20 km from Almora. On circumstantial evidence the paintings in the rock-shelters have been dated to prehistoric times.

v2.c31.74

Agrawal, D.P., & Joshi, M.P., 1978, in *Man & Environment*, 2, pp. 75-7.

v2.c31.75

Dalippur, Dt Mainpuri. PGW [11.14], NBPW [11.16] and red ware site.

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*IAR 1971-2*.

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Dalmi, Dulmi, Dt Manbhum. Ancient burial ground containing a number of graves formed mostly of large slabs of rough stone set on four rude pieces of stone set upright in the ground.

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*ASI—AR*, 8, pp. 186-8. Dalton, E.T., 1855, in *Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal*, p. 211; 1866, *ibid.*, p. 190.

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Dalpat, Dt Jammu. Late historical pottery and Gupta terracottas.

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*IAR 1962-3*.

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Damari, Dt Ranchi. Microliths [4.5].

v2.c31.82

*IAR 1965-6*.

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Damla, Dt Ambala. PGW [11.14] site.

v2.c31.84

*IAR 1963-4*.

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Damnagar, Dt Amreli. Late historical site. Earlier Neolithic cores had been reported.

v2.c31.86

Foote, R.B., 1916, *Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities*, Madras; *IAR 1969-70*.

v2.c31.87

Damoh, Dt Damoh. Pointed-butt polished stone axes.

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*AI*, 17. 1961. pp. 5-36.

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Danavulapad, Dt Cuddapah. Situated on the left bank of the river Pennar about 7·5 km below the Taluka town of Jammalamadugu, the site has Jaina remains.

v2.c31.90

*ASI—AR 1905-6*.

v2.c31.91

Danawasni, Dt Marwar. Site on the river Reria with Series II (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) tools.

v2.c31.92

*IAR 1958-9*.

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Dandauli, Dt Saharanpur. Śuṅga-Kushan and medieval wares.

v2.c31.94

*IAR 1964-5*.

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Dand-Bichhia, Dt Mandla. Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) tools and microliths [4.5].

v2.c31.96

*IAR 1963-4*.

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Dandgihalli, Dt Dharwar. Early historical site. See ANVERI.

v2.c31.98

*IAR 1959-60*.

v2.c31.99

Dangalpara, Dt Birbhum. Microliths [4.5].

v2.c31.100

*IAR 1963-4*.

v2.c31.101

Danguapasi, Dt Keonjhar. A large number of microliths [4.5] mostly on chert and flint, cores and waste flakes were found together with a Neolithic celt [4.6.4].

v2.c31.102

*IAR 1958-9*.

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Danpur, Dt Bulandshahr. Red ware of the Śuṅga-Kushan period and medieval ware.

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*IAR 1970-1*.

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Daojali Hading (25°26′; 90°10′), Dt N. Cachar Hills, located on a low ridge of Tertiary sandstone which rises to a height of about 450 m above mean sea level. Covered with a dense forest of bamboo, the site, a large part of which is eroded away, with the resultant exposure of ground and polished stone tools, was explored and excavated by the writer during 1961-3. In 1961 a test pit measuring 3·60 × ·75 m was dug in order to determine the stratigraphic and cultural sequences of the site. In 1963 four regular trenches, each measuring 3·60 m sq, were excavated; one of them, B, showed a regular series of deposits. In other trenches the top layers were seen to have been washed off, removing the cultural layers completely or partially. The cuttings dug down to a depth of 1·50 m exposed three layers: 1, dark loose earth, 20 to 30 cm in thickness, culturally sterile; 2, 75 cm in thickness, dark grey and comparatively loose in the upper part and relatively compact in the lower, archaeologically very rich, bearing stone tools of various types and potsherds; and 3, excavated to a depth of 45 cm, yellowish-brown compact earth, culturally barren, natural soil. A number of potsherds were found at the junction of layers 2 and 3 indicating that the first neolithic [4.6.6] occupation of the site took place on the top of the compact brown earth of layer 3. There is thus a single cultural horizon, with a depth of 20 cm to 1 m over the natural soil.

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The excavated finds consist of stone implements and pottery, with no metal objects. While 65 stone implements were recovered from the excavation, 77 were collected from the eroded surface of the site and 60 in their stratigraphic context from the exposed face of a road-cutting. All the artefacts recovered from the three different contexts exhibit a remarkable homogeneity in their types and technique of manufacture and can be safely regarded as belonging to one and the same cultural assemblage.

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The implements can be classified as follows: (1) edged or cutting tools, 32, (2) grinding stones, 22, (3) querns and mealing troughs, 4, (4) mullers and stone rubbers, 6, and (5) quartzite pebbles (utilized), 11.

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Most of the edged tools are made on indurated carbonaceous shale, and a few of them are on sandstone and fossilwood. The raw material for other categories of artefacts is a variety of fine-grained sandstone. The edged tools are made by flaking and grinding. That the tools were manufactured at the site is indicated by the grinding stones and chips found at the site. Technologically they fall into three main groups: (1) flake tools represented by a solitary example of a thin leaf-shaped flake of indurated shale, (2) edge-ground tools, represented by four specimens on sandstone made wholly by flaking and finished by grinding at the cutting edge, and (3) fully ground tools, forming the majority of the tools found in the excavations shaped by very fine flaking and finished by grinding all over the surface and edge. The tanged or shouldered celts and the quadrangular adzes with flat sides were also made by this process. There is no sign of sawing by metal wire of any tool. The majority of the stone tools is small in size, the length varying between 2·9 and 5·9 cm. In some cases the breadth of the tool is greater than the length, an unusual feature resulting from frequent resharpening.

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typologically the tools may be classified into three main types: (1) tanged or shouldered celts, (2) small celts, and (3) quadrangular axes and adzes, their frequency of occurrence being 38·6, 29·5 and 31·9 per cent respectively. Among the shouldered celts the roughly shouldered curvilinear variety is more in number than the square-cut rectilinear variety. The small celts are either oval or triangular in shape. The quadrangular type is characterized by faceted lateral sides which are ground flat. Most of them are medium-edged axe type, and a small percentage belongs to the unibevelled adze type.

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The pottery from the excavation is in the form of small sherds. About 95 per cent of the sherds are handmade, coarse, grey or dull-red, often gritty, cord-impressed and basket pattern beater-impressed. The remainder is either coarse and grey, with incised herring-bone decorations or brick-red made of fine clay with plain surface.

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The excavated grinding stones were used for grinding, smoothening and sharpening the stone axes and adzes. The mealing troughs, querns, mullers and stone rubbers are indicative of the food habits of the people who might have cultivated and consumed cereals.

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The Neolithic assemblage of Daojali Hading is remarkable, but a closely comparable assemblage has been found in a stratified context at SARUTARU in Dt Kamrup by S.N. Rao. Although some of the tool types, viz. the shouldered and ‘small celts’ with flat sides, are sparsely distributed in Bengal-Bihar and Orissa, no assemblage similar to that of Daojali Hading has been reported from other parts of India. On the other hand the assemblage consisting of shouldered celts, quadrangular axes and adzes and corded wares shows close affinities with the Late Neolithic cultures of s.-e. Asia and s. China. No ¹⁴C date is available.

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Allchin, F.R., 1962, in *Bull. School of Oriental & African Studies*, London, 25, 306-30. Goswami, M.C., & Sharma, T.C., 1962, in *Jour. Univ. of Gauhati*, 13, pp. 63-6; in *ibid.*, 14, pp. 45-7. Rao, S.N., 1973, in *Bull. Dept of Anthropology, Dibrugarh Univ.*, 2, pp. 1-9. Sharma, T.C., 1966, *Prehistoric Arch. of Assam—a Study of Neolithic Culture*, Ph.D thesis (unpublished), Univ. of London; 1967, in *Man*, N.S., 2, pp. 126-8.—T.C. SHARMA

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**Daoni**, Dt Jhansi. Palaeolithic (of unspecified nature) site. *IAR 1963-4.*

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**Dapur**, Dt Dhule. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.5]) tools. *IAR 1962-3.*

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**Daradgaon**, Dt Ahmadnagar. Tools of Series II (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) and microliths [4.5] were found together with early historical pottery characterized by the black-and-red and red wares. *IAR 1960-1.*

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**Darapur**, Dt Bharatpur. Site yielding PGW [11.14], black-and-red ware and Kushan terracotta figurines and sculptures. *IAR 1970-1.*

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**Darasol**, Dt Purulia. Microliths [4.5]. *IAR 1959-60.*

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**Darauli**, Dt Udaipur. Early Stone Age (Lower Palaeolithic [4.2]) tools were found as also black-and-red ware unassociated with microliths. The ware born a family likeness to the Chalcolithic pottery found at AHAR² [11.6.2]. The usual shapes comprised: the convex-sided bowl with a flared or everted rim and sometimes with a flanged shoulder; straight-sided bowl with an everted rim; bowl with a carinated shoulder and everted rim; and jar with a flared mouth. The pots were generally painted externally and occasionally internally in various designs with a whitish pigment; the designs consisted of vertical and oblique strokes, concentric circles, chevrons, dots and intersecting arcs. Besides sherds of polished red ware and burnished black ware were also found in ample quantities. *IAR 1956-7; 1962-3.*

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**Darebora**, Dt N. Kachar Hills. Forty-two pear-shaped stones were found near Darebora arranged in lines with a single enormous stone at a small distance. See BOLASON.

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Hutton, J.H., 1929; in *Antiquity*, 3.

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**Darga,** Dt Cuddapah. Early, Middle and Late Stone Age (Lower and Middle Palaeolithic [4.2-3] and Mesolithic [4.5]) tools were found.

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*IAR 1964-5.*

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**Dargama,** Dt Ranchi. Five copper celts were found near a water channel [4.11].

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*Jour. Bihar & Orissa Res. Soc.* 1, 1915, p. 239; 6, 1921, p. 417.

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**Dargarh,** Dt Jabalpur. Series I and II (Lower and Middle Palaeolithic [4.2, 3]) tools.

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*IAR 1958-9.*

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**Daria,** Dt Allāhabad. Painted rock-shelters [13].

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*IAR 1969-70.*

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**Dariyapur,** Dt Unnao. PGW [11.14] and NBPW [11.16] site.

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*IAR 1962-3.*

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**Darkhel,** Dt Dhule. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.5]) and Chalcolithic [4.14.6] site.

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*IAR 1963-4.*

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**Daroda,** Dt Wardha. Series II (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) tools.

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*IAR 1959-60.*

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**Darogi,** Dt Bellary. Ash mound [4.3] and Chalcolithic [4.17.8] site.

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Paddayya, K., 1973, *Investigations into the Neolithic Culture of the Shorapur Doab, s. India*, Leiden, fig. 29.

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**Daroji,** Dt Bellary. Palaeolithic [4.2, 3] and Neolithic [4.6.9] site.

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Foote, R.B., 1916, *Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities*, Madras, pp. 77-8.

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**Darori,** Dt Jabalpur. Middle Palaeolithic [4.3] site.

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*IAR 1968-9.*

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**Daruharu,** Dt Ranchi. Microliths [4.5].

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*IAR 1960-1.*

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**Dasehra,** Dt Bulandshahr. Suṅga-Kushan red ware.

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*IAR 1964-5.*

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**Daspalla,** Dt Puri. Neolithic [4.6.4] site.

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*AI*, 9, 1953, p. 97.

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**Dasuya,** Dt Jullundur. Traces of early historical occupation were found on a mound.

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*IAR 1956-7.*

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**Data,** Dt Hissar. Pre-Harappa [4.8] site comparable to the degenerate SISWAL.

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Suraj Bhan, 1975, *Excavation at Mitathal & other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide*, Kurukshetra, p. 124.

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**Datarti,** Dt Dhule. A crude handaxe [4.2] was found on a consolidated gravel of the Panjhara. Artefacts ascribable to a stage succeeding the Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) but preceding the Late Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.5]) were also discovered.

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*IAR 1964-5.*

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**Datarwa,** Dt Ujjain. Early historical site.

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*IAR 1971-2.*

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**Datrana,** Dt Banas-Kantha. Painted red ware.

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*IAR 1964-5.*

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**Dattawadi,** Dt Pune. Chopper-chopping tools [4.2].

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*IAR 1962-3.*

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**Daudpur,** Dt Saharanpur. Harappa [4.9] and OCW [4.12] site.

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*IAR 1966-7.*

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**Daulatabad¹ (Husainabad),** Dt Bijnor. Sherds of the PGW [11.14] were found at Daulatabad, 16·5 km from Najibabad on the left bank of the Gangan river. The site also yielded NBPW [11.16] besides punch-marked and cast copper coins [3.1].

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*IAR 1957-8.*

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**Daulatabad²,** Dt Ganganagar. PGW [11.14], impressed pottery, Rang Mahal Ware [11.24], toy-cart, terracotta balls and shell bead and bangles at Daulatabad-1 and -2. See SARASVATĪ VALLEY.

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*Unpublished.*

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**Daulatpur¹,** Dt Ghazipur. Historical site.

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*IAR 1962-3.*

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**Daulatpur² (29°57′; 76°56′),** Dt Kurukshetra, on a nullah branching off from the Chitang (Dṛṣadvatī), 15 km e. of Thanesar, with a 6 m high mound, excavated by the Univ. of Kurukshetra during 1968-70 (*IAR 1968-9*, p. 8) and again during 1976-8, on the latter occasion to ascertain if there was an overlap between the late Harappa [4.10] and PGW [4.15] cultures noticed at BHAGWANPURA², only 8 km to its n. It may be at once said that no such overlap has been noticed in the excavated area. The excavation has revealed that the earliest deposit, Pd I, belongs to the late Harappa culture with five structural phases with post-holes, walls of mud brick and ill-fired brick of various sizes (52×36×10 and 42×32×? cm) suggest different types of building activities. Mud corn bins were in use for the purpose of storage. However the most significant discovery of these levels is the existence of walled constructions, round to oval in shape and burnt inside, most probably designed as ovens (*bhaṭṭis*). Their bottoms contain a thin layer of ash and are filled with thrown-off material, including pottery and animal bones, thus precluding their use for any religious activity. The ceramic industry mainly consists of a thick sturdy ware having red to oily surface. The pottery types are a mixed assemblage which includes pre-Harappa [11.2], Harappa [11.3] and Cemetery H types and are on the whole comparable with that of BARA. Incision of various geometrical designs is also a decorative technique in addition to paintings of simple designs in black colour. The other finds include: bangles, a chisel, a fish-hook and a razor-blade of copper; wheeled bird and animal figurines; toy-cart wheels [15.19]; beads, bangles and balls of terracotta; beads; bangles and balls with incised decoration in faience; a few steatite disc beads; bone engravers; shell bangles; and charred grains. Several terracotta circular and triangular cakes [6.27] and grinding and rubbing stones [6.19] have also been found. The charred grains recovered from the site are under study. The discovery of the copper fish-hook [6.6] and bone engravers suggests that hunting and fishing supplemented the food supply of these people. On the basis of pottery and other finds these remains can be bracketed with those of SANGHOL I B, MITATHAL II B, MIRZAPUR, BHAGWANPURA² I A and BANAWALI III.

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The overlying remains of Pd II having 1·10 m deposit in some of the excavated trenches yield the PGW in three structural phases. With the PGW are also coarse grey and coarse red ware and the Black-slipped Ware [11.13]. The types in the PGW are mostly the dish and bowl with paintings in black pigment. A few dishes show interesting painted motifs. The discovery of terracotta humped figurines, vase-shaped beads, ear studs, discs, toy-cart wheels and a piece of bone bangle form the other cultural equipment. The upper levels of the Pd have yielded two iron implements.

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The early historical remains, Pd III, ranging in date from *c.* 500 B.C. to the 5th century A.D., are broadly divisible into two phases. The earlier phase is marked by the plain grey and other pottery of the early historical period of the pre-Christian era. The settlement during the later phase belonging to the centuries succeeding the Christian era seems to be well-planned, though the houses are constructed of mud brick. This later phase is also distinguished by the occurrence of the Red Polished Ware [11.23]. The associated ordinary red pottery is decorated with stamped designs like *nandipada*, leaves and garland designs. The other finds include: terracotta toys representing wheeled animals, bulls and other figurines, beads, wheels, balls, discs, spools and stamps; miscellaneous objects of iron; copper objects including bangles and ear rings; a few copper coins; beads of semiprecious stones, terracotta and glass; shell and glass bangles; a comb of ivory; and stone querns and pestles. A small terracotta figure bearing two *tri-śūla* symbols made by incised holes belongs to the early centuries of the Christian era. The most important of the finds are however the clay sealings [3.2] bearing legends in early Brāhmī script including a Yaudheya sealing and a bull figure; two sealings containing the legend *Sthāṇeśvarasya* in characters of the 4th-5th century A.D.; a sealing depicting *svastika* and trident; and one bearing the impression of a ring and another depicting a cock.

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A sprinkling of the remains of early medieval times including glazed ware is found in the top levels of the mound.

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—U.V. SINGH

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**Dauli,** Dt Birbhum. Black-and-red Ware characteristic of the MAHISDAL complex [4.14.4]. *IAR 1963-4.*

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**Daurala,** Dt Meerut. Early historical site. *IAR 1969-70.*

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**Davangaon.** See PRAVARA VALLEY.

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**Dayarampura,** Dt Jaipur. Black-and-red Ware site. *IAR 1970-1.*

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**Deeh,** Dt Unnao. NBPW [11.16] site. *IAR 1962-3.*

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**Deel-Chapper,** Dt Ambala. Remains of the early Christian era including the Red Polished Ware [11.23]. *IAR 1963-4.*

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**Deen,** Dt Ambala. PGW [11.14] and early historical wares. *IAR 1963-4.*

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**Deevlakhara,** Dt Bulandshahr. OCW [11.5] and medieval ware. *IAR 1970-1.*

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**Degam,** Dt Junagadh. Red Polished Ware [11.24]. *IAR 1957-8.*

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**Degaon,** Dt Dhule. Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) tools. *IAR 1962-3.*

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**Degapuri, Degapudi,** Dt Nellore. Lower [4.2] and Middle Palaeolithic [4.3] site yielding Abbevillian and Acheulian hand-axes, cleavers, flakes, blade and endscraper. See KANDLERU VALLEY. Aiyappan, A., 1942, *Manley Collection of Stone Age Tools*, Mem. ASI, 68, p. 4. *IAR 1965-6.*

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**Deghave,** Dt Dhule. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.5]) site. *IAR 1963-4.*

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**Degras,** Dt Ahmadnagar. Microliths [4.5]. *IAR 1958-9.*

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**Deharani,** Dt Allahabad. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.5]) site. *IAR 1963-4.*

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**Dehare,** Dt Ahmadnagar. Microliths [4.5]. *IAR 1958-9.*

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**Deheru,** Dt Ludhiana. Harappa [4.9] site with typical Harappa Ware [11.3]. *IAR 1961-2.*

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**Dehgaon,** Dt E. Nimar. Microliths [4.5]. *IAR 1959-60.*

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**Dehra¹**, Dt Bharatpur. Black-and-red Ware [11.6], PGW [11.14] and NBPW [11.16] site, 15 km w. of Bharatpur.

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**Dehra²** (31°53'; 76°14'), Dt Kangra. About 36 km s. e. of Kangra, Dehra stands on a terrace which is about 35 m above the level of the river. Palaeoliths [4.2] were discovered from a thick gravel bed constituting a part of this terrace. Of these ten were unifacial choppers and four were Clactorian flakes. *AI*, 12, 1956, pp. 58-92.