An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v2.c34: G

An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v2.c34

Language: English

G

v2.c34.1

**Gadabadi**, Dt E. Nimar. Microliths [4.5]. *IAR 1960-1.*

v2.c34.2

**Gadabirghar**, Dt Ballia. Black-and-red Ware [11.6.3] and NBPW [1.16]. *IAR 1963-4.*

v2.c34.3

**Gadachunadadi**, Dt Panch Mahals. Microlithic [4.5] site. Sonawane, V.H., 1976, in *Arch. Congress & Seminar, 1972*, Kurukshetra.

v2.c34.4

**Gadaghat**, Dt Jabalpur. Microliths [4.5]. *IAR 1959-60.*

v2.c34.5

**Gadahiri**, Dt Chandrapur. Early Stone Age (Lower Palaeolithic [4.2]) tools. *IAR 1961-2.*

**Gaddamankampalli**, Dt Kurnool. A broken neolith [4.6.8], microlithic fluted cores, blades and waste flakes, black-painted red ware, all evidently Chalcolithic [4.14.7] and Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) tools. *IAR 1963-4.*

v2.c34.7

**Gaddedinne**, Dt Bijapur. Mesolithic [4.5] site yielding scrapers, awls and points. *IAR 1972-3.*

v2.c34.8

**Gaddi-ka-Than**, Dt Jaunpur. Sherds of the NBPW [11.16], Black-slipped Ware [11.13] and associated red ware. *IAR 1965-6.*

v2.c34.9

**Gaddikeri**, Dt Bellary. Chalcolithic [4.14.8] site. Paddayya, K., 1973, *Investigations into the Neolithic Culture of s. India*, Leiden.

v2.c34.10

**Gadekal**, Dt Anantapur. Neolithic habitation [4.6.8] site. Early historical pottery was also found. See AKKAMMAKONDA. *IAR 1965-6.*

v2.c34.11

**Gadh**, Dt Panch Mahals. Early historical settlement yielding Black-and-red Ware [11.15], Red Polished Ware [11.27], brick structures, beads, bangles and terracotta objects. Sonawane, V.H., 1976, in *Arch. Congress & Seminar, 1972*, Kurukshetra.

v2.c34.12

**Gadha**¹, Dt Allahabad. Late Stone (Mesolithic [4.5]) site. *IAR 1963-4.*

v2.c34.13

**Gadha**², Dt Udaipur. Series III (Mesolithic [4.5]) tools. *IAR 1959-60.*

v2.c34.14

**Gadhada**¹, Dt Bhavnagar. Harappa [4.9] site. See HANUMAN TIMBA. *IAR 1971-2.*

v2.c34.15

**Gadhada**², Dt Rajkot. Three mounds in the Aji valley with coarse corrugated ware and Harappa [11.3] Ware. *IAR 1960-1.*

v2.c34.16

**Gadharia**, Dt Rajkot. Harappa [11.3] Ware. *IAR 1957-8.*

v2.c34.17

**Gadharona**, Dt Saharanpur. OCW [11.5], grey ware, barrel beads of banded agate and terracotta figurine. *IAR 1963-4.*

v2.c34.18

**Gadh-Chundadi**, Dt Panch Mahals. Early historical [4.18.2] site. *IAR 1971-2.*

v2.c34.19

**Gandhehundadi**, Dt Panch Mahals. Mesolithic [4.5] site. *IAR 1970-1.*

v2.c34.20

**Gadhinglaj**, Dt Kolhapur. Megalithic site with passage tombs [4.17.6]. *IAR 1966-7.*

v2.c34.21

**Gadhiyo**, Dt Rajkot. Early historical [4.18.2] site near Navagadh. *IAR 1958-9.*

v2.c34.22

**Gadiganuru**, Dt Bellary. Palaeolithic and Neolithic [4.6.9] site. Foote, R.B., 1916, *Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities*, Madras, pp. 77-8.

v2.c34.23

**Gadi Katauna**, Dt Monghyr. Middle Palaeolithic [4.3] tools, blades and microliths. Burman, D.K., 1976, in *Arch. Congress & Seminar, 1972*, Kurukshetra.

v2.c34.24

**Gadirgaon**, Dt Ahmadnagar. Series II (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) tools, microliths and sherds of thick grey ware. *IAR 1960-1.*

v2.c34.25

**Gadisommal**, Dt Bijapur. Chalcolithic [4.14.8] site. See ALMEL. *IAR 1959-60.*

v2.c34.26

**Gadka-Chak**, Dt Bhagalpur. NBPW [11.16]. *IAR 1963-4.*

v2.c34.27

**Gadriawas**, Dt Udaipur. White-painted black-and-red ware [11.6.2] site in the Berach valley. *IAR 1962-3.*

v2.c34.28

**Gagal** (32°5′; 76°15′), Dt Kangra. Lower Palaeolithic [4.2] tools were found on the terraces of the river MARKANDA.

v2.c34.29

**Gagsina**, Dt Karnal. Late Harappa [4.10] site comparable with MITATHAL II B. See YAMUNA RIVER. Suraj Bhan, 1975, *Excavation at Mitathal & other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide*, Kurukshetra, p. 125.

v2.c34.30

**Gahala-Shahpur**, Dt Varanasi. Painted rock-shelters [13] on the bank of the Karamnasa. *IAR 1961-2*. Misra, V.D., 1977, *Some Aspects of Indian Arch.*, Allahabad, p. 55.

v2.c34.31

**Gahar Wargaon Ghat**, Dt Mirzapur. Lower and Middle Palaeolithic [4.2, 3] and microlithic [4.5] site. *IAR 1959-60*.

v2.c34.32

**Gaisabad**, Dt Dhule. Lower Palaeolithic [4.2] and Series II (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) site on the river Bearma. *IAR 1958-9*.

v2.c34.33

**Gajadharpur¹**, Dt Allahabad. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.5]) site on the Baga-ka-Nala. *IAR 1969-70*.

v2.c34.34

**Gajadharpur²**, Dt Ghazipur. Historical site. *IAR 1962-3*.

v2.c34.35

**Gajaga**, Dt Kolar. Megalithic stone circles [4.17.8]. *IAR 1970-1*.

v2.c34.36

**Gajanur**, Dt Mysore. Megalithic cist burials [4.17.8]. *IAR 1961-2*.

v2.c34.37

**Gajendragad**, Dt Dharwar. Megalithic urn burial [4.17.8] site. *IAR 1964-5*.

v2.c34.38

**Gajjalakonda**, Dt Nizambad. Megalithic [4.17.7] site. Ghosh, N.C., 1972-3, in *Purātattva*, 6, pp. 74-5.

v2.c34.39

**Gajraun**, Dt Jhalawar. Series II (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) tools. *IAR 1958-9*.

v2.c34.40

**Galaganatha**, Dt Dharwar. Megalithic pottery [11.15.3] and a few sherds of the Neolithic grey ware of BRAHMA-GIRI fabric. *IAR 1966-7*.

v2.c34.41

**Galamb**, Dt Wardha. Series II (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) site. *IAR 1959-60*.

v2.c34.42

**Galaru, Galeru, valley**, Dt Kurnool. In the Galaru valley, lying between Nandyal and Atmakuru, a rich Lower Palaeolithic industry on quartzite was found, comprising Abbevillio-Acheulian bifaces and plain-platform flake tools [4.2]. See BILLA SURGAM. *IAR 1956-7*.

v2.c34.43

**Galath**, Dt Fatehpur. PGW [11.14] and NBPW [11.16]. *IAR 1965-6*; *1967-8*.

v2.c34.44

**Galdahawa**, Dt Allahabad. The two nullahs joining the BELAN near the village Galdahawa yielded Early, Middle and Late Stone Age (Lower and Middle Palaeolithic [4.2, 3] and Mesolithic [4.5]) tools. *IAR 1966-7*.

v2.c34.45

**Galeru valley**. See GALARU VALLEY.

v2.c34.46

**Galil**, Dt Kheda. Mesolithic [4.5] and early historical site. *IAR 1971-2*.

v2.c34.47

**Galkund**, Dt Surat. Early, Middle and Late Stone Age (Lower and Middle Palaeolithic [4.2, 3] and Mesolithic [4.5]) site. *IAR 1967-8*.

v2.c34.48

**Galudih**, Dt Singhbhum. Lower Palaeolithic [4.2] site. See DHULBHUM.

v2.c34.49

**Gamakar**, Dt Vidisha. Lower Palaeolithic [4.2] site on the Betwa. *IAR 1958-9*.

v2.c34.50

**Gama-ki-Dhani**, Dt Ganganagar. RANG MAHAL Ware [11.24], terracotta and shell bangles and microliths. Unpublished.

v2.c34.51

**Gamanpura**, Dt Udaipur. Microlithic [4.5] site in the Berach valley. *IAR 1962-3*.

v2.c34.52

**Gambhir**, Dt E. Nimar. Microliths [4.5]. *IAR 1960-1*.

v2.c34.53

**Gambhiri river**, Dt Chittaurgarh. The section of the river downstream from the road-bridge near Chittaur yielded Early Stone Age (Lower Palaeolithic [4.2]) tools. Among the sites are: Morwan, Ratanzana and Kalyanpura. *IAR 1956-7*; *1961-2*.

v2.c34.54

**Gamri**, Dt Bharatpur. PGW [11.14] site. *IAR 1971-2*.

v2.c34.55

**Gandageri**, Dt Dharwar. Megalithic urn burial [4.17.8] site. *IAR 1964-5*.

v2.c34.56

**Gandhara**, Dt Broach. Early historical [4.18.2] site. *IAR 1965-6*.

v2.c34.57

**Gandhauli**, Dt Sitapur. Flat celts of copper [4.11]. *Arch. Congress & Seminar, 1972*, Kurukshetra, 1976, p. 98.

v2.c34.58

**Gandhra**, Dt Rohtak. Site yielding late Harappa [4.10] remains, black-and-red pottery [11.6], PGW [11.14] and NBPW [11.16]. *Jour. Haryana Studies*, 3, 1, p. 5.

v2.c34.59

**Gandi**, Dt Dhule. Palaeolithic [4.2-4] tools. *IAR 1959-60*.

v2.c34.60

**Gandiganamala**, Dt Krishna. Site with dolmens [4.17.7]. Sewell, R., 1882, *Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras*, Madras.

v2.c34.61

**Ganesh Nallah**, Dt E. Nimar. Series I (Lower Palaeolithic [4.2]) tools were found in the gravels. Surface exploration yielded Middle Palaeolithic [4.3] tools as well. *IAR 1966-7*. Sankalia, H.D., 1974, *Prehistory & Protohistory of India & Pakistan*, Poona.

v2.c34.62

**Ganeshpur**, Dt Dhule. Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) site. *IAR 1963-4*.

v2.c34.63

**Ganga valley**, Dts Allahabad, Pratapgarh and Varanasi, explored by G.R. Sharma and his team of the Univ. of Allahabad. Over an area of 10500 sq km covering parts of Dts Allahabad, Pratapgarh and Varanasi hundreds of Stone Age sites ranging from the late Upper Palaeolithic [4.4] to the geometric Mesolithic [4.5] have been located. The noteworthy of these are: JAMUNIPUR, KURHA, BICHHIA BHIKHAMPUR, MAHRUDIHA,... SARAI NAHAR RAI, HARAHI-BHITULI, PATUPUR, etc., in Dt Pratapgarh and BANKAT-BHIKHARIRAMPUR and GARWA, in Dt Varanasi. The tools collected from these sites include scrapers, blades, blunted backs, points, trapeze (Bichhia) and triangles (Sarai Nahar Rai) fashioned on chert, chalcedony and quartz. Cores, flakes and *debitage* constitute a higher percentage than the finished tools indicating thereby that these were locally manufactured. As the raw material is not locally available in the Ganga valley it could have been transported from the Vindhyan area.

v2.c34.64

'It is of special significance that these tools have been found in a definite geological context. The available evidence indicates that the first arrival of the stone Age man in the Ganga valley coincided with the last stage of the *Bhagar* formation, the old alluvium ...

v2.c34.65

'The archaeological investigations in Dts Allahabad, Pratapgarh and Varanasi have imparted valuable information about the shifting in the course of the Ganga in ancient times. The area to the n. measuring about 55 km from the present water channel of the Ganga is characterized by a large number of horse-shoe lakes. From the nature of these lakes it is clear that these represent the stages of withdrawal of the Ganga from 55 km n. to its present course and the ancient meanders of the river were left isolated and were converted into horse-shoe lakes before the end of the Pleistocene [9.8.2].

v2.c34.66

'Explorations have led to the location of a number of Mesolithic stations on the banks of the horse-shoe lakes, e.g., SARAI NAHAR RAI, HARAHI-BHITULI, PATUPUR and RAJAPUR in Pratapgarh and BANKAT-BHIKHARI-RAMPUR and GARWA in Varanasi. The availability of games, birds and water-creatures in the lakes might have induced the Palaeolithic hunters to come to the n. of the Ganga from their original habitat of the Vindhyas. But as the Ganga valley lacked stone for manufacturing tools, these new-comers would have been compelled to return to the Vindhyas for getting the raw material. In rainy season the Ganga valley might have been inhospitable to these early hunters. Under the nature of the circumstances the coming of these men to the Ganga valley would have been seasonal.'

v2.c34.67

Quoted with minor alterations from Misra, V.D., 1977, *Some Aspects of Indian Arch.*, .Allahabad, pp. 58-60. Sharma, G.R., 1975, Presidential Address, Prehistoric Society, Delhi, reprinted in *K.C. Chattopadhyaya Memorial Vol.*, Allahabad, 1975.

v2.c34.68

**Ganga-danga**, Dt Burdwan. Microliths, painted black-and-red and red wares [4.14.4]. *IAR 1962-3.*

v2.c34.69

**Gangadevanahalli**, Dt Dharmapuri. Megalithic [4.17.9] site with dolmenoid cists and circle stones. *IAR 1967-8.*

v2.c34.70

**Gangadhar¹**, Dt Jhalawar. Terracotta ring-wells [14.15]. *IAR 1960-1.*

v2.c34.71

**Gangadhar²**, Dt Ujjain. Kayatha Ware site. *See* 11·7.

v2.c34.72

**Gangagarh**, Dt Ganganagar. PGW [11.14] and Rang Mahal site [11.24] site. Unpublished.

v2.c34.73

**Gangakhed**. *See* GODAVARI VALLEY.

v2.c34.74

**Gangaleri**, Dt Dharmapuri. Megalithic cists [4.17.9]. *IAR 1964-5.*

v2.c34.75

**Gangamangala**, Dt Mysore. Magalithic cist burials [4.17.8]. *IAR 1961-2.*

v2.c34.76

**Gangana**, Dt Karnal. Late Harappa [4.10] site comparable with MITATHAL II B. Suraj Bhan, 1975, *Excavation at Mitathal & other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide*, Kurukshetra, p. 125.

v2.c34.77

**Ganganadoddi**, Dt Mysore. Black-and-red [11.15.3] and Russet-coated Painted Wares [11.22]. *IAR 1961-2.*

v2.c34.78

**Ganganir-Math**, Dt Midnapur. Acheulian handaxes [4.2], Middle and Late Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3] and Mesolithic [4.5]) tools, besides a Neolithic celt [4.6.5]. *IAR 1964-5.*

v2.c34.79

**Gangapur¹**. *See* GODAVARI VALLEY.

v2.c34.80

**Gangapur²** (17°10'; 76°31'), Dt Gulbarga. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.5]) sites in the Amarja valley. Nagaraju, S., 1971, in *Prof. K.A. Nilakanta Sastri Felicitation Vol.*, Madras.

v2.c34.81

**Gangapur³**, Dt Nagpur. Megalithic [4.17.6] site. *See* TAKALGHAT and KHAPA. *IAR 1968-9.*

v2.c34.82

**Gangapur⁴**, Dt Nasik. In the river section of the GODAVARI near Gangapur Lower Palaeolithic [4.2] implements were found. These included handaxes, ovates, cleavers, and flakes. It appears that the area was a factory site. *IAR 1956-7; 1959-60; 1969-70.*

v2.c34.83

**Gangargaon**, Dt Ahmadnagar. Chalcolithic [4.14.5] site. *IAR 1959-60.*

v2.c34.84

**Gangasanpalli**, Dt Nalgonda. Megalithic cairn circles [4.17.7]. *IAR 1961-2.*

v2.c34.85

**Gangasinghpur**, Dt Ganganagar. Non-descript sherds. Unpublished.

v2.c34.86

**Gangauli**, Dt Gurgaon. PGW [11.14] site. Suraj Bhan, 1975, *Excavation at Mitathal & other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide*, Kurukshetra, p. 126.

v2.c34.87

**Gangavaram Hills**, Dt S. Arcot. Megalithic site with dolmens [4.17.9]. Sewell, R., 1882, *Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras*, Madras.

v2.c34.88

**Gandhar**, Dt Kota. Sherds of the Malwa Ware [11.10]. *IAR 1966-7.*

v2.c34.89

**Gangipata**, **Ganjipatta**, Dt Chitradurga. Megalithic [4.17.8] site with stone circles. Seshadri, M., 1956, *Stone-using Cultures of Pre- & Proto-historic Mysore*, London, p. 63.

v2.c34.90

**Gangta**, Dt Dhule. Chalcolithic [4.14.5] site on the Tapti. *IAR 1958-9.*

v2.c34.91

**Ganiganur**, Dt Mysore. Megalithic [4.17.8] site.

v2.c34.92

**Ganj**, Dt Varanasi. Black-and-red Ware [11.6.3] site. *IAR 1962-3*.

v2.c34.93

**Ganja-Pahar valley**, Dt Dhanbad. Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) site. *IAR 1961-2*.

v2.c34.94

**Ganjapur, Ganjpur**, Dt Bir. Microliths [4.5] were collected on the surface at the site, a village on the right bank of the Manjra, a tributary of the Godavari. *IAR 1971-2*.

v2.c34.95

**Ganjibhovaro**, Dt Ahmadnagar. Tools of Series II (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) and microliths [4.5] and sherds of thick grey ware were collected as also early historical pottery like black-and-red and red wares. *IAR 1960-1*.

v2.c34.96

**Ganjipatta**, See GANGIPATA.

v2.c34.97

**Ganolgiri**, Dt Garo Hills. Stone tools including Hoabinhian, cores, flakes, axes, adzes, hoes, long narrow celts, grinding stones and potsherds predominantly grey in colour [4.6.6]. *IAR 1966-7*.

v2.c34.98

**Ganwaria, Ganwari**, (27°26′; 83°7′), 1 km s.-w. of PIPRAHWA, plausibly identified with Kapilavāstu, the capital of the Śākyas (Mitra, 1971). This identification has been confirmed by the excavation of the writer (Srivastava, 1977, 1978) which yielded terracotta sealings and the lid of a pot with the legend *Kapilavastu*. The excavation also brought to light extensive structural remains and a rich assemblage of antiquities. The occupational deposit can be divided into four Pds: Pd I (*c.* 800 to 600 B.C.), with Black-slipped Ware [11.13], fine grey ware, red ware vases and dishes with red rim and greyish bottom associated elsewhere with the PGW [11.14], red ware bowls and dishes with the mirror-like polish occasionally painted in black dots and circles; Pd II (*c.* 600 to 200 B.C.), with the NBPW [11.16], red ware painted in black horizontal bands and other associated wares, punch-marked coins [3.1] and a limited number of terracotta figurines; Pd III (200 B.C. to the beginning of the Christian era); and Pd IV Kushan (beginning of the Christian era to the 4th century A.D.) with punchmarked, cast and Kushan coins and terracottas typical of the period.

v2.c34.99

The houses of Pd I have mud walls with roofs supported on wooden post, a post being found in position. As a safeguard against inundation the ground-level was raised by piling up yellow compact clay for subsequent occupation. Amongst the burnt brick structures of Pds II, III and IV two massive complexes, in five phases and with a projected bastion-like entrance towards the e., are most impressive. The larger complex is about 30 m sq and the smaller one towards n.-w. 26 m sq. The central courtyard of the smaller complex is paved with burnt bricks with a well in the n.-w. corner. The floors are made of brick jelly and brickbats. Drainage from the central courtyard is provided by a covered drain of burnt bricks with an outlet towards the s.-w. end. A ring-well of Phase I with a diameter of 85 cm is noticed in the n.-e. gallery of the larger complex. Other secular structures include a house complex and a large structure with several rooms, two courtyards in the centre and a long drain near the s.-e. end of the larger complex, a house complex on the n. fringe of the mound, a cistern-like structure 3 m deep and a very deep well.

v2.c34.100

Of the four shrines the second one, which yielded a large number of terracotta Buddha heads, is the most significant. All the shrines, constructed over the earlier house complexes belong to Pd IV. The religious structures are constructed over earlier house complexes. Besides heads of Buddha, Buddha seated on double lotus and holding the fingers of his left hand with the right, a head with fan-shaped head dress, warriors and drummers, mother and child, ornamented female figurines with elaborate coiffure and decorated anklets, dancing figures, figures with elaborate drapery, a three-eyed head, a demon devouring an animal and animal figurines constitute the rich variety of terracottas. A stone disc depicting bull, elephant and lion interspersed by *cakra* as on the abacus of Aśokan pillars, beads of glass, terracotta and semiprecious stones, stone weights, chisels, sickles, arrow- and dagger-heads, knives and a razor iron, copper bowls, glass bangles and a highly polished legged stone quern with a pestle are the other important antiquities. Two coin hoards, one of 64 silver punch-marked and the other of 37 copper coins, have been found in small pots.

v2.c34.101

*IAR 1961-2*. Mitra, D., 1971, *Buddhist Monuments*, Calcutta, pp. 247-53. Srivastava, K.M., 1977, in *Vishveshvaranand Indological Jour.*, 15, 1; 1978; *Kapilavastu*, Nagpur.—K.M. SRIVASTAVA

v2.c34.102

**Gara**, Dt Saharanpur. OCW [11.5] site. 3 *IAR 1966-7*.

v2.c34.103

**Garadi**, Dt Singhbhum. Cemetery consisting of 12 urn burials [4.17.4]. See DHALBHUM.

v2.c34.104

**Garbardi**, Dt E. Nimar. Palaeoliths [4.2-4] and microliths. *IAR 1959-60*.

v2.c34.105

**Garbata-Raja**, Dt Mirzapur. Megalithic [4.17.3] site. *IAR 1969-70*.

v2.c34.106

**Garbo**, Dt Rajkot. Early historical site near Sanali. *IAR 1958-9*.

v2.c34.107

**Garh**, Dt Saharanpur. Site yielding OCW [11.5]. *IAR 1965-6*.

v2.c34.108

**Garha-Gopalapur**, Dt Jaunpur. NBPW [11.16], Black-slipped Ware [11.13] and red ware. *IAR 1965-6*.

v2.c34.109

**Garha-Kota**, Dt Dhule. Series II (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) site on the river Sonar. *IAR 1958-9*.

v2.c34.110

**Garhbogharh**, Dt Bastar. Middle Palaeolithic [4.3] site on the Narangi river. *Madhya Pradesh Sandesh*, 13 June, 1970, p. 10.

v2.c34.111

**Garhchandla,** Dt Bastar. Middle and Upper Palaeolithic site [4.3, 4]. *Madhya Pradesh Sandesh*, 13 June, 1970, p. 10.

v2.c34.112

**Garhchiroli,** Dt Chandrapur. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.5]) site. *IAR 1970-1.*

v2.c34.113

**Garhi-Morila,** Dt Sagar. Pointed-butt polished stone axes [4.6]. Brown, J.C., 1917, *Catalogue of Prehistoric Antiquities in the Indian Museum at Calcutta*, Simla.

v2.c34.114

**Garhkota,** Dt Sagar. Middle Palaeolithic [4.3] site. *AI*, 17, 1961, p. 4.

v2.c34.115

**Garhwa¹,** Dt Allahabad. Pointed-butt polished stone axes [4.6.4]. Brown, J.C., 1917, *Catalogue of Prehistoric Antiquities in the Indian Museum of Calcutta*, Simla.

v2.c34.116

**Garhwa²,** Dt Varanasi. Upper Palaeolithic [4.4] site yielding blades, burins, parallel-sided blades, blunted blades, points, scrapers, lunates, cores and flakes. [Same as GARWA?] Sharma, G.R., 1975, Presidential Address, Prehistoric Society, Delhi.

v2.c34.117

**Garikepadu,** Dt Krishna. Site with dolmens [4.6.8]. Sewell, R., 1882, *Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras*, Madras.

v2.c34.118

**Garua,** Dt Udaipur. Microlithic [4.5] site. See BARA BEDLA. *IAR 1956-7.*

v2.c34.119

**Garudanahalli,** Dt Kolar. Megalithic [4.17.8] site with post-holed cists and menhirs. *Indian Antiquary*, 11, 1882, pp. 86-8. Seshadri, M., 1956, *Stone-using Cultures of Pre- & Proto-historic Mysore*, London, p. 62.

v2.c34.120

**Garudanapalya,** Dt Kolar. Megalithic [4.17.8] site with a few cists. Seshadri, M., 1960, *Report on the Jadigenahalli Megalithic Excavations*, Bangalore, p. 1.

v2.c34.121

**Garwa,** See GANGA VALLEY. (Same as GARHWA²?)

v2.c34.122

**Gas,** Dt Thana. The site yielded microliths and pottery assignable to the early historical times. *IAR 1955-6.*

v2.c34.123

**Gasiabad,** Dt Damoh. Lower and Middle Palaeolithic [4.2, 3] site. *AI*, 17, 1961, pp. 5-36.

v2.c34.124

**Gatakhera,** Dt Jabalpur. Painted rock-shelters [13]. *IAR 1961-2.*

v2.c34.125

**Gatewadi,** Dt Ahmadnagar. Microliths, possibly or Chalcolithic [4.14.5] association, and sherds of thick grey ware were collected. Early historical pottery at the site was characterized by black-and-red and red wares. *IAR 1960-1.*

v2.c34.126

**Gatickamadanahalli,** Dt Kolar. Megalithic [4.17.8] stone circles. *IAR 1972-3.*

v2.c34.127

**Gaudageri,** Dt Dharwar. Megalithic burial and habitation [4.17.8] site. *IAR 1963-4.*

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**Gaudar,** Dt Raichur. Ash-mound [14.3]. Allchin, F.R., 1963, *Neolithic Cattle-keepers of S. India*, Cambridge, pp. 63-6. Foote, R.B., 1916, *Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities*, Madras, p. 95. *Jour. Geological Surv. Hyderabad*, 5, 1.

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**Gauhati,** Dt Kamrup. The adjoining areas of Kamakhya hills, Navagraha and Sarania hills yielded Neolithic pottery. The pottery is distinguished by cord and basket-impressed designs on the exterior [11.1.4]. See also AMBARI. *IAR 1965-6.*

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**Gaurimedu,** Pondicherry. Megalithic [4.17.9] site. Casal, J.M., 1956, *Site urbain et sites funéraires des Environs de Pondichéry-Virampatnam—Mouttrapaleon, Souttakeny*, Paris.

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**Gauriya,** Dt Jabalpur. Series II (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) tools. *IAR 1959-60.*

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**Gaush-Khan-ki-garhi,** Dt Saharsa. The site 3 km n. of Banagaon was of the late Gupta period. *IAR 1961-2.*

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**Gawasi (Ashokaban),** Dt Nagpur. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.5]) site. *IAR 1970-1.*

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**Gazulabanda,** Dt Nalgonda. Excavation revealed the existence of *stūpa-vihāra*, complex showing two phases of structural activity with a marked variation on plan. *IAR 1970-1.*

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**Gebia,** Dt Junagadh. Kṣatrapa period site. *IAR 1963-4.*

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**Geherra-khurd,** Dt Agra. PGW [11.14] site. *IAR 1959-60.*

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**Gevardha,** Dt Chandrapur. The site on the Satti Nullah yielded blades and cores [4.4]. *IAR 1968-9.*

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**Gevrai,** Dt Aurangabad. Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) site. *IAR 1961-2.*

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**Ghadwal,** Dt Rohtak. Ghadwal-I (Kheda) yielded Harappa Ware [11.3] and Ghadwal-II (Jogianala) pre-Harappa [11.2], PGW [11.14], Black-slipped Ware [11.13] and early historical wares. Early historical and Rang Mahal pottery [11.29] was found at Ghadwal-III. *Jour. Haryana Studies*, 3, 1, p. 3.

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**Ghaga river,** Dt Broach. Five Microlithic [4.5] sites were located along the river Ghaga, a tributary of the river Kim. *IAR 1967-8.*

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**Ghaggar valley.** The river Ghaggar rising from the Simla Hills near Dagshai and passing by Sirmaur debouches into the plains near Kalka in Dt Ambala. In its downward course it passes through Dts Patiala, Sangrur, Bhatinda, Hissar and Sirsa. Today it is joined by the Tangri, Markanda and Sarasvatī from the e. and the Patiala and Sirhind from the w. Down Ottu in Dt Sirsa its course widens and is well demarcated. It perhaps represents a continuation of the Rangoi bed (the old dry bed of the Sarasvatī) which anciently joined the Ghaggar near Ottu. The lower joint course of the dry Ghaggar and the Sarasvatī, now generally known as the Ghaggar but perhaps anciently as the SARASVATĪ, passes in Rajasthan by HANUMANGARH (29°35'; 74°21'), and KALIBANGAN to Suratgarh (29°19'; 73°57'), 5 km above which it is joined by another dry bed from the e., identified with the ancient DṚṢADVATĪ (Chautang). Further w. near Anupgarh (29°7'; 73°60') near the Pakistan border it is joined by the dry bed of the Naiwala from the n. Thus the valleys of the Sarasvatī or Ghaggar practically drains the entire *malwa* tract of Punjab and the *bangar* and *bagar* tracts of Haryana. Beyond the Indian border the river is represented by the dry bed of the Hakra or Wahind and of e. Nara in Sind flowing s.-w. into the Rann of Kutch.

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Explorations in the upper Ghaggar valley were initiated by the writer in 1962 and a number of late Harappa and PGW sites were located. In 1964 SARANGPUR (30°50'; 76°50') yielded a non-Harappa and pre-Harappa culture in the valley. In 1971 and onwards SANGHOL was excavated by S.S. Talwar and R.S. Bist who found late Harappa [4.10] deposits over a PGW [4.15] settlement (*IAR 1970-1*, p. 30). CHANDIGARH (30°45'; 76°50'), excavated by the Punjab University, the ASI and the Punjab Department of Arch. in 1971, yielded a Harappa inscription on a pot and typical Harappa pottery in addition to the late Harappa ware. In the course of the writer's explorations BHUDAN near Malerkotla in Dt Sangrur was excavated in 1975 and it corroborated the existence of a pre-Harappa culture [4.8] of KALIBANGAN I affiliations in Punjab and evidenced the survival and co-existence of the pre-Harappans through the mature and late Harappa times. A few other sites such as ROHIRA yielded typical mature Harappa traits such as the perforated jar, goblet, beaker, chert blades terracotta triangular cakes [6.27], etc. GHURAM and BURJ were excavated by G.B. Sharma recently. The latter yielded the typical BARA ware, while in the lowest levels of GHURAM were recovered a few sherds of the PGW. Recently J.P. Joshi of ASI excavated at DADHERI (30°40'; 76°15') in Dt Sangrur, establishing an overlap between the late Harappa and the PGW cultures as at BHAGWANPURA².

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The above investigations have established the following sequence of cultures in the Ghaggar basin: Pd I, pre-Harappa (BHUDAN I A, SARANGPUR); Pd II A, Harappa (BHUDAN I B, ROHIRA); Pd II B, late mature Harappa (CHANDIGARH); Pd II C, late Harappan (BHUDAN I C, CHANDIGARH, BURJ, DADHERI I, SANGHOL I); Pd III, PGW (DADHERI II, SANGHOL II); Pd IV, NBPW(SANGHOL III, GHURAM I); Pd V, early historical, (SANGHOL IV, GHURAM II); and Pd VI, late historical, early medieval (SANGHOL V, GHURAM III).

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The following are the important sites in the upper Ghaggar basin (ES = Early SISWAL; H = Harappa; LH = late Harappa; LS = Late Siswal; PGW = Painted Grey Ware): DADHERI, Dt Ludhiana (LH, PGW); BHUDAN, Dt Sangraur (ES, LS, LH); ROHIRA Dt Sangraur (H, LH); SANGHOL, Dt Ludhiana (LH, PGW); CHANDIGARH (H, LH); SARANGPUR, Dt Rupnagar (ES); and BURJ, Dt Patiala (LH).

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Bist, R.S., 1976, in *Arch. Congress & Seminar 1972*, Kurukshetra (for Sanghol and Chandigarh); Sharma, Y.D., 1976, in *ibid.* Suraj Bhan, 1967, in *Research Bull. (Arts)*, Punjab University, pp. 1-9; 1975, *Excavation at Mitathal & other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide*, Kurukshetra.—SURAJ BHAN

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**Ghalibpur**, Dt Bulandshahr. PGW [11.14] and plain grey ware. *IAR 1959-60.*

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**Ghamoor Ghat**, Dt Sangraur. PGW [11.14] site. Suraj Bhan, 1975, *Excavation at Mitathal & other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide*, Kurukshetra, p. 124.

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**Ghamoorkheri**, Dt Kurukshetra. Late Harappa [4.10] site. *Kurukshetra Univ. Res. Jour.*, 10, 1976, pp. 28-9.

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**Ghana Khandi**, Dt Saharanpur. Harappa [4.9] and OCW [4.12] site. *IAR 1966-7.*

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**Ghanauti**, Dt Ambala. PGW [11.14] site. *AI*, 10 & 11, 1954 & 1955, p. 139.

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**Ghandliavate**, Dt Bijapur. Chalcolithic [4.14.8] site. See ALMEL. *IAR 1959-60.*

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**Ghandwa**, Dt W. Nimar. Microliths [4.5]. *IAR 1958-9.*

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**Ghangapur**, Dt Gulbarga. Two ancient mounds, one of historical period and the other seemingly a burial mound. *Jour. Geological Surv. Hyderabad*, 5, 1, p. 56.

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**Ghantasala**, Dt Krishna. The finds from the site included the Black-and-red Ware [11.15.3] and some fragments of the beaked dish. Previous collection from the site contained two Roman coins and a number of Sātavāhana coins [3.1]. The early Buddhist *stūpa* is wellknown. *IAR 1955-6*. *Madras Arch. Report*, 18 June, 1892, p. 2.

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**Ghantasila**, Dt Mayurbhanj. Series I (Lower Palaeolithic [4.2]) tools. *IAR 1957-8.*

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**Ghantwar**, Dt Junagadh. Red Polished Ware [11.23]. *IAR 1957-8.*

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**Gharava**, Dt Datia. Rock-shelter [13]. *IAR 1971-2.*

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**Ghargaon**, Dt Ahmadnagar. Microlithic [4.5] site. *IAR 1953-4.*

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**Ghari**, Dt Amritsar. Black-slipped Ware [11.13] and black-and-red and grey wares. *IAR 1963-4.*

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**Ghaswa**, Dt Jind. Ghaswa-1 yielded pre-Harappa [4.8] and late Harappa [4.10] material, while Ghaswa-2 and -3 are PGW [4.15] sites.

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*IAR 1966-7*. Suraj Bhan, 1975, *Excavation at Mitathal & other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide*, Kurukshetra, p. 124.

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**Ghat,** Dt Purulia. Microliths [4.5].

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*IAR 1959-60*.

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**Ghata,** Dt Bharuch. Middle and Late Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3] and Mesolithic [4.5] site.

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*IAR 1969-70*.

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**Ghata-Bilod,** *See* CHAMBAL VALLEY.

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**Ghatak,** Dt E. Nimar. Rock-shelter [13] with Middle and Late Stone Age tools (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3] and Mesolithic [4.5]) in the vicinity.

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*IAR 1961-2*.

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**Ghatakhera,** Dt Jabalpur. Microliths [4.5].

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*IAR 1960-1*.

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**Ghatamwala,** Dt Bulandshahr. Grey ware.

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*IAR 1959-60*.

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**Ghataprabha valley** (approximately confined to 15°45′ to 16°30′ and 74°05′ to 75°50′), the river, a major s. tributary of the Krishna, with a total course of about 250 km, rising near the edge of the W. Ghats at a place called Ramghat at an altitude of 900 m above mean sea-level, 40 km west of Belgaum (15°52′; 74°34′). The river, with an average gradient of 1·18 m per km, the major irregularity in its course being observed in the form of a water fall of 60 m in its middle reaches near Gokak (16°11′; 74°52′), follows in general an e. course for about 210 km and then suddenly takes a n.-e. turn to meet the Krishna. Geologically the Ghataprabha basin is covered by three main formations of the peninsula, viz. Archaeans, Kaladgis and Deccan Traps, of which the last two are of widespread occurrence; the former in the middle and lower reaches and the latter in the source region of the river. The Kaladgis are made up of quartzites, limestones, sandstones, shales, conglomerates, etc. Of these the quartzites form the prevalent rock type. They are highly resistant to weathering and appear as steep cliffs and escarpments. The Deccan Traps occur as horizontally bedded lava flows.

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The Pleistocene [9.8.2] deposits in the form of alluvial deposits are well-preserved in the basin. The Older alluvium is made up of bouldery, pebbly or sandy pebbly gravels and associated silts of about 10 to 15 m thickness. The lateral extent varies in different stretches of the valley and especially in the lower reaches it is about 1 to 1·5 km on either bank. The younger Sub-recent alluvium composed of dark-brown silts is found resting against the older deposits but at places it has partially or completely replaced the older deposits. Two terrace surfaces are observed in the basin. The top surface of the Older alluvium has weathered into black soil and forms a distinct terrace surface at a height of about 10 to 15 m above the normal water-level. The younger inset-type terrace of Sub-recent alluvium is found abutting the older one and occurs at a height of about 5 to 6 m.

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The Ghataprabha basin provides ample evidence of lithic industries like the neighbouring basin of the MALAPRABHA. Foote, 1876, did not report any Stone Age site on the Ghataprabha proper but has given detailed account of alluvial deposits exposed in the basin. Fossil remains of the rhinoceros, named as *Rhinoceros deccanensis* by Foote, were recovered from the alluvium near Gokak. Explorations near BAGALKOT (16°12′; 75°45′) were undertaken by Sankalia of the Deccan College and by Malwad of the Kannada Research Institute and a few sites yielding lithic assemblages were reported (Sankalia, 1974). A large collection of Middle Palaeolithic tools [4.3] from the same region was made by Chapghar and Banerjee mostly from the modern bed of the river (ibid.). A detailed geomorphic and prehistoric investigation was undertaken in the Ghataprabha basin by Pappu, 1974, and evidence of the lithic industries brought to light from more than 20 sites.

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The Palaeolithic sites in the basin are concentrated in the region occupied by the rocks of Kaladgi formations, especially in its lower reaches around BAGALKOT town. Among the sites discovered, ANAGWADI (16°15′; 75°40′) is unique as it forms a channel-occupation site of the Lower Palaeolithic [4.2] industry occurring in a primary context. The pebbly gravel overlying the laterite formation is the horizon of this industry. A small-scale excavation conducted in the gravel has yielded an assemblage showing characters of the Mid-Acheulian [4.2] tradition. The tool-kit consists of varied and numerous forms of handaxes and cleavers and also other tool types like choppers, scrapers, discoids, etc. Tools are fashioned on locally available quartzites. The pebbles, pebble flakes and flakes derived from natural blocks of quartzites have been utilized in preparing tools. Tools made on flakes are present in large numbers. They are almost fresh thereby suggesting that they were manufactured in the close vicinity.

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The sites of Middle Palaeolithic industry are also confined in the region occupied by rocks of Kaladgi formations. Chert, a preferred raw material of this industry, is available in plenty in limestone formations. An open air factory site at KOVALLI (16°15′; 75°37′) is important among the sites discovered. It is essentially a flake industry, as nearly 80 to 90 per cent of tools are made on flakes. The assemblage from YADWAD (16°15′; 75°13′) is predominantly made on blades. They include scrapers, points, flakes, worked flakes, simple and backed blades, a few burins and cores and are comparable to the Upper Palaeolithic industry [4.4] found in other parts of peninsular India.

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The list of some other important sites yielding lithic assemblages in different parts of the basin is given below.

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*Lower Palaeolithic:* NESARI (16°04′; 74°20′) AINA-PUR (16°08′; 74°20′); SUTKATTI (16°03′; 74°31′); CHIN- CHKHANDI (16°16'; 75°17'); METGUD (16°15'; 75°15'); KATARKI (16°15' 75°30'); MACHAKHUR (16°15'; 75°25'); HALKI (16°14'; 75°15'); BHANTNUR (16°15'; 75°26'); KHAJJIDONI (16°10'; 75°25'); HONIHALLI (16°12'; 75°41'); SINDGI (16°12'; 75°44').

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*Middle Palaeolithic*: MAMDAPUR (16°06'; 74°55'); LOLSAR (16°09'; 74°50'); KUNDARGI (16°05'; 74°48'); CHINCHKHANDI (16°16'; 75°17'); KATARKI (16°15'; 75°30'); MACHAKHUR (16°15'; 75°25'); HALKI (16°14'; 75°15'); BHANTNUR (16°15'; 75°26'); KHAJJIDONI (16°10'; 75°25'); HONIHALLI (16°12'; 75°41'); SINDGI (16°12'; 75°44').