An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v2.c36: I

An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v2.c36

Language: English

I

v2.c36.1

**Ibrahimpur** (17°33′; 76°31′), Dt Sholapur. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.5]) site. Nagaraju, S , 1971, in *Prof K.A. Nilakanta Sastri Felicitation Vol* . Madras.

**Idindakarai,** Dt Tirunelveli. Site with an extremely dense development of porous and compacted red soil (*teri* [9.5]) and with a loose scatter or microliths [4.5] and pottery and a Megalithic burial [4.17.9]. *IAR 1972-3.*

v2.c36.3

**Idukal,** Dt Anantapur. Neolithic [4.6.8] habitation site. See AKKAMMAKONDA. *IAR 1965-6.*

v2.c36.4

**Idur,** Dt N. Kanara. Early historical site [4.18.12]. *Information from A. Sundara.*

v2.c36.5

**Igatpuri,** Dt Nasik. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.5]) tools were found in the upper reaches of the rivers Darna and Vaitarna in the Taluka. *IAR 1966-7.*

v2.c36.6

**Iharda,** Dt Ujjain. Chalcolithic [4.14.5] site. *IAR 1971-2.*

v2.c36.7

**Ijeri,** Dt Gulbarga. Chalcolithic [4.14.8] and Megalithic [4.17.8] site. *Jour. Karnataka Univ.*, 4, pp. 183-200. *Megalithic Tombs & other Remains in the Deccan*, Hyderabad, 1941. *IAR 1963-4.*

v2.c36.8

**Ikas,** Dt Jind. Early historical site [4.18.1].1 *IAR 1966-7.*

v2.c36.9

**Ikkalki** (17°31′; 70 31′), Dt Gulbarga. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.5]) site in the Amarja valley. Nagaraju, S., 1971, in *Prof. K.A. Nilakanta Sastri Felicitation Vol.*, Madras.

v2.c36.10

**Ikkarai,** Dt Coimbatore. Megalithic site with cairn circles [4.17.9]. *IAR 1962-3.*

v2.c36.11

**Ikkarai-Negamam,** Dt Coimbatore. Site with Russet-coated Painted Ware [11.22]. *IAR 1962-3.*

v2.c36.12

**Ikran,** Dt Bharatpur. PGW [11.14] site. *IAR 1970-1.*

v2.c36.13

**Ilahabas,** Dt Mainpuri. PGW [11.14] and NBPW [11.16] site. *IAR 1961-2.*

v2.c36.14

**Ilanji,** Dt Tirunelveli. Megalithic [4.17.9] site. *Indian Antiquary*, 6, 1877, pp. 279-80.

v2.c36.15

**Illia,** Dt Varanasi, NBPW [11.16] site. *IAR 1963-4.*

v2.c36.16

**Imadpur,** Dt Muzaffarpur. Excavation indicated the remains of a fort. Underneath a brick floor were found a number of potsherds, balls, and pieces of rounded stone. The description of the pottery tallies with that of the NBPW [11.16]. A number of bronze figures recovered during the excavation are noteworthy. *ASI—AR*, 16, pp. 84-8. Hoernle, H., in *Indian Antiquary*, 16, 1887, p. 165 *Proc Asiatic Soc. Bengal*, 1881. Das Gupta, C.C., 1947, in *Proc. Indian Hist. Congress*. Majumdar, R.C., 1950, in *Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal*, 15. Sircar, D.C., 1955, in *Indian Hist. Quarterly*, 30, p. 382.

v2.c36.17

**Inachgal,** Dt Bijapur. Microliths (of unspecified nature) and remains of the early historical [4.18.11] period. *IAR 1961-2.*

v2.c36.18

**Inamgaon,** (18°35′; 74°30′), located on the right bank of the GHOD, a tributary of the Bhima in Dt Pune. An extensive excavation at five places (INM I-V) conducted by the Deccan College from 1968-71 to 1972-74 have brought to light an extensive settlement of the Chalcolithic times [4.14. 5, 6] which is divisible into three cultural Pds with an appreciable overlap between each. Besides a number of houses of different Pds have been exposed. (It is also an Upper Palaeolithic (4.4) site, Joshi and Pappu, 1979).

v2.c36.19

*Pd I*, Malwa culture (c. 1600-1400 B.C.). The first settlers at the site were the people of the Malwa culture [4.14.5]. They lived in large rectangular houses of wattle and daub and thatched roof. A complete house of this Pd is 6·64 m long and 4·42 m wide. There are a number of post-holes outside the walls and inside as well. The house is divided into two compartments by a dwarf wall over which probably stood a red screen. In the n.-e. corner is a circular mud platform, 10 cm high and 1·90 m in diameter, probably used for supporting a storage bin as is done even now. In the n.-w. corner is a rectangular *chūlhā* with a flat stone daubed with mud in the centre obviously for supporting the cooking vessel. In the s.-w. corner is placed a huge jar, half embedded in the ground; it may have been used for storing grain or water. Some people also lived in pit houses, one of the exposed ones being circular on plan (diameter 3 m) and its sides straight. Since the pit is considerably deep (1·23 m), a step is provided in the s. side for descending into it. There are several post-holes along the periphery at the top for supporting the roof and on the e. the ground is gently sloped to ward off rain-water. In the n.-e. is a double *chūlhā*, which shows that cooking was done in open outside the pit. Two pit-houses have shallow floors. It may be stated that even today such pit-houses are constructed in and around Inamgaon.

v2.c36.20

Fig 8. Inamgaon granary (house nos. 50 and 51) and house of the ruling chief (house nos. 52-56).

v2.c36.21

In one of the pit-houses has been found a child burial in two grey-ware urns placed horizontally mouth to mouth within a pit dug in the house floor, such twin burials being however, a distinguishing trait of the succeeding Jorwe culture [4.14.6]. The burial within the pit-house can therefore be regarded as belonging to the overlapping phase and the Mālwa people at the end of Pd I can be said to have adopted this burial custom from the Jorwe people who had already arrived at the site.

v2.c36.22

The people subsisted on agriculture and hunting and fishing. They had domesticated animals such as the cattle, goat, sheep and pig. Their principal ware is a black-on-red painted pottery akin to the Malwa Ware [11.10], associated with which is a coarse handmade red/grey ware. The former is represented by the carinated bowl, spouted vessel and high-necked jar whereas in the latter are such utilitarian shapes as the bowl, basin and storage jar, sometimes decorated with incised and applied designs. The people used blade/flake tools of chalcedony and of copper which, however, is scarce.

v2.c36.23

*Pd II*, early Jorwe culture (c. 1400-1000 B.C.). ¹⁴C determinations show that around 1400 B.C. the people of the Jorwe culture arrived at the site and in a short while became predominant. Their occupation marks the most prosperous period in the history of the settlement. They adopted the house plan of their predecessors, but their houses are generally of smaller dimensions (about 5 × 3 m). There appears to be some attempt at the planning of the settlement; the houses are situated about 1½ m from each other, the intervening space forming a sort of road as at present. The extensive settlement is spread over the whole of the site save INM II which was occupied during Pd I only. The alignment of the houses suggests that it was probably a linear settlement.

v2.c36.24

The houses are built carefully with well-laid floors, which were periodically repaired and frequently plastered with mud and lime. One of the houses has a channel dug outside in the courtyard for draining out rain-water from the roof. The houses in the c. part of the principal habitation area, INM I, are in a better state of preservation. Here usually there is at least one set of four flat stones, probably for supporting a four-legged storage jar. In utter contrast to this, the houses in the w. part of INM I have pit silos dug into the house floor; their average diameter is 1 m and depth 1 m. The silos have straight sides and flat bottom plastered with lime. The evidence shows that they were the houses of artisans such as the potter, the coppersmith and so on.

v2.c36.25

A unique structure laid bare close to the craftsmen's quarters in squarish on plan (10·50×9·15 m), partitioned into two parts by rows of mud platforms for storage bins. The low mud walls (30 cm high) had split-bamboo screen plastered with mud. The structure contains six pit silos of varying sizes and seven round mud platforms, all disposed in a very orderly fashion for storing grain; hence it has been identified as a granary. In some cases the sides and the bottoms of the silos are lined with lime whereas the bottom of some is full of sand. In the s. half of the structure there are two large fire pits, seemingly ritualistic in purpose, at the bottom of each of which is a large mud lump, flattened at the top, possibly for keeping a receptacle.

v2.c36.26

Just to the n. of the granary and adjoining it is a large house (25 × 10 m) consisting of five rooms, one of them a kitchen and another a store room. In the courtyard of the house has been found a symbolic burial, without skeletal remains, consisting of one complete and another half four-legged unbaked urns containing a Jorwe painted jar covered with a lid. In the same area but at a slightly later level is another similar urn with the skeleton of a 35 years old male. The elaborate burials and the multiroomed house no doubt belonged to a dignitary, perhaps the ruling chief. This is also supported by the location of the granary where he stored the grains collected from the members of the community as tax.

v2.c36.27

A huge n. to s. diversionary embankment, 240 m long and 2·25 m wide, is seen near INM V. It is constructed of rubble set in mud mortar at the base, the upper part being probably earthen. A channel, 4 m wide and 3·50 m deep, runs almost parallel to the wall. The water thus diverted could be stored in the channel and could have been used for irrigating the neighbouring fields, the excess water being drained out through a stream near the s. end of the channel.

v2.c36.28

A potter’s kiln of this Pd is a unique find. It is like a huge trough made of clay, embedded in the ground on stone foundation. It appears to have been built *in situ*. Its maximum diameter is 1·75 m and at a depth of 60 cm from the top exist clay cushions in the kiln placed over the fire chamber down below. The cushions are oval in shape and have a hole in the centre and a groove on the middle of each side; the hole in the centre served as an outlet for the hot gas. In the base of the kiln are flues radiating from the centre. To the n.-e. of the kiln is the fire passage lined with stones which reaches below the bottom of the kiln, where an andiron of clay is placed. It is oblong in shape and has projecting corners and curved upper sides for supporting firewood. By the side of the kiln have been found the remains of a furnace probably for copper-smelting.

v2.c36.29

The mixed economy of the Jorwe people was based on farming, hunting and fishing. They raised a number of crops such as wheat, barley, rice and lentil [2]. The estimates for the population and food requirements lead us to believe that the farmers must have cultivated the Black Cotton Soil [9.1] which abound in the region. The most important cereal is barley which has also been found in Pd I. But wheat appears in Pd II probably because of the facility of irrigation made available by the diversionary channel. Rice was cultivated possibly in small, carefully tended plots as is done today.

v2.c36.30

The principal ceramic of the Pd is the characteristic black-on-red Jorwe painted pottery [11.11] represented by the concave-sided carinated bowl, spouted vessel and high-necked jar. Associated with this is a coarse red/grey ware which continues from Pd I. Huge storage jars are entirely handmade; they are sometimes decorated with incised and applied patterns. The tool outfit of the preceding Pd continues in this Pd also. The people worshipped the mother goddesses [12.6], one variety with head and the other headless. In a house belonging to the early levels of this Pd have been found in a small corner hole an oval clay box containing a mother goddess figurine and over the box another figurine but without head and a clay bull. All the objects are unbaked inidcating their occasional use. There is also a clay ring in which the figurine could be kept in a standing position during worship. But the most noteworthy feature is blind hole in the abdomen of the female figurine and a similar hole in the body of the bull. When a stick is inserted through both, the mother goddess snugly sits over the bull. The headless figurine recalls to one’s mind the goddess Viśīrā of the *Mahābhārata* who is supposed to be connected with the welfare of children.

v2.c36.31

The dead were buried inside the house in a pit specially dug for the purpose. The children were buried in two red/grey-ware urns which were placed in the pit mouth to mouth horizontally. In the case of adults the entire body was placed within the pit, but before doing so the portion below the ankle was chopped off—a practice not followed in the burial which has been identified as that of the ruling chief. Vessels, probably containing food and water, are found placed inside the pit.

v2.c36.32

*Pd III*, late Jorwe culture (*c.* 1000-700). The size of the settlement appears to have shrunk during this Pd possibly because of changes in the climate which was becoming more and more arid. The house plan now undergoes a drastic change; the large rectangular houses of the preceding Pd are replaced by small round huts which however start appearing at the end of Pd II. The late Jorwe habitation is a nucleated settlement with clusters of round houses which are tightly spaced units. The overall economic degeneration is clearly reflected in small round huts of wattle and daub with thatched roof. The house floor is made with due care and even the outside area around the hut is rammed with *murram* and plastered with mud. The diameter of the huts varies from 2·50 to 4·25 m. Every house has a set of four flat stones for supporting a four-legged storage jar. A feature of the settlement of this Pd is that most of the houses in the w. part of the principal habitation area (INM I) belongs to artisans such as the goldsmith, lime-maker, etc.

v2.c36.33

The decline in the economic conditions is also reflected in the pottery which, though still of the painted Jorwe variety, becomes coarse in fabric. The balck-and-red ware [11.6] appears in the upper levels of this Pd. The material equipment of the preceding Pd continues in this Pd also. Along with the mother goddess, the people also worshipped a god, whose unbaked clay figurines have been found. The habitation was finally deserted around c. 700 B.C.

v2.c36.34

Dhavalikar, M.K., 1978, in *Purātattva*, 8. Joshi, R.V., Pappu, R.S. 1979, in *Man & Environment*, 3, p. 86. Sankalia, H.D., Ansari, Z.D.. & Dhavalikar, M.K., 1975, in *Expedition*, 17, 2, pp. 2-11; (in press) *Excavations at Inamgaon*.—M.K. DHAVALIKAR

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**Inchgeri**, Dt Bijapur. Sherds of Red Polished Ware [11.23].

v2.c36.36

*IAR 1957-8.*

v2.c36.37

**Indapahari**, Dt Santal Parganas. Microliths (Mesolithic [4.5]?).

v2.c36.38

*IAR 1963-4.*

v2.c36.39

**Indara**, Dt Sawai Madhopur. A cliff section on the bank of the river Chambal near the village yielded handaxes and scrapers belonging to the Lower Palaeolithic Age [4.2] as also a few tools consisting of scrapers, points, etc., of the Middle Palaeolithic [4.3].

v2.c36.40

*IAR 1972-3.*

v2.c36.41

**Indargadh** (24°27'; 75°45'), Dt Mandsaur, in the Chambal valley, a deserted place about 5 km n. of Bhanpura, with Lower Palaeolithic [4.2] and microlithic [4.5] tools in front of rock-shelters, excavated by the writer with the assistance of V.S. Wakankar in 1959 (*IAR 1958-9*, p. 28). The main object of the excavation was to find out the remains of a Śiva temple mentioned in a Rāṣṭrakūṭa inscription dated A.D. 709-10 found at the site some four years earlier (Trivedi, 1955).

v2.c36.42

The excavation conducted in an oblong area of 37 by 18 m has revealed the remains of large temple, its parts being mainly decorated jambs, plinths, pillars and pilasters, fragments of *toraṇas* and arches and the like, besides sculptures, noteworthy of them being those of Śiva and Śaivite deities, Bhairava, Pārvatī and Nandin, Sūrya, Viṣṇu, Lakṣmī and Vārāhī, in various poses and with their respective attributes. The operation has also shown that the main temple on the site had subsidiary shrines containing deities in the four directions. An interesting find is a slab showing the figures of a pair of boars being attacked by a pair of tigers, the tiger pouncing upon the boar going ahead and the tigress biting the sow from behind. On stylistic grounds the sculptures can be assigned to the pre-Paramāra period, i.e., to about the 8th-10th centuries. Besides the other minor objects the find of a number of fragments of weapons of iron, e.g., parts of scimitars, arrowheads and mace-heads, may show that a skirmish took place on this site against enemies.

v2.c36.43

To ascertain the extent of the site, a trench was laid to the adjacent n.-e. side of the area. This has yielded objects comprising microliths and fluted cores and beads of semiprecious stone, along with implements for preparing them such as two fragments of fine-grained stones with parallel grooves incised on them to give the beads the desired shape.

v2.c36.44

On the opposite side, at a distance of about 125 m, another trench, 5 by 4 m, was dug down to the virgin soil. The lower level of this trench shows portions of walls of brick and undressed stone, giving the idea of the existence of a small house comprising three rooms. One of these rooms was utilized as the dressing room for ladies, as is obvious from finds like antimony rods [18.1], a few pieces of bangles and a gold ear ring. Another room was for worship, and the third one, besides fragmentary objects of iron weapons, had three skeletons, one of which was pierced with the tip of a spear. The house was burnt, as could be known from the effects of fire noticed in burnt brick, ash and burnt corn found in the upper layers of the trench. All this tends to show that the house fell prey to invaders, perhaps the same as the destroyers of the temple.

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The potsherds recovered are of the same type and time as are found at the site of the temple, showing no special peculiarities. The accumulated evidence goes to suggest that the site extending over about 8 sq km, on the bank of a nullah locally known as Reva, was occupied and subsequently deserted, almsot simultaneously with the construction and subsequent destruction of the temple, i.e. from about the commencement of the 8th to about the end of the 12th century.

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Trivedi, H.V., 1955, in *Jour. Bihar Res. Soc.*, 41, p. 1.—H.V. TRIVEDI

v2.c36.47

**Indaram**, Dt Chandrapur. Early Stone Age (Lower Palaeolithic [4.2]) tools.

v2.c36.48

*IAR 1961-2.*

v2.c36.49

**Indergarh**, Dt Datia. Early Stone Age (Lower Palaeolithic [4.2]) site.

v2.c36.50

*IAR 1971-2.*

v2.c36.51

**Indi**¹, Dt Bijapur. Neoliths [4.6.9] and painted black-on-red Chalcolithic [4.14.8] pottery, as also sherds of Red Polished Ware [11.23]. See INGALGI. (Same as following?).

v2.c36.52

*IAR 1957-8.*

v2.c36.53

**Indi**², Dt Bijapur. Neolithic-Chalcolithic [4.14.8] site yielding parallel-sided blades, flakes of black trap, black-painted red ware comparable with that of BRAHMAGIRI I A and grey ware. (Same as perceding?)

v2.c36.54

*IAR 1965-6.*

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**Indilapur**, Dt Shahjahanpur. Shouldered celt of copper [4.11].

v2.c36.56

*AI*, 7, 1951, p. 20. *IAR 1965-6*. Also information from S. Asthana

v2.c36.57

**Indor**, Dt Bulandshahr. Early historical [4.18.1] site.

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**Indore**, Dt Indore. Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) site about 3 km from Indore. Also cleavers, discoids, scrapers and handaxes [4.2] near Sukhaniwas Palace, Indore.

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**Indranaja**, Dt Kheda. Mesolithic [4.5] and early historical site [4.18.2]. *IAR 1971-2*.

v2.c36.60

**Induri**¹, Dt Ahmadnagar. Lower Palaeolithic [4.2] site. *IAR 1958-9*.

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**Induri**², Dt Pune. Tools of Series II (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]). *IAR 1955-6*.

v2.c36.62

**Induru.** *See* KANDLERU VALLEY.

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**Indva**, Dt Dhule. Artefacts ascribable to post-Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) and pre-Late Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.5]). *IAR 1964-5*.

v2.c36.64

**Ingaldhal**, Dt Chitradurga. Megalithic [4.17.8] and early historical habitation site. Information from A. Sundara.

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**Ingalgeri**, Dt Bijapur. Chalcolithic habitation and burial site. *See* BAGLUR. *IAR 1960-1*.

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**Ingalgi**, Dt Bijapur. Neolithic tools, mostly axes, made on fine-grained trap, as also painted black-on-red pottery characteristic of the Chalcolithic cultures of the Deccan [4.14.8] and a thick grey ware similar to that found at BRAHMAGIRI and BAHAL in association with microliths. Sherds of the Red Polished Ware [11.23] were also collected. *IAR 1957-8*.

v2.c36.67

**Ingavaripalem**, Dt Chingleput. Lower Palaeolithic [4.2] site. Sewell, R., *Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras*, Madras, p. 149.

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**Intali**, Dt Udaipur. Microlithic site. *See* BARA BEDLA. *IAR 1956-7*

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**Ippatam**, Dt Guntur. Palaeoliths [4.2]. Foote, R.B., 1914, *Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities*, Madras.

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**Iralabanda**, Dt Chittoor. Port-holed cists [4.14.7]. *Indian Antiquary*, 10, 1881, pp. 97-100.

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**Iraladinne**, Dt Mahbubnagar. Lower Palaeolithic [4.2] site. *IAR 1967-8*.

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**Irlapadu.** *See* DODLAVAGU VALLEY.

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**Irugalur**, Dt Coimbatore. Megalithic cairn circles [4.17.9]. *IAR 1962-3*.

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**Isai-Khas**, Dt Mainpuri. Site with PGW [11.14]. *IAR 1961-2*.

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**Isakatageli.** Dt Chittoor. Lower [4.2] and Middle Palaeolithic [4.3] site. *IAR 1968-9*.

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**Isapur**, Dt Saharanpur. PGW [11.14] site. *IAR 1965-6*.

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**Isarda**, Dt Dhule. Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) site. *IAR 1964-5*.

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**Ishvariya**, Dt Bhavnagar. Harappa [4.9] and early historical [4.18.2] site. *See* VALPURA. *IAR 1971-2*.

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**Ismail (Kola ala)**, Dt Rohtak. Site with PGW [11.14], Black-slipped Ware [11.13] and NBPW [11.16]. *Jour. Haryana Studies*, 3,1, p. 5.

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**Ismailkhanpet**, Dt Medak. Site with a number of microliths (of unspecified affiliation) sherds of Megalithic Black-and-red Ware [11.15] and a few etched carnelian beads. *IAR 1958-9*.

v2.c36.81

**Ismailpur**, Dt Bulandshahr. Early historical [4.18.1] site yielding coarse grey ware, Black-slipped Ware [11.13] and plain red ware of Śuṅga-Kushan type. *IAR 1965-6*.

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**Isunpera**, Dt Palamau. Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) site. *IAR 1971-2*.

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**Iswarwada**, Dt Sagar. Tools of Series I and II (Lower and Middle Palaeolithic [4.2.3]) were found in the bed of the Bina. *IAR 1960-1*.

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**Itagi**¹, Dt Dharwar. Early historical [4.17.8] site. (*Same as* ITTAGI?) *IAR 1960-1*.

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**Itagi**², Dt Sangli. Russet-coated Painted Ware [11.24] was found on the bank of the Tungabhadra river. *AI*, 4, 1947-8, p. 310.

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**Itaha**, Dt Allahabad. Upper Palaeolithic [4.4] factory site. *IAR 1969-70*.

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**Itali**, *See* SHIVNA VALLEY.

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**Itampadu**, Dt Nellore. Lower [4.2] and Middle Palaeolithic [4.3] site in the Pannar valley. *IAR 1965-6*.

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**Itar-Pahar hill**, Dt Rewa. Ten painted rock-shelters [13], 36 km from Rewa on the road leading to Sitapur and Manganj, situated within a radius of 5 km. Four factory sites of the Middle and Late Stone (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3] and Mesolithic [4.5]) Ages were located in the rock-shelters. *IAR 1961-2*.

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**Itaura**, Dt Banda. Polished stone axes and hammer stones (of Neolithic affiliation? [4.6.3]). *IAR 1961-2*.

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**Itauva**, Dt Basti. Black-and-red Ware [4.13] site. *IAR 1963-4*.

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**Itawa**, Dt Ujjain. Historical (of unspecified nature) site. *IAR 1971-2*.

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**Ite**, Dt Ranchi. Site yielding a thin elongated but mostly chipped and slightly polished celt of schist. Roy, S.C., 1916, in *Jour. Bihar & Orissa Res. Soc.*, 2, p. 69.

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**Itga**, Dt Dharwar, Early historical [4.18.11] Remains.

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**Ittagi**, Dt Dharwar. Site on the Tungabhadra with Russet-coated Painted Ware [11.22] and Megalithic Black-and-red Ware [11.15] and structural remains of brick. (Same as ITAGI¹?) *Progress Rep. of Kannada Res. in Bombay Province, 1941-6*, pp. 2, 63-5. *IAR 1954-5*.

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**Ittal**, Dt Jind. Early historical site with grey ware. *IAR 1966-7*.

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**Itwa**, Dt E. Nimar. Site with microliths [4.5]. *IAR 1960-1*.

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**Itwan**, Dt Varanasi. Site with black-and-red ware [11.6] and NBPW [11.16].

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rings, spearheads and a pan and a brass bell [6.3] around. The sarcophagus, over 2 m long, 23 cm wide and with 12·7 cm thick walls, had been cut into two halves before burning and had a finger-tip decoration near the outer rim. It was covered by a concavo-convex lid. The other subpit had no iron objects but pottery in profusion. After the deposit of the funerary goods both the subpits were covered with heaped-up brown soil, whereafter the whole pit was finally packed with black soil mixed with laterite, over which again brown earth with laterite was rammed.

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In Magalith III, the pit, 3·35 m in diameter, had over it a smaller stone circle, 1·82 m in diameter. The pit itself was 2·58 deep with no subpits lower down and was filled by rubble in the upper part and lamonite pebbles in the lower. The n.-s. sarcophagus was less than 1 m long, 60 cm wide and 3 cm deep inclusive of the legs. The accompanying pottery was not numerous. An iron tripod, 15 cm in diameter, lay to the e.

v2.c36.101

Megalith IV was cut diagonally by the water course which had destroyed its stone circle. About 1·5 m below the ground level was found with n.-s. orientation an eight-footed sarcophagus 1·7 m long, 38 cm wide and 39 cm high inclusive of the legs, ornamented with a finger-tip decoration round the border and the lid. Pottery, and iron sword fragment and part of an iron tripod were the grave goods.

v2.c36.102

The pottery from the megaliths can be classified as: (1) red polished ware, (2) black polished ware, (3) dull Black-and-red Ware [11.15.3] usually associated with megaliths, and (4) bright Black-and-red Ware, distinct from (3). The shapes ware mostly similar to those found in the megaliths with a few special types. Though postfiring graffiti [20.1] occur on a large number of pots, the designs are limited in range. Of the iron objects mention may be made of swords and daggers, certain specialized objects like tripods and hoes or adze-like implements, an iron pan and a hollow chisel, two tubes of uncertain use and part of an iron trident.

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The excavator dates the megaliths to between the 1st century and the 3rd-4th centuries A.D. but does not overrule an earlier dating.

v2.c36.104

Seshadri, M., 1960, *Report on the Jadigenahalli Megalithic Excavations*, Mysore.—A. BANERJI

v2.c36.105

**Jadipur,** Dt Allahabad. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.5] and Megalithic [4.17.3] site. *IAR 1963-4.*

v2.c36.106

**Jafarabad¹**, Dt Fatehpur. Site with coarse and slipped red wares besides old bricks. *IAR 1967-8.*

v2.c36.107

**Jafarabad²**, Dt Kheda. Chalcolithic [4.14.5] site. *IAR 1971-2.*

v2.c36.108

**Jafarpur (Gurdipur)**, Dt Bulandshahr. Early historical [4.18.1] site yielding coarse grey ware, Black-slipped Ware [11.3] and plain red ware of Śuṅga-Kushan assemblage. *IAR 1965-6.*

v2.c36.109

**Jagadal,** Dt Bijapur. Megalithic [4.17.8] site. Sundara, A., 1975, *Early Chamber Tombs of s. India*, Delhi, p. 227.

v2.c36.110

**Jagadevipalayam,** Dt Dharmapuri. Site with dolmenoid cists [4.17.9]. *IAR 1965-6.*

v2.c36.111

**Jagadhari,** Dt Ambala. PGW [11.14] site. Suraj Bhan, 1975, *Excavation at Mitathal and other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide*, Kurukshetra, p. 125.

v2.c36.112

**Jaganathpur,** Dt Singhbhum. Site with Early and Middle Stone (Lower and Middle Palaeolithic [4.2.2, 3]) Age and microlithic (Mesolithic [4.5]) tools. *IAR 1962-3.*

v2.c36.113

**Jagannathpur¹**, Dt Keonjhar. Site with Series II (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) tools including points, scrapers, borers, burins, blades, cores and flakes. *IAR 1958-9.*

v2.c36.114

**Jagannathpur²**, Dt Udaipur. Site with Series III (Mesolithic [4.5] tools. *IAR 1959-60.*

v2.c36.115

**Jagatgram,** Dt Dehra Dun. Excavation exposed remains of three sites where the king Śīlavarman of the 3rd century A.D. performed *aśvamedhas*. In addition to well-designed bricks in the orientation of the *śyena* (hawk or eagle) with spread wings, bricks from the first site bore Sanskrit inscriptions in the Brāhmī script of the 3rd century A.D., that the king left at the place the *citi* of his fourth horse sacrifice. The other two sites produced a number of inscribed bricks. *IAR 1953-4.*

v2.c36.116

**Jagatpur,** Dt Kathua. Terrace 3 of the Ravi yielded pebble tools [4.2] and flakes. *IAR 1965-6.*

v2.c36.117

**Jagdal,** Dt Bijapur. Neolithic [4.6.9]-Chalcolithic and Megalithic [4.14.8] site. *IAR 1965-6.*

v2.c36.118

**Jagmalera** (29°33'; 74°44'), Dt Hissar. Site with Rang Mahal pottery. *IAR 1967-8.*

v2.c36.119

**Jagmal-no-More,** Dt Kutch. Historical site. *See* AJMEL. *IAR 1965-6*

v2.c36.120

**Jahangira,** Dt Bhagalpur. The Jahangira area about 8 km to the w. of Sultanganj on the Sultanganj-Bhagalpur road yielded sherds of crude and fine varieties of black-and-red ware along with its associated types and NBPW [11.16]. *IAR 1968-9.*

v2.c36.121

**Jahangirabad,** Dt Kanpur. Site with black-and-red ware [4.13], PGW [11.14], NBPW [11.16], plain grey ware, Black-slipped Ware [11.13] and coarse red ware. *IAR 1967-8; 1968-9.*

v2.c36.122

**Jahangirpura,** Dt Ujjain. Historical (details unspecified) site.

v2.c36.123

**Jahazpur**, Dt Bhilwara. Site on the Banas with Series I (Lower Palaeolithic [4.2]) tools.

v2.c36.124

**Jaidak**, (22°40'; 70°35'), Dt Jamnagar. Late Harappa [4.10] site corresponding to RANGPUR II B and II C. *AI*, 18 & 19, 1963 & 1964, p. 205.

v2.c36.125

**Jaimangalagarh**, Dt Monghyr. Ruins of *stūpas* of mud bricks similar to those at LAURIYA-NANDANGARH. *IAR 1958-9*.

v2.c36.126

**Jainburubetta**, Dt Nilgiri. Megalithic site with a dolmen surrounded by a stone circle [4.17.10]. Sewell, R., 1882, *Antiquarian Remains in the Madras Presidency*, Madras.

v2.c36.127

**Jainer**, Dt Saharanpur. Site with Harappa [11.3] Ware and Śuṅga-Kushan and medieval wares. *IAR 1964-5*.

v2.c36.128

**Jainpur**, Dt Belgaum. Early and Middle Stone Age (Lower and Middle Palaeolithic [4.2, 3]) tools. *IAR 1963-4*.

v2.c36.129

**Jaipur**, Dt Mayurbhanj. Site with neolithic [4.6.7] tools. *IAR 1958-9*.

v2.c36.130

**Jaisinghpur**, Dt Gurgaon. PGW [11.14] and early historical [4.18.1] site. Punia, D.S., 1976, unpublished thesis, Kurukshetra Univ.

v2.c36.131

**Jaisinghpura**, Dt Mathura. Situated 5 km from Mathura, the site was excavated in 1910-11 and yielded sculptural remains of the Kushan and Gupta periods. *ASI—AR*, 1911-2.

v2.c36.132

**Jaitana**, Dt Dhule. Fragmentary fossil bones were obtained in association with microliths [4.5] from the yellowish silt. Tools of Series (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) were also found *in situ* in the underlying reddish-brown current-bedded gravel. Chalcolithic [4.14.7] habitation and burial sites were also noticed. *IAR 1959-60*.

v2.c36.133

**Jaitpur Jatoda**, Dt Dhule. Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) site. *IAR 1966-7*.

v2.c36.134

**Jajmau**, Dt Kanpur. The antiquities included a few sherds or the PGW [11.14], a large quantity of the NBPW [11.16], iron implements, ivory bangles, dice, terracotta figurines, weights, etc. *IAR 1956-7*; *1957-8*; *1961-2*.

v2.c36.135

**Jakhanur**, Dt Bijapur. Megalithic burials [4.17.8]. *IAR 1965-6*.

v2.c36.136

**Jakhar**, Dt Kangra. Lower Palaeolithic [4.2] site in the BANGANGA valley. Mohapatra, G.C., 1966, in *Bull. Deccan College Res. Inst.*, pp. 221-37.

v2.c36.137

**Jakhera**, Dt Etah. The site also known as Kusak is situated on the left bank of the Kali Nadi. Pd I characterized by unpainted black-and-red ware [11.6.3] and Black-slipped Ware [11.13] and red ware and some burnished grey ware. A floor with burnt patches and port-holes and a few burnt mud clods with reed marks indicate wattle-and-daub construction. Pd II A represents an earlier stage of the PGW [11.24] and is marked by the continuation of the earlier pottery and introduction of a small quantity of painted pottery alone with a few pieces of the PGW. A much richer material life than that of Pd I is reflected in the greater number and variety of antiquities. Pd II B represents the mature PGW culture marked by the fine variety of the Ware along with Black-slipped Ware and red and plain grey and black-and-red wares. The most significant feature of this Sub-Pd is that a part of the settlement now appears to have been circumscribed by a low mud embankment. Partly exposed floors with post-holes indicate a circular or oval and rectangular plan of the house/rooms. Other antiquities include: bangles, antimony rods [18.1], fish hooks [6.6] and a needle of copper; a hoe, sickle, spear-head, arrowhead, chopper, chisel, axe, nails and rods of iron; pottery discs and wheels; terracotta balls, beads, spindle whorls [6.25] gamesmen [6.7.2] and dabbers [16.11]; and arrowheads and points of various shapes and sizes of bone. Pd III is marked by the introduction of the NBPW [11.16] which overlaps with the PGW. It may be equated to ŚRĀVASTI Pd I. *IAR 1959-60*. Sahi, M.D.N., 1978, in *Man & Environment*, 2, pp. 101-3.

v2.c36.138

**Jakherdanga¹**, Dt Birbhum. Site yielding blade industries. *IAR 1965-6*.

v2.c36.139

**Jakherdanga²**, Dt Burdwan. An extensive Chalcolithic [4.14.4] site at Eruar close to the bed of the Bhahmani yielding fragments of black-and-red ware and lustrous red ware similar to those found at PANDU RAJAR DHIBI and a few microlithic flakes and a small neolithic celt. *IAR 1972-3*.

v2.c36.140

**Jakkiral**, Dt Bijapur. Site with microliths. *IAR 1962-3*.

v2.c36.141

**Jaklipada**, Dt Dhule. Site with microliths. *IAR 1960-1*.

v2.c36.142

**Jaknur**, Dt Bijapur. Megalithic [4.17.8] site. Sundara, A., 1975, *Early Chamber Tombs of s India*, Delhi p. 227

v2.c36.143

**Jal**, Dt Rajkot. Site with Red Polished Ware [11.23]. *IAR 1957-8*.

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**Jalahalli**, Dt Bangalore. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.5]) and Megalithic [4.17.8] site Gordon, D.H., 1950, in *AI*, 6, 1950, p. 70; 1958, *Prehistoric Background of Indian Culture*, Bombay. p. 17. Seshadri, M., 1956, *Stone-using Cultures of Pre- & Proto-historic Mysore*, London, pp. 31-3.

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**Jalai**, See PACHMARHI.

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**Jalalabad**, Dt Shahjahanpur. The site yielded grey ware, both plain as well as painted black-and-red ware [4.13], Black-slipped Ware [11.13] and associated red Ware. Sherds of NBPW [11.16] and associated wares and post-NBPW materials were also found; two terracotta sealings were recorded. Misra, V.N., 1977, *Some Aspects of Indian Arch.*, Allahabad, pp. 123, 126.

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**Jalalpur¹,** Dt Allahabad. Site with NBPW [11.16] and associated pottery.

v2.c36.148

**Jalalpur²,** Dt Meerut. Site with grey ware and early historical pottery. *IAR 1968-9.*

v2.c36.149

**Jalar-no-timbo,** Dt Banas-Kantha. Historical site (nature unspecified) near Deva. *IAR 1968-9.*

v2.c36.150

**Jalat,** Dt Panch Mahals. Mesolithic [4.5] site along the Khan river. *IAR 1968-9.*

v2.c36.151

**Jalesar fort,** Dt Etah. Site with PGW [11.14], red ware of the Śuṅga-Kushan period and medieval ware. *IAR 1966-7.*

v2.c36.152

**Jalgaon,** Dt Jalgaon. Site with microliths (nature unspecified). *IAR 1962-3.*

v2.c36.153

**Jalhupur,** Dt Varanasi. Site with Black-slipped Ware [11.13] and grey and red wares associated with NBPW [11.16]. *IAR 1961-2.*

v2.c36.154

**Jalihal,** Dt Bijapur. Lower Palaeolithic [4.2] site. *Karnataka Bharati*, 9, 4, p. 20.

v2.c36.155

**Jalka,** Dt Dhule. Site with microliths (of unspecified character). *IAR 1959-60.*

v2.c36.156

**Jalkakhera,** Dt Bilwara. Site with microliths (of unspecified character). *IAR 1958-9.*

v2.c36.157

**Jalkhedi,** Dt Ambala. Site with PGW [11.16]. *IAR 1964-5.* Suraj Bhan, 1976, *Excavation at Mitathal and other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide*, Kurukshetra, p. 23.

v2.c36.158

**Jallapur,** Dt Dharwar. Palaeolithic implements (of unspecified character) and Neolithic tools, probably of the Chalcolithic complex [4.14.8]. *IAR 1958-9.*

v2.c36.159

**Jalna,** Dt Aurangabad. Chalcolithic [4.14.6] site on the bank of the Kundalika, with tools of Series II (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3] microliths (of unspecified character) and black-painted red pottery. *IAR 1960-1.*

v2.c36.160

**Jalod,** Dt Mandsaur. Specimens of Acheulian handaxes, borers and cleavers [4.2] were picked up in a stream by the villages of Jalod and Chadod. There are also Chalcolithic [4.14.5] remains. *IAR 1959-60.*

v2.c36.161

**Jaloda,** Dt Chittaurgarh. Middle and Late Stone Age (Middle and Mesolithic [4.2, 5]) site. *IAR 1963-4.*

v2.c36.162

**Jalodia,** Dt. Ujjain. Historical site (of unspecified nature). *IAR 1971-2.*

v2.c36.163

**Jalpuri,** Dt Bijapur. Thick coarse grey ware with ribbon flakes of chert [6.15.2] of Chalcolithic affiliation [4.14.8]. *IAR 1958-59.*

v2.c36.164

**Jalukbari,** Dt Gauhati. A boat-shaped object of burnt clay was exposed at a depth of about 1·2 m below the surface. It measured nearly 4 m in length and 92 cm in breadth and contained a large number of sherds some of them being part of huge storage jars. Similar remains were also exposed at a distance of about 33 m to the s.-w. of the site. *IAR 1967-8.*

v2.c36.165

**Jalvad-Khurd,** Dt Dhule. Chalcolithic [4.14.6] burial remains. *IAR 1960-1.*

v2.c36.166

**Jamadbad,** Dt E. Nimar. Palaeolithic and microlithic tools, both of unspecified character. *IAR 1959-60.*

v2.c36.167

**Jamalgarh, Jamalpurgarh, Jamalpurdiba** (25°15'; 86°29'), Dt Monghyr, about 200 m n.-w. of Jamalpur railway station. The *garh*, now a part of the town, is left without any distinctive features. The site is situated near the foot of the low jungle-covered Kharagpur hill with scraped faces of massive quartzite blocks at palces, which forms an irregular triangular block extending from Jamalpur to Jamui, with numerous steep ridges ensuing from the low ground all around and a few patches of valleys of cultivable land. There are a number of hot springs of which the ones at Bhimbandh are well known. Many peaks of this range rise to a height of about 400 m or even more. These natural surroundings were favourable for the Palaeolithic [4.2-4] food-gatherers and Neolithic [4.6] agriculturists.

v2.c36.168

In 1926 two Neolithic celts, now in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, were found in the course of a tank digging. One of them, found 4·57 m below the ground level, has a sharp and round cutting edge with both sides of edge ground and is polished up to 2 cm. The other, picked up from 3·04 m below the ground level, is unfinished, with a slightly curved cutting edge. Broken at the top, it has a groove for hafting. Small patches of *kankar* (calcium carbonate) adhered to its surface. Both are made of fine-grained schistose phyllite.