Indian Epigraphical Glossary c8: Appendix II: Tax Names in Dravidian Languages

Indian Epigraphical Glossary c8

Language: English

Appendix II: Tax Names in Dravidian Languages

c8.2

*abhiṣeka-kkāṇikkai* (SITI), Sanskrit-Tamil; presents offered to a king at the time of his coronation.

c8.3

*ācārya-pūjanai* (SITI), honorarium payable to priests.

c8.4

*accu-taṛi*, *accu-ttaṛi* (SITI), Tamil; a variety of loom; tax payable on looms.

c8.5

*accu-vari* (SITI), Tamil; probably, the same as *pŏn-vari*; duty payable for minting gold or metal into coins; cf. *akkaśālai-vari*.

c8.6

*adhikāra-ppeṛu* (SITI), Sanskrit-Tamil; probably, presents offered to an officer.

c8.7

*adhikāra-varttanai* (SITI), customary payments made to an officer at stipulated periods.

c8.8

*aḍimai-kkāśu* (SITI), Tamil; fee collected from temple servants.

c8.9

*aḍi-kkāśu* (SITI), Tamil; tax collected from stall-keepers in markets.

c8.10

*āḍi-ppaccai* (SITI), Tamil; probably, perquisites payable in grain in the month of *Āḍi* after the harvest.

c8.11

*ādirai-ppāṭṭam* (SITI), Tamil; tax on cattle; cf. *attiṛai-pāṭṭam*.

c8.12

*āḍukkalai-ppuṛam* (SITI), Tamil; an endowment for the kitchen expenses of a temple.

c8.13

*akkaśālai-vari* (SITI), Tamil; tax payable to the mint for minting coins; cf. *accu-vari*.

c8.14

*āḷ-amañji* (SII 12), a levy; explained as ‘workmen pressed into service without wages’ (SITI); Sanskrit *viṣṭi*.

c8.15

*allāya-mānyam* (SITI), Tamil-Sanskrit; probably, the right to receive a handful of grain or a prescribed quantity of an article sold in the market as wages for measuring.

c8.16

*āḷ-nel*, *āṇel* (SITI), Tamil; a tax payable in paddy.

c8.17

*alpamirai* (SITI), Tamil; a minor tax payable in grains.

c8.18

*aḷu* (SITI), Tamil; a variety of market dues; probably, the same as *aḷḷu* and *allāya-mānyam*.

c8.19

*alugal-śarakku* (SITI), Tamil; the right of collecting the refuse and waste thrown in the village.

c8.20

āḷ-vari (SII 12; SITI), Tamil; poll-tax. See *per-kkaḍamai*, *per-vāśi*.

c8.21

āṇai-ccālai (SITI), Tamil; ‘an elephant stable’; tax payable for the maintenance of the elephant stable.

c8.22

āṇḍ-eḻuttu-ttevai (SITI), Tamil, a tax of uncertain import.

c8.23

aṅgāḍi-kkūli, aṅgāḍi-ppāṭṭam (SITI), Tamil; tax on bazars, shops, etc.

c8.24

anniyāya-vāva-daṇḍa-irai (SITI), Tamil-Sanskrit; penal tax imposed on some unauthorised item of occupation or enjoyment.

c8.25

antara-viniyogam (SITI), Sanskrit; individual share to make up the shortage in the total revenue occasioned by the grant of exemptions of antar-āyam or uḷ-vari.

c8.26

antar-āyam (SITI), Sanskrit; internal revenue; taxes levied by a local body; also called uḷ-vari.

c8.27

antarāya-kkāśu; antarāya-ppāṭṭam (SITI), Sanskrit-Tamil; internal taxes; minor taxes like the profession tax, etc., payable to the village assembly.

c8.28

anuvattanai (SITI), a class of contingent dues which come under the head *vattanai*.

c8.29

arakkal (SITI), Tamil; an instalment of land-tax.

c8.31

araśu-ppeṟu (SITI), Tamil; same as *mahārāja-prayojana*; probably, fees collected for payment for the performance of police duties in the rural areas.

c8.32

ārāycci, kāriyav-ārāycci (SITI), Tamil; cess paid for the superintendence of transactions.

c8.33

arcanā-bhoga, arcanā-vṛtti (SITI), Sanskrit; land set apart for meeting the expenses of worship (*arcanā*) in the village temple.

c8.34

arikoḷi, ariśi-ttuṇḍam (SITI); taxes of uncertain import.

c8.35

arikūli (SITI), Tamil; dues payable in handfuls of the stalks harvested.

c8.38

ariśi-kkāṇam (SITI), Tamil; tax for husking paddy into rice.

c8.39

ārraṅkarai-ttevai (SITI), Tamil; tax for keeping the river-bund in repair.

c8.40

ārru-kkulai (SITI), Tamil; ‘river-bund’; tax to repair breaches in the river-bund.

c8.41

ārrukkāl-amañji (SITI), Tamil; unpaid labour to keep the channel from the river in good repair.

c8.42

aruntoḍu (SITI), Tamil; ‘eating-plate’; a tax payable according to the number of eating plates in feeding houses.

c8.43

āśuvikaḷ-kāsu, āśuva-kkāśu, āśuva-kkaḍamai (SITI), Tamil; tax payable by the Ājīvakas or for maintaing Ājīvaka monks.

c8.44

āḷci-ppāṭṭam (SITI), Tamil; probably, a succession tax.

c8.45

ātirai (SITI), Tamil; probably, the expenses for the ārdrā festival in the month of Mārgaḷi.

c8.46

aṭiyurai (SITI), Tamil; offerings made at the feet of a high personage; written differently as aḍiyiṟai, aḍiyaṟai, etc.

c8.47

āṭṭai-kkānikkai (SITI), Tamil; annual contribution or presents.

c8.48

aṭṭirai-ppāṭṭam (SITI), Tamil; tax on cattle; cf. ādiraipāṭṭam.

c8.49

aṭṭaṇaikkāl (SITI), Tamil; a kind of stand or pedestal (probably of eight legs).

c8.50

āṭṭukk-īrai, āṭṭirai (SITI) Tamil; tax on sheep; also called āṭṭu-vari.

c8.51

aṭṭukkirai (SITI), Tamil; tax on charities.

c8.52

āvaṇam (SITI), Tamil; a document; generally, a sale-deed; also called villaiy-āvaṇam; cf. āvaṇa-kkaḷari (SITI), place where documents like the sale-deeds, etc., are registered; a registration office.

c8.53

avasara-varttanai (SITI), presents payable to an Avasara, an officer of the royal household having the duty of bringing to the notice of the king anything that demanded his immediate attention.

c8.55

baṇṇigiteṟe, Kannaḍa; a kind of levy (A. R. Ep., 1958-59, p.12).

c8.59

bhatt-āya (SII 11-1), same as Sanskrit bhakt-āya.

c8.60

biṭṭi (SII 11-1), same as Sanskrit viṣṭi.

c8.61

bittu-kaṭṭe, Kannaḍa; same as bittu-vaṭṭa.

c8.62

bittu-vaṭṭa, a portion of the produce from the land irrigated by a tank, granted to a person who excavated or repaired the tank (*A. R. Ep.*, 1958-59, p. 10).

c8.63

*brāhmaṇa-rāśa* (rāja)-kkāṇam (SITI), Sanskrit-Tamil; tax payable by the Brāhmaṇa (*purohita*) to the king.

c8.64

*cakra-kāṇikkai* (SITI), Sanskrit-Tamil; profession-tax paid by the potters; also called *tirigai-āyam*.

c8.66

*daśabandha* (SITI), Sanskrit; tax or cess levied to keep the sources of water supply, like the tank, etc., in good repair.

c8.67

*dhāny-ādāya* (SITI), Sanskrit; tax payable in grains. *dhānya-varga*, cf. *tāniya-varakkam*.

c8.68

*eraḍu dogarāca-ppaṇṇu* (EI 30), name of a tax.

c8.69

*eccōru* (SII 13), a tax or the obligation of free feeding.

c8.70

*eḍai-vari* (SITI), Tamil; tax on weights.

c8.71

*eḍuttu-kkoṭṭai* (SITI), Tamil; a tax of uncertain import.

c8.73

*elavai* (SITI), also spelt *ělavai*; Tamil; death-duty; fee for creamatorium.

c8.74

*ěluṭṭu-viniyogam* (SITI), Tamil-Sanskrit; dues payable as *ěluṭṭu* for the village-accountant to be apportioned among the villagers.

c8.75

*eṇi-kkāṇam* (SITI), Tamil; ladder tax evidently levied on toddy-drawers.

c8.76

*eṇṇěy* (SITI), Tamil; tax levied on the oil-trade; obligation for the supply of oil.

c8.77

*eraḍu-bilkoḍě* (IE 8-5), Kannaḍa; name of a tax.

c8.78

*eri-āyam* (SITI), Tamil-Sanskrit; income from fishing in the tank, etc.; amount payable by the owners of the fields irrigated by the tank for its upkeep.

c8.79

*eri-īvu* (SITI), Tamil; share in the expenses of the maintenance of the tank.

c8.80

*er-kkaḍamai* (SITI), Tamil; tax on ploughs.

c8.81

*er-ppoṉ* (SITI), Tamil; tax to be paid in cash for each plough; also called *er-kkaṇikkai*, etc.

c8.82

*erumai-ppoṉ* (SITI), Tamil; tax payable on buffaloes.

c8.83

*erikkāḍi* (SII 12), tank cess of one *kāḍi* of paddy per field.

c8.84

*eri-mīṉ-pāṭṭam* (SII 12), a tax; income from fish in the tank.

c8.85

*hějjuṅka*, same as *pěrjuṅka*, Kannaḍa; name of tax.

c8.86

*iḍaṅgai-vari* (SITI), Tamil; tax paid by the members of the *iḍaṅgai* community or the left-hand classes.

c8.87

idai-ppāṭṭam, also called idai-ppūṭci (SITI), Tanmil; tax on herdsmen or cattle-breeders.

c8.88

idaitturai, also spelt iḍatorai (SITI), Tamil; a tax of uncertain import.

c8.89

idaiyar-vari (SITI), Tamil; tax on shepherds.

c8.90

ilaivāṇiya-ppāṭṭam (SITI), tax on the sellers of betel-leaves.

c8.93

iḷam-puñjai, iḷam-puṭci (SITI), Tamil; tax for toddy-drawing.

c8.94

ilāñjanai-ppeṟu, also called lāñjinai-ppeṟu, lāñjanai-ppeṟu (SITI), Tamil; fee for affixing the royal seal; ilāñjanai=Sanskrit lāñchana.

c8.95

ilvari (SITI), Tamil; house-tax; cf. manai-ppaṇam, manav-irai.

c8.96

inavari (SII 12), inavari-kkāśu (SITI), Tamil; communal tax.

c8.97

irai (SII 13; SITI), Tamil; a general term denoting revenue income and the taxes to be paid to government; land tax.

c8.98

irai-dravyam (SITI), Tamil-Sanskrit; explained as a lump sum paid in lieu of land tax; amount payable in commutation of the taxes payable on landed property.

c8.99

irai-kāval (SITI), Tamil; amount of deposit which yielded interest per annum equal to the tax due on the land; sometimes regarded as a tax for police duties.

c8.100

iraiyili-mudal (SII 13), same as irai-dravyam.

iraiyili-kkāśu (SITI), Tamil; amount paid for compounding taxes in order to make the land tax-free; also regarded as the amount payable to meet the shortage in the revenue occasioned by the grant of exemption from tax on certain lands.

c8.102

iraṅkolli, iraṅkolli (SITI), Tamil; ‘a washerman’; tax payable by washermen.

c8.103

iravu (EI 30), Tamil; royal dues.

c8.104

iruppu-kkaṭṭi (SITI), Tamil; probably, the cake of the Mahua seeds after the extraction of oil, largely used as soap; tax for the manufacture and sale of such cakes.

c8.105

iśai-kkiḍāy (SITI), Tamil; ‘beautiful ram’; dues to be paid for the ram kept for show; cf. aḻag-erudu-kkāśu.

c8.106

joḍi, also spelt śoḍi (SITI), Tamil; name of a small quit-rent.

c8.107

koḍai-vaḍaikkāy (SITI), Tamil; tax on arecanuts brought for sale.

c8.108

kaḍamai (SITI), Tamil; revenue, tax to be paid to the government in kind.

c8.109

kadir-kkāṇam (SITI), Tamil; tax paid in sheaves of corn.

c8.110

kāḍu-kāval (SITI), Tamil; tax for the preservation and maintenance of forests.

c8.111

kaṇakka-mikuḍi (SII 12), a tax.

c8.112

kaḷḷavalika (EI 28), name of a tax.

c8.113

kānika, Kannaḍa; also called kāṇika-kaṇĕ.

c8.114

kanikĕ-kappa, kappa-kānikĕ, etc.; customary presents; presents from inferior to superior (EI 33).

c8.115

kāṇikkai (EI 17, 21; SITI), Tamil; presents or customary payment as offerings to the king and other high officials.

c8.116

kaṇṇāla-kkāṇam (SII 13; EI 28), marriage fee; collected by the village assembly; same as vivāha-ppaṇam; cf. ugappār-pon.

c8.117

kaṇṇār-irai (SITI), Tamil; profession tax payable by a brazier.

c8.118

kānuka (CITD), same as kāṇika, etc.

c8.119

kappa (EI 33), Kannaḍa; tolls;

c8.120

karaṇikka-joḍi (SII 2; SITI), quit-rent of the Karaṇam or Karṇam (village-accountant or Paṭvārī).

c8.121

kārāṇmai (SITI), Tamil; a tenure with the hereditary right of enjoyment; cultivation right; tax for the same; also known as kārāṇkiḷamai.

c8.122

kāriya-ppeṟu (SITI), Tamil; probably, the same as kāriya-vārāycci, ārāycci.

c8.123

kāriya-vārāycci (SITI), Tamil; cess paid for the superintendence of transactions; same as ārāycci.

c8.124

kār-kaḍamai (SII 12), a tax.

c8.125

karppūra-vilai (SITI), Sanskrit-Tamil; sale-price paid for temple lands; price paid for cultivation rights of temple lands and in commutation of the taxes thereon.

c8.126

kārttigai-kkāśu, kārttigai-kkāṇi, kārttigai-ppaccai, kārttigaiy-ariśi (SITI), Tamil; payments in kind in the month of Kārttigai, i.e. during the harvest; cf. āḍi-ppaccai.

c8.127

karuvi-paṇam, karivi-ppaṇam (SITI), Tamil; tax on the implements in cash, probably paid by the barbers.

c8.128

karuvūla-vari (SITI), Tamil; fee for the safe-custody of precious articles in the treasury; or fee for the watch of the treasury.

c8.129

kāś-āyam (SITI), kāśu-āyam; Tamil-Sanskrit; tax and dues payable in coin; also called kāśāya-vargam, kāśu-vargam and kāśu-kaḍamai.

c8.130

kāśu-kaḍamai (SITI), Tamil; tax payable in coin.

c8.131

kāṭci (SITI), Tamil; presents offered to a highly superior person at the time of meeting.

c8.132

kāṭciy-eradu-kkāśu (SITI), Tamil; tax probably on bulls kept for show.

c8.133

kāṭṭāl-kāśu (SITI), Tamil; tax of uncertain import.

c8.134

kaṭṭaṇam (SITI), Tamil; periodical presents made to superiors by their subordinates.

c8.135

kaṭṭ-āyam (SITI), Tamil-Sanskrit; consolidated amount payable for the minor taxes; also written as kaṇḍ-āyam; sometimes taken as the compulsory payment of certain dues.

c8.136

kattigai-ppaccai (SII 12), see kārtigai-kkāśu, etc.

c8.137

katti-kkāṇam (SITI), Tamil; tax on weapons like sword, etc., or tax on the manufacture of swords or arms.

c8.138

kaṭṭu-kkuttagai (SITI), Tamil; rent fixed at the time of farming out the land; payment of consolidated rent.

c8.139

kaṭṭumukkai (SITI) Tamil; ‘three handfuls in the bundle’; a contribution of three handfuls for every bundle of paddy stalks harvested, which were payable to the temples; cf. arimukkai.

c8.140

kāval-peṟu (SII 12), name of a tax; cf. kāval-kāni, the right to guard temples.

c8.141

kīḻ-irai (SITI; SII 12), Tamil; minor taxes, or tax fixed at a lower rate.

c8.142

kīḻ-irai-ppāṭṭam (SITI), Tamil; small cesses and taxes like min-pāṭṭam, etc.

c8.143

kiṟṟu-vari (SITI), Tamil; tax on thatched sheds.

c8.144

kirukula (SITI), Tamil; commercial tax or tolls on retail articles; also called kirukūla-viśeṣam; cf. kūlam.

c8.145

kōḍi-kkaḍami (SITI), Tamil; explained as a tax for the cultivation of the medicinal plant kōḍi-veli, otherwise known as citra-mūlam; probably, the same as kodi-kkaḍamai, tax on new cloth; cf. tiru-ppudiyidu.

c8.146

kol-kūli (SITI), Tamil; tax for measuring or weighing.

c8.147

kol-nirai-kūli (SITI), Tamil; tax on articles measured by weight.

c8.148

kōḷmurai-ppāḍu (SITI), Tamil; customary dues.

c8.149

kōḷu (SITI), Tamil; tax on ploughshares.

c8.150

kōḷvari (SITI), Tamil; tax in kind.

c8.151

*ko-murai* (SITI), Tamil; revenue due to the king.

c8.152

*ko-pada-vāram* (SITI), Tamil-Sanskrit; tax due to the king.

c8.153

*koṭṭai-kkūli* (SITI); ‘wages on nuts’; probably, charges for the upkeep of forts; cf. *koṭṭai-magamai*.

c8.154

*koṭṭai-magamai* (SITI), Tamil; tax for the maintenance of forts.

c8.155

*koyil-vāśi* (SITI), Tamil; minor taxes payable to the palace.

c8.156

*kuḍi-kkāṇam* (SITI), Tamil; fee paid by the tenants; probably, the same as *kuḍi-kkāśu* and *kuḍi-ppaṇam*.

c8.157

*kuḍimai* (SII 12; SITI), Tamil; taxes in general (with the exception of land revenue) payable to the state for the protection of the civil rights it offers; tenancy tax.

c8.158

*kudirai-māṟṟu* (SITI), Tamil; tax on horses.

c8.159

*kudirai-ppaṇḍi* (SITI), Tamil; ‘a stable’; tax for the same.

c8.160

*kudirai-vari* (SITI), Tamil; tax on horses; also known as *kudirai-māṟṟu*, *kudiraiv-iḷāḍam*; probably the same as *kudirai-ppaṇḍi*.

c8.161

*kudiraiv-iḷāḍam* (SITI), Tamil; ‘horse-shoe’; fee for shoeing horses; probably connected with *kudirai-ppaṇḍi*.

c8.162

*kuḷavaḍai* (EI 17), tax for the enjoyment of the tank and its income.

c8.163

*kūlam* (SITI), Tamil; tax on grains and pulses; cf. *kirukulam*.

c8.164

*kumara-kaccāṇam* (SITI), Tamil; explained as a tax payable in coin for the maintenance of the temple of Kumāra or Subrahamaṇya; but same as *kumāra-gadyāṇa* (q. v.).

c8.165

*kūṟṟariśi* (SITI), Tamil; obligation of husking paddy belonging to the temple into rice and the charges to be met for the same.

c8.166

*kuṟṟu-nel*, *kūṟṟu-nellu* (SITI), Tamil; tax for husking paddy payable to king.

c8.167

*kuśa-kkāṇam* (SITI), Tamil; tax on potters; also known as *tirigaiāyam*, *śakkara-kkāṇikkai*.

c8.168

*lañjanai-pperu*, *lañjinai-pperu*, see *ilañjanai-pperu*.

c8.169

*māḍai-kkūli* (SITI), Tamil; tax for minting gold into coins.

c8.170

*mādā-ppaḍi* (SITI), Tamil; allowances payable monthly; also called *mādārikka*, *mādan* and *mādārikkai*.

c8.171

*māḍu-kāṇikkai* (SITI), Tamil; obligation of supplying draught cattle to the visting nobles by the tenants.

c8.172

magamai, maganmai, magaṇamai (SITI), Tamil; small portion of the income or of the value of articles of merchandise collected as voluntary contribution by the merchants from among themselves for the maintenance of temples, etc.

c8.173

maganmai (SITI), Tamil; poll-tax.

c8.174

makkaḷ-peṟu (SITI), Tamil; one’s obligations as a citizen; probably, dues payable to a temple, or poll-tax.

c8.175

mallāyi-maghamai (SITI), Tamil; probably a customary collection in the market.

c8.176

māmagam (SITI), Tamil; tax payable in cash probably for the great Māgha (Mahāmāgha) festival; or, a mistake for mārgam.

c8.177

manai-meyppāṉ-kollum-irai, tax for the supervisor of houses or the building-supervisor; cf. meyppāṉ (SITI), Tamil; ‘shepherd; grazier;’ a supervisor; probably related to kaṅkāṇi.

c8.178

manai-ppaṇam (SITI), Tamil; house tax; also called manai-vari. Cf. ilvari.

c8.179

maṇaiy-irai (SITI), Tamil; house-tax.

c8.180

maṇḍai-ppaṇam (SITI), Tamil; tax on cattle grazing in the village common.

c8.181

maṇḍala-mudanmai-ppeṟu (SITI), Sanskrit-Tamil; fee for presents offered to the rulers of the maṇḍala or district.

c8.182

maṇ-madil (SITI), Tamil; ‘high wall or rampart made of mud’; tax for the erection and upkeep of such a wall.

c8.183

māppadakku (SITI), Tamil; payment at the rate of one padakku or two kuruṇi for every mā.

c8.184

māppaṇam (SITI), Tamil; a tax payable at the rate of one paṇam for every mā.

c8.185

māppaṭṭaḍai (SITI), Tamil; tax probably for the penning of cattle; may also be mara-ppaṭṭaḍai, ‘a timber depot’; tax payable for the same.

c8.186

mara-kkaḍamai (SITI), Tamil; tax payable for trees.

c8.187

mara-mañjāḍi (SITI), Tamil; tax of one mañjāḍi for every tree.

c8.188

mārg-ādāyam (SITI), Sanskrit; tolls on the articles in transit.

c8.189

mariyādi (SITI), Tamil; customary dues; also spelt mar-jādi, mariśādi, maruśādi, etc., and used in the sense of manner, way, extent, limit.

c8.190

māṭṭukkarai (SITI), Tamil; probably, a tax on cattle (cows and buffaloes).

c8.191

māvinda-kkaḍamai (SITI), Tamil, tax payable to the king. melaḍi (SITI), Tamil; taxes paid in kind. melviṭṭiya-vaḍḍāravuḷa, cf. vaḍḍāravuḷa. mel-veṭṭa-pperu (SITI), land set apart for meeting expenses of public works (veṭṭi). meṇi-ppōn (SITI), Tamil; poll-tax; tax on individuals. merai (SITI), Tamil; portion of the crop given at the threshing floor to certain village officers and servants as perquisite. mer-pāḍi-kāval (SITI), Tamil; policing duty over the nāḍu. See nāḍu-kāval. meṭṭu-nilam (SITI), Tamil; ‘high land’; tax payable for the cultivation of such land. miḷagu-taragu (SITI), Tamil; brokerage on pepper trade. monampāṭṭam (SITI), Tamil; a tax of uncertain import. mudarriraman, mudal-tiramam (SITI), Tamil; tax (payable in cash) of uncertain import; tiramam is the coin called dramma (from Greek drachma). mullaḍiśinnam (SII 12; SITI), Tamil; a tax of uncertain import; probably, payment for clue in detection. mūngil-vari (SITI), Tamil; tax on bamboos. muttāvaṇam (SITI), Tamil; a tax probably on the sale of pearls. nāḍu-kāval (SITI), Tamil; ‘policing duty of the nāḍu’; tax payable by the residents in the division for the same. nāḍu-talaiyārikkam (SITI), Tamil; police-tax of the nāḍu; same as nāḍu-kāval. nal-kiḍā, nar-kiḍā (SITI), Tamil; cess for the upkeep of the show-ram; or, tax for show-rams. nall-ērudu (SII 12; SITI), Tamil; cess for the maintenance of a model bull, which was probably also used for breeding purposes; cf. aḷagerudu-kkāśu, kāṭci-ērudu-kkāśu, etc. nall-erumai (SITI), tax for the maintenance of specimen buffaloes. nar-kiḍā (SII 12), a tax. nāṭṭu-kkaṇakku-vari (SITI), Tamil; tax payable for the maintenance of the revenue accounts of the nāḍu or the country as a whole. nāṭu-kkāṇikkai (SITI), Tamil; presents payable to or by the assembly of the nāḍu.