The Philosophy of the Upanishads c11.s2.t2.34

c11.s2.t2.34

13, 3. 7. 16-23 (*tvac*, *vijñānam*, *retas*), 4. 1. 2-7 (*hṛidayam*).¹ Bṛih. 3. 2. 2-9 is peculiar, where eight organs of sense are enumerated as the eight *grahas* or seizers (organ of smell, speech, tongue, eye, ear, *manas*, hands, skin), to which their objects correspond as *atigrahas* or over-seizers (smell, name, taste, form, sound, desire, action, touch). The assigning here of the names *prāṇa* and *apāna* severally to the organ of smell and to smell itself will be discussed later on. The name *graha* (seizer) for the organs of sense, according to S'aṅkara ² would signify that by them the soul is fettered to objects (*badhyate kṣetrajño 'nena graha-sañjñakena bandhanena iti*). In this may be found a confirmation of our conjecture ³ that the later conception of the "bands of the heart" ⁴ is derived from this passage or the view contained in it, that *graha* and *atigraha* tie the knots, which are unloosed on deliverance. The name *indriyas* for the organs of sense first meets us in the Upanishads in the rite of Kaush. 2. 15. The later enumeration of ten together with *manas* is followed with one exception. In the summary at the close they are again described by the old name of *prāṇas*. The oldest passage which cites the ten later *indriyas* complete, with the addition of *manas* and *hṛidayam*, is Bṛih. 2. 4. 11.⁵ With *manas* but without *hṛidayam* in the later total of eleven they appear first in Pras'na 4. 2, in evident contrast with the five *prāṇas*; while in the continuation of the passage ⁶ there are enumerated the five elements, five *tanmātras*, ten *indriyas* with their objects, together with *manas*, *buddhi*, *ahaṅkāra*, *c'ittam*, *tejas* and *prāṇa*. This passage is at one and the same time the precursor of the Vedânta’s sixteenfold enumeration of the psychical organs, and of the Sânkhya’s twenty-five principles.